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1、精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -第一部分语言学问与才能第一章英语语言学问二、语音( Speech Sounds) P781、语音分类发音方式发音部位VL - 清浊音( voiceless consonant)VD - 浊辅音( voiced consonant )2、音系学( phonology ) P79(1)同化规章(assimilation Rule )progressive assimilation顺同化(前面带偏后面)worked regressive assimilation逆同化(后面带偏前面)newspaper reci
2、procal/double assimilation相互同化did you(2)音节( syllable) teachi-naim-pos-si-ble重音( stress)声调( tone )(3)语音变化(vocal variety )liaison 连读pick it upplosion爆破音plosion loss 失去爆破sit down.incomplete plosion不完全爆破ask ed nasal plosion 鼻腔爆破button. lateral plosion舌边爆破little三、形状学( Morphology )1、morpheme 词素重点;P87( 1)f
3、ree morpheme自由词素dog .bound morpheme黏着词素moonwalk( 2)root词根. affix词缀( prefix前缀、 suffix 后缀). stem 词干friend-ships( 3)inflectional affix屈折词缀-s,-ing,-ed 不同形式( 4)derivational affix派生词缀转变词性和意义2、( 1) inflection屈折变化-s,-ing,-ed 不同形式( 2) word-formation词的形成: compounding复合法through-out- 1 -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_
4、学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_derivation派生法( prefixation前缀化suffixation后缀化) il-logical-ly3、常见构词法P89invention新创词nylon. blending混成法smoke+fog=smogclipping截断法advertisement=ad. initialism首字母连写词WTOacronym首字母拼音词AIDS.back-formation逆构词法editor-edit analogi
5、cal creation类似构词work-wrought/workedtypes of borrowing借词法: loanword/borrowing借词feast(法语中借来)loanblend混合借词Chinatown(本国加外来)loanshift转移借词bridge(借用意义)loan translation翻译借词(从别种语言翻译而来)4、词义变化broadening词义扩大bird小鸟 -鸟类. narrowing词义缩小girl年轻人 -女孩 meaning shift词义转移.class shift 词性转换.folk etymology俗词源(错多了成了对的)四、句法学(
6、Syntax)P911、句法关系syntagmatic relation组合关系( horizontal relation/chain relation)构成同一形式、序列或结构paradigmatic relation聚合关系( vertical relation/choice relation)各要素可相互替换relation of co-occurrence共现关系(不同集合的词语一起组成句子)2、句子结构和成分immediate constituent analysis直接成分分析法(IC 分析法)The boy ate the apple.用树形图( tree diagram ) 一
7、般句子,主谓宾之类的endocentric construction向心结构一个词或词组可以确定为中心(center )或中心词( head)two stone bridge一般名词 / 动词 /形容词短语exocentric construction离心结构没有确定的中心或中心词The boy smiled. 一般动宾 / 系表结构 deep structure深层结构(含义相同,说法不同)surface structure表层结构(句子表述方式)五、语义学( Semantics)P931、涵义关系( Sense Relations) lexical relation词汇关系(1)同义关系(
8、Synonymy) synonyms 同义词stylistic文体差别 formality buy-perchase. dialectal的域差别underground-subwaycollocational搭配差别accuseof-chargewith.emotive情感差别thrifty-stingy. semantic语义差别enough-ample(2)反义关系(Antonymy ) antonyms反义词relational opposites意义相反词gradable antonymy等级反义warm-cool complementary antonymy互补反义boy-girl
9、converse antonymy反向反义关系buy-sell- 2 -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_(3)上下义关系(Hyponymy )种类和成员包括上坐标词(superordinate )和下义词(hyponymy ) flower-rose/tulip(4)一词多义(Polysemy)(5)同音 / 同形异义现象(Homonymy )homophone同音异义sun-sonhomograph同形异义liecomplete homonym完全同音同形异义bank 岸边.银行2、句子规律关系iff- 充分必要条件“S is true iff P”P 就是 S 的真值条件(
10、 truth condition )P(1) synonymy 同义关系“ X is synonymous with Y.” 同真同假P95(2) contradiction冲突关系“X is inconsistent with Y. ” 一真一假(3) entailment包蕴关系“ X entails Y.”X 小, Y大X:old manY: man(4) presupposition预设关系 “ X presupposes Y”.Y 是前提X:repair the carY:have a car六、语用学( Pragmatics)P961、言语行为理论(Speech Act Theor
11、y)(1) locutionary act发话行为(说话人表达字面意思)is the act of saying something which is meaningful an can be understood.(2) illocutionary act行事行为(说话人表达意图)is the act in saying something to perform a function.(3) perlocutionary act取效行为(作用于听话人的成效)is the results or effects that are produced by means of saying somet
