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1、精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -考研英语阅读懂得解题技巧推理题推理引申题主要测试考生理清上下文规律关系的才能,要求考生领悟所读材料中句子之间的规律关系, 并且依据材料供应的已知信息进行分析、归纳和推理. 判定推理才能对深刻懂得一篇文章特别重要,特殊是懂得作者字里行间的言外之意、作者的观点、写作意图和态度.命题专家在命制此类试题时通常要求考生对文章或段落进行深层推理和懂得, 不行能把试题的答案特别直接的暴露于选项中. 因此考生应当留意把它与事实细节题区分开来, 推理引申题必需以事实为依据,但是得出的结果又确定不是事实本身,即不能 “就事论
2、事 ”.推理引申题对一些基础比较薄弱的考生而言是一个难点,考生好像对文章读懂了 可称之为 “自我感觉良好”,然而在解题时却始终不知如何下手,试题也做得不好.这是考生没有领悟命题专家设置推理引申试题的用意的缘故.事实上推理引申题考查的不仅是考生对字面意义的懂得, 更要求考生透过文章的字里行间去估计作者未明说而又意欲表达的含义.解此类题,考生应当依据文中的材料进行有关的判定、推理和引申.广义的推理引申题涵盖的范畴极其广泛.它既可以就总体信息也可以就具体或特定信息提问.总体提问通常包括文章主旨题、作者观点态度题; 局部提问通常指段落主旨题、推测词义 / 句意题.但是为了突出这四种显现频率很高且带有典
3、型性的题型,我们下面谈到的推理引申题是排除以上情形的狭义概念.1命题模式狭义的推理引申题题干中常有infer , imply, suggest,deduce, conclude等词显现,常见的命题模式有：(1) It can be inferred from the text/the last paragraph/the first sentence可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_that.(2) We can infer assume, deduce that .(3) Which of the following can not be inferred from the p
4、assage.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_(4) It is implied indicated, suggested in the passage/the first paragraph/the second sentence/the example that .(5) By. the author implies suggests, indicates that . 6The passage implies in the passage that .(7) The author suggestsindicatesin the passage that .(8) It c
5、an be concluded from the passage that .(9) From the passage /the third paragraph/the last sentence/the example that. we can draw the conclusion that .(10) What conclusion can be drawn from the passage the firstparagraph, the last paragraph.引申推理题依据解题思路主要可以分为暗指题、推理题和结论题.暗指题的特点是要求读者品味“言外之意 ”,信息只能从字里行间获
6、得.对于这类试题,考生第一要分清是明述仍是暗指,即言内仍是言外; 其次,要尽最大可能与命题者达成“共识”,由于命题人事先确定的答案不答应考生的熟悉有任何偏差; 最终, 要对文章中的有关事 实和观点进行分析和讨论,依据事实进展的规律次序,总结出合情合理的结论.Example 1If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for manag
7、ement to expect research to produce results measurable indollars and cents. 1999年 Passage 5可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_The author implies that the results of scientific research .A may not be as profitable as they are e
8、xpectedB can be measured in dollars and centsC rely on conformity to a standard patternD are mostly underestimated by management原句是个假设条件句,指出 “假如科学试验像科学杂志登载的科学报告显示的那样 完全按事先的方案去规划和实施,那么, 对治理层来说, 期望讨论能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的”.此处正话反说,作者的言外之意是,科学试验总有不行推测的现象,产生的结果也难以推测,因此不能确定有效益.A 选项 “可能不像预料的那样有利可图”才是作者真正想要表达
9、的含义.Example 2Why mention the elementary schools. Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects ofgeometry and trigonometry.Acute foreign observers related American a
10、daptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a Britishcommission visiting here in 1853 reported,“ With a mind prepared by thoroughschool discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled work man. ” 1996 年 Passage 4 It is implied that adaptiveness and inve
11、ntiveness of the early American mechanics .A benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledgeB shed light on disciplined school managementC was brought about by privileged home trainingD owed a lot to the technological development这里其次段的首句指出：敏捷的外国观看家将美国人的适应才能和创新才能与这个训练优势联系在一起.this往回复指前述的最终内容,也就是前一段末
12、句谈到的“技工们有文化并且熟知算术、几何学、三角学”,从而可知这种训练优势就是娴熟把握数学.因而作者暗指的意思是A 选项 “它们很大程度上得益于数学”.推理题与暗指题虽然有很多相像之处,但是其思路与方法更侧重于推理,主要测试考生的思维判定才能,即由已知的事实为依据去获得未知的信息.考生解题时第一要把握可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_推理范畴 大至段落或全文,小至词语或句子; 其次要严格遵循规律规律,保持正确的思维过程和严密的规律; 再次可以利用相关部分供应的事实、背景学问和常识去推理.干扰项的特点：依据文章中某些事实亦可以推导,然而又答非所问.(1) 推断文章内容的含义和引申意
13、思ExampleExamples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today couldre-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century agoin the U. S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up. The merg
