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1、S. Lee et al.: A Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor-based Indoor Location-Aware System for the Smart HomeA Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor-based Indoor Location-Aware System for the Smart HomeSuk Lee, Member, IEEE, Kyoung Nam Ha, Kyung Chang Lee, Member, IEEEAbstracct Smarrt homme is expeccted tto offfer vaa
2、riouss intellligennt serrvicess by rrecognnizingg resiidentss alonng witth theeir life stylee and feeliings. One oof thee key issuees forr reallizingg the smartt homee is hhow too deteect thhe loccationns of residdents. Currrentlyy, the rresearrch efffort is foocusedd on ttwo appproacches: termiinal
3、-bbased and nnon-teerminaal-bassed meethodss. Thee termiinal -basedd methhod emmployss a tyype off deviice thhat shhould be caarriedd by tthe reesidennt whiile thhe nonn-termminal-basedd methood reqquiress no ssuch ddevicee. Thiis papper prresentts a nnovel non-tterminnal-baased aapproaach ussing aa
4、n arrray off pyrooelecttric infraared ssensorrs (PIIR sennsors) thatt can detecct ressidentts. Thhe feasiibilitty of the ssystemm is eevaluaated eexperiimentaally oon a ttest bed.Index TTerms smaart hoome, llocatiion-baased sservicce, pyyroeleectricc infraared ssensorr (PIRR senssor), locattion-rrec
5、ognnitionn algoorithmmI. INTRRODUCTTIONThere iis a ggrowinng intterestt in ssmart home as a way tto offerr a coonveniient, comfoortablle, annd saffe ressidenttial envirronmennt 1, 2. In generral, tthe smmart hhome aaims tto offfer approopriatte inttelliggent sservicces too actiively assisst in the r
6、esiddentss lifee suchh as hhousewwork, amuseement, restt, andd sleeep. Hencee, in orderr to eenhancce thee resiidents connvenieence aand safetty, deevicess suchh as hhome aappliaances, multtimediia apppliancces, and iinternnet apppliannces sshouldd be cconneccted vvia ahome neetworkk systtem, aas sh
7、oown inn Fig. 1, aand thhey shhould be contrrolledd or mmonitoored rremoteely ussing aa teleevisioon (TVV) or persoonal ddigitaal asssistannt (PDDA) 33, 44. Fig. 1. Archiitectuure off the home netwoork syystem for ssmart homeEspeciaally, attenntion has bbeen ffocuseed on locattion-bbased serviices a
8、as a wway too offeer high-qualiity inntelliigent serviices, whilee conssideriing huuman ffactorrs succh as patteern off liviing, healtth, annd feeelingss of aa resiident 5-7. TThat iis, iff the smartt home can rrecognnize tthe reesidennts ppatterrn of livinng or healtth, then home appliiancess shouu
9、ld bee ablee to aanticiipate the residdentss needds andd offeer apppropriiate iintellligentt servvice mmore activvely. For eexamplle, inn a paassivee servvice eenviroonmentt, thee residdent ccontrools thhe opeeratioon of the HHVAC (heatiing, ventiilatinng, annd airr condditionning) systeem, whhile t
10、the smmart home wouldd conttrol tthe teemperaature and hhumidiity off a rooom accorrding to thhe ressidentts coonditiion. Varioous inndoor locattion-aaware systeems haave beeen deevelopped to reecogniize thhe ressidentts loocatioon in the ssmart home or smartt offiice. IIn genneral, indooor loocatio
11、on-awaare syystemss havee been classsifiedd intoo threee typpes acccordiing too the measuuremennt technnologyy: triiangullationn, sceene annalysiis, annd prooximitty methoods 88. Thhe triiangullationn methhod usses muultiplle disstancees from multiiple kknown pointts. Exxamplees incclude Activve Bad
12、dges 9, Activve Batts 100, annd Eassy Livving 11, whichh use infraared sensoors, uultrassonic sensoors, aand viision sensoors, rrespecctivelly. The sscene analyysis mmethodd exammines a vieew froom a partiicularr vanttage ppoint. Reprresenttativee exammples of thhe sceene analyysis mmethodd are Moti