12、hing.言外之意( illocutionary point ):representatives阐述类.directives指令类.commissives 承诺类.expressives 表达类.declarations宣告类2、会话含义理论(Conversational Principle/Maxim )violate违反P97 cooperative principle,CP合作原就(会话有共同目标)“ Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by
13、 the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”(1) the maxim of quantity数量准就(信息充分)(2) the maxim of quality质量准就(说实话)(3) the maxim of relation相关准就(说相关的事)(4) the maxim of manner方式准就(清晰简洁防止歧义)conversational implicature会话含义(用会话准就示意意义)(1) calculability可推导性(含义能懂得)(2) canc
14、ellability可取消性( defeasibility )(因素变化,含义变化)(3) non-detachability不行分别性(含义依附于内容)(4) non-conventionality非规约性(含义不确定)七、修辞学( Rhetoric ) 问法: rhetoric/rhetorical device修辞策略P981、simile 明喻like,as.as,as if,as though,similar to,such as2、metaphor 隐喻(暗含比较)elephant pause- 3 -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_3、personificatio
15、n拟人(把事物或概念当做人)4、metonymy 借代(用事物的名称代替亲热相关的另一事物)5、synecdoche 提喻(部分代替整体或整体代替部分)hand/mouth-man6、euphemism 婉言die-pass away7、irony 反语(意思相反)8、allegory 讽喻9、exaggeration 夸张(夸大或缩小使表达生动好玩)10、transferred epithet移位修辞nervous exam11、oxymoron 冲突修辞bitter-sweet memory 12、pun 双关语( homophonic puns谐音双关. homographic puns
16、语义双关)八、语言教学P1001、中介语( interlanguage )2、对比分析( contrastive analysis )3、错误分析( error analysis )( 1) error 错误(由于学问不足)mistake 失误(不留意犯错)( 2) interlingual errors语际错误(迁移错误)由于母语Cnglishintralingual errors语内错误(进展性错误)由于过度概括语言规章eat-eated 错 4、错误性质:omissions 省略(少成分).additions添加(多成分).misformations形式错误( eated ).doubl
17、e markings双重标记( didn t went ). misorderings次序错误( how you are )5、我国外语学习者错误类型( 1) negative transfer负迁移 / 干扰由于母语( 2) over-generalization 过度类推 / 过度概括由于过度概括语言规章( 3) pragmatic failure 语用错误违反对方的文化习俗6、其次外语习得理论(Second Language Acquisition,SLA)( 1)Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis 语言习得和学得假说(习得和学得两条不同的途径)( 2) Mo
18、nitor Hypothesis语言监察假说(学习者自己监督掌握语言输出质量)( 3) Input Hypothesis 语言输入假说(接触懂得可懂得性语言输入comprehensible input)( 4)Affective Filter Hypothesis 情感过滤假说 (输入 input 和吸取 intake 受到动力 motivation 、性格 personality 、情感状态affective state )( 5) Natural Order Hypothesis 自然次序假说(可以不按任何语法次序来教学)其次章 英语语言运用才能一、教学中的非语言交际1、非语言手段P118
19、environment language环境语(座位支配、时间信息、室内标示装饰、声音灯光等)object language 客体语(个人,衣着化妆、个人用品等)2、非语言行为body language 体态语(身姿、手势、表情、目光)- 4 -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_paralanguage副语言(声音音质、音量、语调、语速)第三章 英语国家的语言、历史和文学三、语言、文化和社会1、局部结构P131毗邻对( adjacency pairs) 一轮对话(1)毗邻对的条件相关性(conditional relevance ) preferred second part/p
20、reference structure优选结构Hi dispreferred second part/dispreference structure非优选结构 relevant absence相关缺失(2)毗邻对的扩展base pairs 根毗邻对(被其他会话扩展之前的毗邻对)前扩展,指前序列(pre-sequences ),包括邀请、恳求、终止、宣告中扩展,包括插入序列(insertion sequences )和旁侧序列(side sequences)后扩展,指后序列(post sequences),包括会话修正和主体化2、会话修正会话修正机制三个部分:修正源( trouble sourc
21、e )、修正的发起(repair initiation )、修正( repair )lexical词汇启动( no,sorry,let me see,you know )non-lexical非词汇启动(um.,uh. )四、语言与文字1、小说语言P134(1)小说与视角first-person narrator第一人称表达者(I)third-person narrator第三人称表达者(he,she,it,they )(2)语言表达与思想表达direct speech直接言语(“F*k you ”) indirect speech 间接言语( he said/asked) free indi
22、rect speech自由间接言语其次部分语言教学学问与才能第一章 中学英语课程标准一、中学英语课程基础学问1、英语课程的性质P149The nature of English Curriculum is instrumentality/tool and humanity.(工具性和人文性)Students overall development is the motivation and goal of the English curriculum.2、英语课程的设计思路The design of the new National English Curriculum unifies bot
