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1、德国古典主义时期音乐发展特点研究【摘 要】 在音乐史研究中，德国古典主义被定格在1750年至1830年间，它不仅为德意志民族文学打下了坚实的基础，而且使当时的音乐、诗歌、哲学等学科声誉传遍整个世界，创造了辉煌的成就，对其后诸学科的发展也影响深远。本文采用断代史的研究方法，重新审视德国古典主义时期音乐演变历程与发展特点等，从而为当前的德国音乐史研究提供一定的借鉴与指导意义。【关键词】 德国古典主义 音乐发展历程 音乐特点 音乐史德国音乐史学家克内普勒在19世纪音乐史中指出：当前关于19世纪音乐史的研究著作很多，然而大部分研究对于很多重要的音乐问题都没有给予解答，究其原因是这些研究都是孤立地理解音
2、乐，仅仅从音乐发展与演变的角度分析问题，缺乏社会学、哲学与文学的视角，尤其是缺乏对重要历史阶段社会环境的分析。古典主义时期，德国音乐形式和表现内容获得了突飞猛进的发展，不仅渗透到当时社会的各个角落，而且在我们今天的日常保留曲目中也占有非常大的比例，比如我们熟悉的伟大作曲家舒曼、沃尔夫、勃拉姆斯等，都生活在这一时期，他们通过独特的音乐作品诠释着自身对人类精神的体验和理解，从而创造了欧洲音乐史上最为完美、丰富的鼎盛时期。因此，德国古典主义时期对我们来说是一个非常熟悉的年代，这更突显了其研究意义的重要性，本文采用断代史的研究方法，从社会环境的视角，重新审视德国古典主义时期音乐演变历程与发展特点等，从
3、而为当前的德国音乐史研究提供一定的借鉴与指导意义。德国古典主义时期社会文化发展概述在西方音乐史研究中，古典主义主要是指1750年至1830年的近一百年间，是西方封建社会向资本主义社会的过渡时期，这种社会结构的变革与重组给整个欧洲带来了波澜壮阔的思想解放运动，进而影响到社会生活、文化、哲学、艺术等学科领域的发展。首先，在社会生活领域，随着市民阶级对经济实权的掌握和管理，不仅扩大了其在社会结构中的话语权，而且其趣味爱好打破了传统精英阶层和宗教文化的垄断局面，世俗化、大众化的文化与艺术成为社会的主导。其次，在文化领域，以莱辛和歌德为代表的大文豪掀起了一场反对猥琐、偏狭和市侩作风的文学运动。他们通过自
4、身的个性特征以及各种各样的文学作品号召人们反对当时社会普遍存在的不公平和压迫现象，比如席勒的阴谋与爱情、强盗等。这种文学运动虽然带有强烈的资产阶级性质，但在当时具有开启民智、鼓舞人心的作用。最后，这一时期，德国诗歌和哲学中表现出强烈的割爱、节俭、克制、责任和服务等观念，很多内容都强调人以及人的智慧在历史发展中的重要性和特殊地位，表现出对人的崇拜。在此观念的作用下，最终促成了当时社会从宗教和来世价值标准到世俗和现世观念的重大转变，比如大哲学家康德经常说：“自己最大的优点就是不欠任何人一元钱。”德国古典主义时期不仅仅体现了社会政治、经济、民众阶层结构的变化，更是一种新的世界观的产生，它意味着文学、
5、诗歌、哲学、艺术等从社会变革中汲取灵感和营养，从而带来德意志民族文化的繁荣发展。德国古典主义时期音乐发展特点分析古典主义时期特殊的社会环境还创造了德意志音乐这一宝贵的世界财富，著名的音乐家格卢克、莫扎特、海顿、贝多芬等都生活在这一时期。格卢克使德国歌剧与意大利歌剧并驾齐驱；莫扎特凭借自身独有的天才创造出了室内乐、独奏乐以及教堂音乐的经典作品，并且使歌剧和交响乐达到了完美的境地；海顿使交响乐获得了长足发展，从而具有了古典的形式；贝多芬个人的音乐才华不仅促进和提升了他自己的音乐作品，而且极大地丰富了他自己所处时代和后代的整个音乐艺术宝库，比如在第九交响曲的第四乐章（大合唱）中，他将席勒欢乐颂中的诗
6、剧谱成乐曲，充分体现出德国古典主义时期所宣扬的公民平等、世界和平、兄弟友爱的观念等，是整首乐曲中最激动人心的部分。总的来说，纵观德国古典主义时期诸多经典的音乐作品，其特点主要体现在以下几个方面：1.大众化趣味在音乐创作中日益占据主导地位在古典主义时期，市民阶层的社会生活逐渐成为社会发展的主流，其欣赏品味和艺术爱好引导着建筑、绘画、书籍、雕塑等领域的发展。在音乐创作与表演领域，一方面随着人们经济生活的富裕，另一方面伴随着乐谱印刷的普及以及乐器制造技术的进步，这一时期的德意志音乐逐渐打破教堂和宫廷的区域束缚，音乐活动的主要场所由先前的教堂和宫廷转移到了公共音乐厅和剧院，促进了公共音乐会的发展，因此
7、，出现了专门为市民阶层的音乐爱好者而设立的音乐组织乐社。在这种情况下，音乐的欣赏与创作活动不再局限在德意志的上流社会，富裕的市民阶层不仅买票欣赏音乐成为常事，而且还在家庭内部进行歌唱与演奏活动，自娱自乐的现象非常普遍，这极大地影响了当时的音乐创作活动，反映其精神生活的音乐作品成为这一时期音乐创作的主流。2.时代变革成为重要的音乐表现内容有一位艺术家曾经说过：艺术创作并不是一个独立的过程，而是巨大的、统一的、包含在整个社会生活中的。音乐作为人类精神生活的表现与流露，除了在情感表达和思想自由方面具有重要作用之外，同时还具有重要的社会目的。古代晋书乐志中记载：“是以闻其宫声，使人温良而宽大；闻其商声
8、，使人方廉而好义；闻其角声，使人倾隐而仁爱；闻其微声，使人乐养而好使；闻其羽声，使人恭俭而好礼。”就德国古典主义时期的音乐来说，很多音乐都反映了那个时代民众的强烈呼声，尤其是一些革命歌曲极大地鼓舞了人心，比如舒曼的妇女的爱情和生活、狂欢节、奉献等等。对此，奥尔格克内普勒在19世纪音乐史中这样写道：革命发现了音乐创作活动中能够为自由服务的要素，从而产生了能够真正反映人民心声的音乐。3.浪漫主义音乐蓬勃发展浪漫主义产生于18世纪晚期的德国古典主义时期，并且很快成为19世纪欧洲文学、艺术和音乐创作活动的主流，其影响力甚至一直持续到20世纪初。在19世纪前期，德奥是德国浪漫主义音乐创作与表演的重要地区
9、，这里的作曲家的音乐作品最为典型，比如罗伯特舒曼的作品最能体现德国浪漫主义文艺思想与美学趣味，从而代表了同时代德国知识分子和艺术家的内心诉求，其代表性作品阿贝格主题变奏曲、维也纳狂欢节、蝴蝶、大卫同盟舞曲等等，昭示着一种大的音乐浪潮的到来。另外，德国的“歌曲之王”费朗兹彼德舒伯特一生创作的六百多首歌曲，除了具有浪漫主义的风格之外，还保持了古典主义的晴朗、宁静、均衡、对称的风格等，从而使浪漫主义曲风变得更加多样化。4.合唱艺术的消失与复兴众所周知，合唱是西方音乐文化中最为古老的一种类别，从古希腊开始，合唱就应用于各种悲剧的表演，而且在早期的基督教音乐中，合唱也是一种重要的表演形式。然而，德意志民
10、族在18、19世纪之交，也即是古典主义中期，发生了“七年战争”之后，合唱艺术哪怕是仅仅发生在唱诗班中的合唱连同其艺术价值、历史作用在德国音乐创作与表演领域基本消失。在古典主义晚期，德国合唱音乐的复兴首先体现在继承传统方面，职业唱诗班和管弦乐队逐渐从教堂和宫殿中走出来，积极参与到普通民众的音乐活动中去，慢慢建立起公众的趣味。1787年，在柏林建立了第一个合唱协会，即“歌唱研究会”，其目的是为了复兴在德国被遗弃的合唱艺术。这既开创了德国音乐生活的新风俗，同时也为德国音乐创作与表演的高度繁荣作出了巨大贡献。因此，在德国古典主义时期，合唱艺术经历了一个从灭亡到复兴的历史过程。总的来说，德国古典主义时期