13、oonStarr 12, whiich usses a DC magneetic ttrackeer, annd RADDAR 113, wwhich uses IEEE 802.111 wirelless llocal area netwoork (LLAN). Finallly, tthe prroximiity methood meaasuress nearrness to a knownn set of pooints. An exampple off the proxiimity methood is Smartt Flooor 144, whhich uses presssure
14、ssensorrs.Alternaativelly, inndoor locattion-aaware systeems caan be classsifiedd accoordingg to tthe neeed foor a tterminnal thhat shhould be carriied byy the residdent. Termiinal-bbased methoods, ssuch aas Activve Batts, doo not recoggnize the rresideents locattion ddirecttly, but pperceiive thhe
15、loccationn of aa deviice caarriedd by tthe reesidennt, such as ann infrrared transsceiveer or radioo freqquencyy idenntificcationn (RFIDD) tagg. Theereforre, itt is iimposssible to reecogniize the rresideents locattion iif he or shhe is not ccarryiing thhe devvice. In coontrasst, noon-terrminall met
16、hhods ssuch aas Eassy Livving aand Smartt Flooor cann findd the residdentss locaation withoout suuch devicces. HHoweveer, Eaasy Liiving can bbe reggardedd to iinvadee the residdentss privvacy wwhile the SSmart Floorr has diffiicultyy withh extenndibillity aand maaintennance.This paaper ppresennts a
17、non-tterminnal baased llocatiion-awware systeem thaat usees an arrayy of ppyroellectriic inffraredd (PIRR) sensoors 115, 16. The PPIR seensorss on tthe ceeilingg deteect thhe preseence oof a rresideent annd aree laidd out so thhat deetectiion arreas of addjacennt sennsors overllap. BBy commbininng t
18、hee outpputs oof multiiple PPIR seensorss, thee systtem iss ablee to llocatee a reesidennt with a reaasonabble deegree of acccuraccy. Thhis syystem has inherrent aadvanttage oof nonn-termminal basedd methhods wwhileavoidinng priivacy and eextenddibiliity, mmainteenancee issuues. IIn orderr to ddemon
19、sstratee its efficcacy, an exxperimmentall testt bed has been consttructeed, annd thee propposed systeem hass beenn evalluatedd experrimenttally underr variious eexperiimentaal connditioons. This paperr is oorganiized iinto ffour ssectioons, iincludding tthis introoductiion. SSectioon II preseents t
20、the arrchiteecturee of tthe PIIR sensoor-bassed inndoor locattion-aaware systeem (PIILAS), and the locattion-rrecognnitionn algoorithmm. Secction III ddescriibes aa residdent-ddetecttion mmethodd usinng PIRR senssors, and eevaluaates the pperforrmancee of tthe syystem underr variious ccondittions us
21、ingg an exxperimmentall testt bed. Finaally, a summmary and ttheconclussions are ppresennted iin Secction IV.II. ARCCHITECCTURE OF THHE PIRR SENSSOR-BAASED IINDOORRLOCATIOON-AWAARE SYYSTEMA. Frammeworkk of tthe smmart hhomeGiven tthe inndoor envirronmennt of the ssmart home, an iindoorr locattion-aa
22、ware systeem musst sattisfy the ffollowwing rrequirrementts. Firstt, thee locaation-awaree systtem shhould be immplemeented at arelativvely llow coost beecausee manyy senssors hhave tto be instaalled in roooms oof diffferennt sizzes too deteect thhe ressidentt in tthe smmart home. Secoond, ssensorr
23、insttallattion mmust bbe fleexiblee becaause tthe shapee of eeach rroom iis diffferennt andd therre aree obsttacless suchh as home appliiancess and furniiture, whicch preevent the nnormall operaation of seensorss. Thee thirrd reqquiremment iis thaat thee senssors for tthe loocatioon-awaare syystem h
24、ave to bee robuust too noisse, annd shoulld nott be aaffectted byy theiir surrrounddings. Thiss is bbecausse the ssmart home can mmake uuse off variious wwireleess coommuniicatioon methoods suuch ass wireeless LAN oor raddio-frrequenncy (RF) systeems, wwhich produuce ellectroomagneetic nnoise, or tt