23、h primary and secondary school English into one continuum of development and divides English language teaching and learning- 5 -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_into nine competence-based levels by adopting the international general classification method.Level 5 is the required standard for the end of junior
24、 middle school.Level 2-primary school二、英语课程的分级标准P1541、语言技能( Language Skills)Overall performance objectives for each level are given in addition to detailed descriptions of abilities regarding language knowledge, language skills, affect, learning strategies as well as cultural awareness for relevant
25、levels.2、语言学问( Language Knowledge)(语音、词汇、语法、功能和话题)Students are required to learn consists of phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, function and theme.3、情感态度( Affect )(爱好、动机、自信、意志和合作精神.祖国意识和国际视野) interest,motivation,confidence,will and cooperation; National consciousness andinternational vision.4、学习策略( Lea
26、rning Strategies)(认知、调控、交际、资源)Learning strategies can be classified into four groups: cognitive strategy, regulative strategy, communicative strategy and resourcing strategy.5、文化意识( Cultural Awareness/Understanding )(历史的理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、行为规范、文学艺术、价值观念)Historical geography, local customs, traditional
27、 customs, lifestyle, norms of behavior, literature and art, values.三、英语课程的实施建议P1611、教学建议(1)面对全体同学,为每个同学学习英语奠定基础(2)留意语言实践,培育同学的语言运用才能(3)加强学习策略指导,培育同学自主学习才能(4)培育同学的跨文化交际意识,进展跨文化交际才能(5)结合实际教学需要,制造性的使用教材(6)合理利用各种教学资源,提高同学的学习效率(7)组织生动活泼的课外活动,拓展同学的学习渠道(8)不断提高专业水平,努力适应课程要求其次章 中学英语教学基本理论一、语言观( Views of Lang
28、uage)P1731、语言的概念Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2、语言的本质特点/ 设计特性( design features )(1) arbitrariness任意性(表达了convention 规约性)- 6 -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_(2) duality二重性( basic level, higher level 基层和高层)(3) creativity制造性 /productivity能产性(4) displacement移位性(给予g
29、eneralizations, abstractions 概括和抽象)(5) cultural transmission文化传习性3、语言的功能(Functions of Language)(1) informative function信息功能(2) interpersonal function人际功能(3) performative function施为功能(4) emotive function心情功能(5) phatic function寒暄功能(6) recreational function消遣功能(7) metalingual function元语言功能4、语言学角度的语言观(1
30、) The Structural View of Language结构语言观the structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: phonology, morphology, lexicology and syntax.(2) The Function View of Language功能语言观the function view sees language not only as a linguistic system but also as a means for doi
31、ng things.(3) The Interactional View of Language交互语言观( interaction, dynamics交互性和动态)the interactional view of language considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.二、语言学习观(Views of Language Learning)P1761、语言学习理论(1) Behaviorist
32、Learning Theory行为主义学习理论Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that arouses out of the ideas that attempted to explain all learning in terms of some form of conditioning stimulus, response, and reinforcement(2) Cognitive Learning Theory 认知主义学习理论Cognitive theory thinks that“language is a intricate r
33、ule-based system and with a knowledge of the finite rules language competence, infinite sentences can be produced”.(3) Constructivist Learning Theory构建主义学习理论The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his own experiences and what he