11、是一个社会大变革的时代，社会结构的重组、经济利益的重新分配、政治权利的变化等带来了人们艺术欣赏和创作的剧烈变化。从音乐创作与表演的角度来看，大众趣味和观念打破传统高雅艺术的局限，而成为音乐创作与表演的主流；时代变革也成为音乐创作的重要内容；浪漫主义蓬勃发展；合唱艺术经历了从灭亡到复兴的过程，这一切都带来了德国古典主义时期音乐发展的独特性。参考文献:1张玲.大众音乐趣味的转化围绕古典主义时期德国社会环境对音乐的影响j.陕西教育（高教），2009,9.2翟亚红.音乐与诗的完美结合兼析19世纪德国艺术歌曲的风格特征j.音乐天地,2008,1.3陈勇.社会学视野下的19世纪上半叶德国合唱音乐实践j.武
12、汉音乐学院学报,2010,4.4高拂晓.感性与理性之间德国古典美学中的音乐美学j.中央音乐学院学报，2005,4.（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipl
13、ine to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disci
14、plinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity
15、 and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp
16、the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations
17、focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goa
18、ls, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the Genera
19、l Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leadin
20、g cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second i
21、s concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the th
22、eme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development o
23、f the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not
24、prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to
25、 and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party r
26、egulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulati
27、ons made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 time
28、s held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of
29、 the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general offi
30、ce of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization o
31、f Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of
32、the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of th
33、e basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party charac
34、teristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required speci
35、fic, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the
36、eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulation
37、s established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific
38、 requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive
39、initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on v
40、ertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third,
41、insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules,
42、organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major chan
43、ges, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self
44、-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisio
45、ns of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list moved into synchronization amendment . Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party
46、members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to underst
47、and, easy to remember. The revised is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National Peoples solemn commitment. criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the , a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-