25、here may bbe siggnificcant cchangees in lightt or ttemperraturee thatt can affecct sennsor pperforrmancee. Finnally, it iis dessirablle thaat thee systeems aaccuraacy iss adjuustablle acccordinng to room typess.Among mmany ssystemms thaat sattisfy the rrequirrementt, thee PIR sensoor-bassed syystem
26、has nnot atttractted muuch atttentiion evven thouggh thee systtem haas sevveral advanntagess. Thee PIR sensoors,whhich hhave bbeen uused tto turrn on a ligght whhen itt deteects hhuman movemment, are lless eexpenssive tthan mmany oother sensoors. IIn addittion, becauuse PIIR sennsors detecct thee in
27、frrared wavellengthhemittted frrom huumans betweeen 9.410.4 m, theyy are reasoonablyy robuust too theiir surrrounddings, in tterms of teemperaature, humiddity, and eelectrromagnnetic noisee. Morreoverr, it isposssiblee to ccontrool thee locaation accurracy oof thee systtem byy adjussting the ssensin
28、ng raddius oof a PPIR seensor, and PIR ssensorrs are eeasilyy insttalledd on tthe ceeilingg, wheere thhey arre nott affeected by thhe strructurre of a rooom or any oobstaccles. Figure 2 shoows thhe fraameworrk forr the PILASS in aa smarrt home that offerrs loccationn-baseed inttelliggent sservicces
29、too a residdent. Withiin thiis fraameworrk, vaariouss deviices aare conneected via aa homee netwwork ssystemm, inccludinng PIRR senssors, room termiinals, a smmart hhome sserverr, andd homee applliancees. Here, eachh roomm is rregardded ass a ceell, aand thhe apppropriiate numbeer of PIR ssensorrs i
30、s instaalled on thhe ceiiling of eaach ceell to prrovidee suffficiennt loccationn accuuracy for tthe loocatioon-bassed serviices. Each PIR ssensorr atteempts to deetect the rresideent att a consttant pperiodd, andd trannsmitss its sensiing innformaation to a room termiinal vvia thhe homme nettwork s
31、ysteem. Fig. 2. Frameework of smmart hhome ffor thhe PILLAS.Consequuentlyy, the rroom tterminnal reecogniizes tthe reesidennts llocatiion byy integgratinng thee senssor innformaation receiived ffrom aall off the sensoors beelongiing too one cell, and transsmits the rresideents locattion tto thee sma
32、rrt homme serrver tthat ccontrools thhe homme appliiancess to ooffer locattion-bbased intellligennt serrvicess to tthe residdent.Within this frameework, the smartt homee servver haas thee folloowing functtions. 1) TThe viirtuall map generrator makess a virtuual maap of the ssmart home (geneeratinng
33、a vvirtuaal mapp), annd writees thee locaation inforrmatioon of the rresideent, wwhich is receiived ffrom aa roomm termminal, on tthe viirtuall map (writting tthe residdentss locaation). Theen, itt makees a mmovingg trajjectorry of the residdent bby connnectiing thhe succcessiive loocatioons off the
34、 residdent (traccking the rresideents movemment). 2) TThe hoome apppliannce contrrollerr trannsmitss conttrol ccommannds too homee applliancees viaa the home netwoork syystem to prrovidee inteelligeent seervicees to the residdent. 3) Thhe movving ppatterrn preedictoor savves thhe currrent movemment
35、ttrajecctory of thhe ressidentt, thee currrent aactionn of home appliiancess, andd paraameterrs refflectiing thhe currrent home envirronmennt succh as the ttime, tempeeraturre, huumiditty, annd illumminatiion. AAfter storiing suufficiient iinformmationn, it may bbe possiible tto offfer huuman-oorien
36、tted inntelliigent serviices iin whiich the hhome aappliaances sponttaneouusly pprovidde serrvicess to ssatisffy humann needds. Foor exaample, if tthe smmart hhome sserverr “knoows” that the rresideent noormallly wakkes upp at 77:00 AA.M. aand taakes aa showeer, itt may be poossiblle to turn on thhe