34、already knows.最近进展区理论Zone of Proximal Development三、语言教学观(Views of Language Teaching)P1781、语言教学理论(结构主义教学理论、认知主义教学理论、社会语言学理论)四、外语教学法的主要流派1、grammar-translation method语法翻译法- 7 -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_2、audio-lingual method听说法( pattern drill句型操练、 contrastive analysis 对比分析法)3、total physical response全身反应教
35、学法P1814、cognitive approach认知教学法(提高accuracy, appropriateness 得体性)5、communicate approach交际法(包含 function,notion功能和意念)P183(1)交际才能(communicative competence )grammatical competence语法才能、 sociolinguistic社会语言才能、discourse 语篇才能、strategic策略才能、 linguistic语言才能、 pragmatic 语用才能、 fluency 流利性(2) 3P 教学模式: presentation
36、-practice-production6、task-based approach 任务型教学P184(1) real-world tasks /target tasks目标任务.pedagogical tasks 教学任务(2)任务的四个构成元素:objective 、context 、process、outcome(3) information gap信息差 / 信息沟activities must have clear and attainable objectives./should be confined to the classroom context./should help d
37、evelop studentslanguage ability.(4) constructivism learning theory建构主义学习理论(强调 scene, writing, conversation, and meaning construction情形、写作、会话和意义建构)(5)任务型教学的三个环节:pre-task 前任务、 task-cycle 任务环( task、planning 、report )、 language focus 语言聚焦( analysis、practice )第三章 中学英语语言学问教学一、语音教学P1921、语音教学的内容The realisti
38、c goal of teaching pronunciation should be consistency: the pronunciation should be smooth and natural. intelligibility: the pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners. communicative efficiency: the pronunciation should help convey the meaning that is intended by the speaker.2、Pronuncia
39、tion knowledge teaching发音学问教学( monophonic, alphabet, phonetic symbols单音、字母、音标)3、Flow of language teaching 语流教学( sounds, stress, rhythm, and intonation重音、节奏、语调)4、The principle of phonetic teaching语音教学的原就( accuracy, long-term, integrity, communication, pertinence, interest精确性、长期性、整体性、交际性、针对性、趣味性原就)5、T
40、he teaching method of phonetics语音的教学方法P195(1) Sound perception 听音感知练习方法: using minimal pairs最小对立体 live-leave 、which order排序、 same or different- 8 -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_辨别异同、 odd one out同中选异、 completion填空(2) Imitation and explanation仿照讲解personally demonstration 、imitate 、 practice 亲自示范,反复仿照、练习(3)
41、Pronunciation practice发音练习练习方法: listen and repeat听音仿照、 fill in the blanks填空、 using pictures借助图片、using meaningful context借助情形make up sentences 造句、 using togue twisters 运用绕口令(4)语流教学(见上)慢动作(slow motion speaking )二、词汇教学P197language teaching theories理论构成: receptive/passive vocabulary接受性 / 消极词汇和productive
42、/ 产出性 / 积极词汇1、Learning content 教学内容(1) word meaning词汇的意义include learning form,meaning and use.Knowing a word means: knowing its pronunciation and stress/ its spelling and grammatical properties/ its meaning/ how and when to use it to express the intended meaning.词汇意义包括conceptual meaning、 associated
43、meaning概念意义和关联意义概念意义:词典中意思,即literal meaning/ denotation字面意思 / 词汇的外延、关联意义:文化含义与语境意义,又称connotation词汇的内涵 learn in the context (2) word use词汇的用法包括: collocation/ phrases/ idiom/ style/ register搭配、词组、习语、风格、语域(3) word information词汇信息包括: part of speech/ prefixes/ suffixes/ spelling/ pronunciation/ grammar f
44、eatures词类、前缀、后缀、拼写、发音、语法特点(4) word memory strategies词汇记忆策略avoid rote-learning防止死记硬背word-building构词法推测词义2、Learning principle 教学原就(1)音形义结合pronounce 、spelling、meaning(2)词块整体教学lexical chunks knowledge of collocation搭配 (3)具体语境中教learn in the context(4)循序渐进step by step(5)反复练习巩固记忆review(6)培育自学词汇才能deduce the meaning of words推测词义3、Teaching method 教学方法P200(1)出现词汇 :visual/physical demonstration直观出现Word-building构词法、 synonym/antonymopposites 同义反义词、翻译、举例、问答verbal context/ situat