14、ers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration isincreasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan b
15、ut it does notappear that consumers are being hurt.20XX年 Passage 4 From Paragraph 4 we can infer that .A the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumersB WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costsC the costs of the globalization process are enormousD the Standard Oil Trus
16、t might have threatened competition命题者设置的难点是其次句中定语从句的懂得.原文谈到“目前难以预料,数家石油公司的合并是否会再次对竞争造成威逼.100年前美国的标准石油联合公司Standard Oil Trust被解散,就是由于当时人们担忧它会对竞争构成威逼”,由此引申推理可知D项“标准石油联合公司可能曾对竞争形成过威逼”.此外,考生仍需要留意,might havethreatened是虚拟语气,表示对过去的估计.(2) 运用数字进行推理ExampleEmerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nati
17、on developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development and its strong implication for US politics andeconomy in years ahead has enthroned the South as America s most denselypopulated region for the first time in
18、the history of the nation s head counting.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Altogether, the Us population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annualrecords except for
19、 the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War , and the pattern still prevails. 1998年 Passage 4Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s .A enjoyed the lowest net growth of population i
20、n historyB witnessed a southwestern shift of populationC underwent an unparalleled period of population growthD brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War这是一道涉及数字的题目,从标志词1970s可以定位为文章第三段,本段指出：“ 20世纪 70 岁月, 美国人口总共增长了2 320万 从数字上看, 这是有纪录以来10 年期人口增长的第三高峰.即使如此,人口总数也只增加了11.4%,除了大萧条时期,
21、这是美国年度记录最低的增长率.”因此, A 选项和 C 选项与文意不符.接着文章第四段谈到人口普查显示出“其次次世界大战以来,美国人不断移居西部和南部,现在这种趋势依旧存在”.因此可以得出B 选项是正确答案,而D 选项与该段内容正好相反.(3) 用类比的例子,要求考生进行推理演绎Example1There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external resultor p
22、roduct that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets apromotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more
23、 difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this
24、 process, the journey neverreally ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept. 1995年 Passage 2A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when .可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_A he has given up his smoking habitB he has made great efforts
25、 in his workC he is keen on learning anything newD he has tried to determine where he is on his journey本文指出看待人的成长有两个观点：一是视为结果,一是视为过程.第一段具体讲到第一种观点的具体内容.它是大部分人都持有的观点,看重外在结果由于其可以量化,可以通过具体事例反映出来,如：工人得到升迁、 同学成果提高和外国人学会了一门新的语言. 其次段讲其次种观点的具体内容：成长是人在遇到新的经受和意外险阻时表现出来的态度和情感, 而不是实在的结果.问的是依据第一种观点,以下哪一种是成长表现.通过文
26、中类比的例子可知只有A 选项是实在的结果.结论题与推理题在解题思路和方法上有很多相像之处,但是推理题偏重于推理过程,而结论题偏重于归纳过程.解答结论题时肯定要依据题目要求,就短文有关内容做出合乎规律的、 牢靠的结论. 有时为了克服片面性,可以扩大阅读范畴,否就获得信息的范畴太窄,结论便欠妥.因此,解答此类试题既要以事实为依据,也要依据自己的常识和体会; 既要重视文章主题,也要重视进展或印证主题的细节; 而尤为重要的是把握作者的写作意图.留意过于概括、过于全面或过于细节化的选项,往往属于干扰项.(1) 先明白全文,把握主题考生可以通过首尾段、文章结构、或归纳整理各段信息快速明白主题.然后再通过主
27、题与细节的关系进行合乎理性的归纳.ExampleThe attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is
28、probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that am
29、bition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the rightstupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. 2022年 Passage 5From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambi
30、tion should be maintained .A secretly and vigorously可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -B openly and enthusiasticallyC easily and momentarilyD verbally and spiritually该段谈到人们对雄心的攻击远多于对它的保护,因此本应是一种健康公开的品质得不到很多支持. 第四句和第五句指出了不公开表达雄心带来的不良后果,由此可以推出人们不应当隐瞒自己的雄心.此外, 纵观全文, 作者提倡的是正确对待