37、 lammps annd somme musicc. In addittion, the ttemperraturee of tthe shhower waterr can be set aautomaaticallly foor thee resiident.B. Locaation-recoggnitioon alggorithhmIn ordeer to deterrmine the llocatiion off a reesidennt witthin aa room, an aarray of PIIR sennsors are uused aas shoown inn Fig. 3
38、. IIn the ffiguree, thee senssing aarea oof eacch PIRR senssor iss showwn as a circlle, annd thee senssing aareas of twwo or more sensoors ovverlapp. Conseequenttly, wwhen aa resiident enterrs onee of tthe seensingg areaas, the ssystemm deciides wwhetheer he/she bbelonggs to any ssensinng areea by i
39、nntegraating the ssensinng infformattion ccolleccted ffrom aall off the PIR ssensorrs in the rroom. For eexamplle, whhen a residdent eenterss the ssensinng areea B, sensoors a and b outpuut ONN siggnals, whille sensoor c outpputs OFF signaal. Affter ccolleccting outpuuts, tthe algorrithm can iinfer
40、that the rresideent beelongss to tthe seensingg area B. Acccordiing too the numbeer of sensoors annd thee arranngemennt of the ssensorrs siggnalinng ONN, thhe ressidentts locattion iis detter-miined iin thee folllowingg mannner. FFirst, if oonly oone seensor outpuuts OON siignal, the residdent iis r
41、eggardedd to bbe at thhe cennter oof thee senssing aarea oof thee corrresponnding sensoor. If thhe outtputs of twwo adjjacentt senssors aare OON, tthe reesidennts locattion iis asssumed to bee at tthe pooint mmidwayy betwween tthe twwo sensoors. FFinallly, iff threee or more sensoors siignal ON, the
42、 residdent iis loccated at thhe cenntroidd of tthe ceenterss of tthe coorresppondinng sennsors. For exampple, iit is assummed thhat thhe residdent iis loccated at pooint 11 in tthe fiigure when only sensoor a signaals OON, wwhile the rresideent iss locaated aat poiint 2 when sensoors a and b both ou
43、tpuut ONN siggnals. The loccationn accuuracy of thhis syystem can bbe deffined the maximmum diistancce bettween the eestimaated ppointss and the residdent. For eexamplle, whhen a residdent eenterss senssing aarea AA, the rresideent iss assuumed tto be at pooint 11. On the aassumpption that a resside
44、ntt can be reepreseented by a pointt and the rradiuss of the ssensinng areea of a PIRR senssor iss 1 m, wwe knoow thaat thee locattion aaccuraacy iss 1 m beecausee the maximmum errror ooccurss when the rresideent iss on tthe booundarry of sensiing arrea A. Alterrnativvely, when the rresideent iss in
45、 ssensinng areea B, the residdent iis asssumed to bee at ppoint 2, annd thee maxiimum locattion eerror occurrs wheen thee resiident is acctuallly at pointt 3. In thhis caase, tthe errror iis 3 / 2 m whhich iis thee disttance betweeen pointts 2 aand 3. Therreforee, thee locaation accurracy oof thee t
46、otaal systeem shoown inn Fig. 3 caan be regarrded aas 1 mm, whiich iss the maximmum vaalue oof thee locaation accurracy oof eacch areea. Siince the nnumberr of ssensorrs andd the size of thheir ssensinng areeas deterrmine the llocatiion acccuraccy of the PPILAS, it iis neccessarry to arrrangee the P
47、IR ssensorrs prooperlyy to gguaranntee tthe sppecifiied systeem acccuracyy.Fig. 3. The llocatiion-reecogniition algorrithm for PPIR seensorss.In ordeer to deterrmine the rresideents locattion pprecissely aand increease tthe acccuraccy of the ssystemm, it is deesirabble too havee more sensiing arreas
48、 wwith ggiven numbeer of sensoors annd to have sensiing arreas oof simmilar size. Fig. 4 shhows ssome eexamplles off sensoor arrrangemments and ssensinng areeas. FFig. 44(a) aand 4(b) show the aarranggementts witth ninne sennsors that produuce 400 and 21 seensingg areaas, reespecttivelyy. Thee arraangemeent inn Fig. 4(a) is