31、雄心,坦言自己的理想.因此 B 选项 “公开而热忱的 ”是作者提倡的对待雄心的正确态度.(2) 把握作者的写作意图ExampleNo clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, theword“ amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fullyintegrated into the
32、 scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in
33、 those areas of science based especially on a mathematical orlaboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. 20XX年 Passage 1The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate.A the process of specialisation and professionalisation
34、B the hardship of amateurs in scientific studyC the change of policies in scientific publicationsD the discrimination of professionals against amateurs前一段谈到,业余讨论者进入专业领域很难的趋势在某些科学领域尤为突出,英国的质学的进展就说明白这一问题.后一段通过对19 世纪英国的质学及其出版物的变化、讨论方式的变化、 非专业人员讨论过程的困难等的陈述,说明专业人员和业余人员之间的分化越来越明显.因此可引申推理出作者的写作目的正是描述A 选项“职
35、业化和专业化形成的过程 ”.2推理引申题的解答技巧(1) 推理引申题的划分可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_推理引申题依据难易可以分为：简洁推理题和复杂推理题.第一,简洁的推理题.虽然在原文中不能直接找到答案,但是有间接的示意和线索.它们与答案之间的关系比较清晰,联系起来后便可以得出答案.而且答案与其他选项差别也较大.其次,复杂的推理题.在原文中找不到明确的解题线索,考生只能依据隐匿在词句后面的含义,依据作者说话
36、的语气,反复分析,才能找到答案,而且干扰项的干扰较强.考生在几个选项中徘徊不定,不知选哪个好.后一种推理题是近几年命题的趋势.ExampleHere is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. Aman arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accom
37、modations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself.“ Who
38、 is that.” the new arrival asked St. Peter.“ Oh, that s God,” came the reply“ but sometimes he thinks he s a doctor.年”Te2x0tX1XThe joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .A impolite to new arrivalsB very conscious of their godlike roleC entitled to some privilegesD very bus
39、y even during lunch hours考生要依据全文的主旨以及作者的语气,从那个关于医生的笑话里推理医生和上 帝有相像的特点：医生无礼、高傲,自以为像上帝一样.接着再估计护士对医生的看法是： 特别在乎自己上帝般的角色.这种推理是一个比较复杂的过程.B 选项为正确答案.(2) 推理引申题选项特点及其解答技巧正确项的特点：不是文中明确说明的内容,由于即使符合原文,没有引申推理就不是正确选项; 假如四个选项全能凭常识判定,其中含义深刻的是正确选项,有时惟一不是常识项的是正确选项.干扰项的特点：只是原文的简洁复述,而非推断出来的结论,把直接表达当成间接推理 ; 看似从原文推断出来的结论,然
40、而实际上与原文不符,例如把原文的缘由变成了选项中的结果,把原文的手段变成了选项中的目的; 依据常识判定是正确的,然而不是 在文章事实或上下文规律基础上推理而得出的观点,因此, 考生要留意不能依据自己的主观想法或生活体会去推理,由于命题者考查的是考生揣摩作者意图的才能; 虽然以文章供应的事实或内在规律为推理依据,但推理过头,概括过度; 有部分选项的内容纯属编造.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_依据推理引申试题的特点,考生在解答时要留意以下两点：第一,考生在浏览全文时,一要留意那些好像话中有话的间接表达句.它们往往采纳说半句、打比如、反过来讲的方式,留有让考生自己作结论或推理的余的
41、.二要留意含 义深刻或结构复杂的句子.考生对作者表达的意思不能一下子看透,它们往往是命题点所在.ExampleIf you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in aposition to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inediblecanteen food or the c
42、hairman s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider makingdisparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephonesystem.20X
43、X年 Passage 1It can be inferred from the text that public servicesA have benefited many peopleB are the focus of public attentionC are an inappropriate subject for humorD have often been the laughing stock该段末句 “假如拿公共服务行业作为替罪羊scapegoats去进行评论,你就会处于安全境的 ”让人读了不是很明白,禁不住要去推测究竟为什么公共服务行业这么特殊了. 联系上文,前面的内容说的是“
44、开玩笑取乐要看听众是不是自己同行业的人,假如不是就有可能招人反感 ”.一番推理之后,才明白这句话的另外一层未说明的含义,即选项D 反映的内容：公共服务行业是大家常常谈论的共同笑料.其次,依据题干的关键词快速搜寻定位以便确定推理依据的范畴,利用语法、词汇、语境线索,明白单句的含义,弄清上下文的规律关系,然后按题意进行推理.题目可能要求考生对某句话或数句话进行正确懂得或释义,也可能从某句话或某段话中估计出一两件事实.ExampleIn most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price
45、 of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crudehave a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.20XX年 Passage 3可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if .A price of crude risesB commodity prices riseC consumption risesD oil taxes rise可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_题干中的关键词是“the retail price of petrol.”依据它定位到