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1、摘要早在人类出现之前，动物就已经在地球上繁衍生息。人类在远古时代生活所需只能依靠自然的恩赐，因此，狩猎成为其谋生的最重要途径。他们竭尽所能地改进工具以追捕更多的动物。从那时起人类就与动物有了最直接和密切的关系。随着人类文明的发展，许多与动物有关的词语应运而生，动物文化也随之被人类记载。无论是在生产生生活方面，还还是在精神文文化方面，动动物与人类的的生活都戚戚戚相关。不同的民族赋予予动物不同的的象征意义，即即使是相同的的动物，在不不同的国家里里意义也可能能是大相径庭庭。例如：“龙”对于中国人人是一种权力力、尊严的象象征。但在西西方它却是邪邪恶与残酷的的象征。本文文从东西方动动物文化差异异入手，通
2、过过具体实例来来探讨动物隐隐喻在东西方方文化中的差差异，进而论论述了东西方方文化的迥异异，正是这种种差异性才使使得人类的各各种文化如此此丰富多彩。关键词：动物；象征意义；中国文化；西方文化；文化差异AbstracctBefore the aappearrance of eaarly hhumanss, aniimals had bbeen bbloomiing annd livving oon Earrth.Human bbeingss in aanciennt timmes haave too relyy on tthe necesssitiess whicch werre besstowe
3、dd by nnaturee to llive. Thereefore, huntting has bbecomee the most imporrtant ways to maake a livinng. Theyy do eeverytthing possiible tto impprove the ttools to huunt foor morre aniimals. Sincce theen, huumans and aanimalls havve thee mostt direect annd cloose reelatioonshipp. Withh the devellopme
4、nnt of humann civiilizattion, a lott of aanimalls woords wwere ccreateed by mankiind. Animaal cullture also wouldd be rrecordded byy humaans.Both inn prodductioon andd lifee or iin thee spirrit off the cultuure, aanimalls cann not be seeparatted frrom huuman llife. Differeent naationss givee animmal
5、s aa diffferentt symbbolic meaniing. Even if thhe samme aniimals in diiffereent coountriies may bbe havve thee diffferentt meaniing. FFor innstancce, DDragonn forr the Chineese peeople is a ssymboll of ppower and ddignitty. Howeever, in thhe Wesst it is a symbool of evil and ccruel. Starrting from t
6、he ddifferrencess of aniimals cultture bbetweeen Chiina annd thee Westt, we approoach tthe meetaphoor of animaals in diiffereent cuulturee fromm Chinna andd the West throuugh cooncrette exaampless, andd thenn disccuss tthe cuulturee diffferencces off Chinna andd the Westerrn worrld. Key Worrds: aani
7、mall; symmbolicc signnificaance; Chineese cuulturee; Wesstern cultuure; cculturre diffferennceContentts摘要iAbstracctiiContenttsiii1Introoductiion12 The Symbool of Fictiional Animaals22.1 Thee Draggon22.1.1 “Loong” in Chhina22.1.2 The DDragonn in WWest32.2 Thhe Phooenix42.2.1 The PPhoeniix in Chinaa42
8、.2.2 The PPhoeniix in West53 The Symbool of Real Animaals63.1 Thhe Dogg63.1.1 Dogs in Chhina63.1.2 Dogs in Weest73.2 Thhe Kinng of the AAnimall Worlld83.2.1 Tigerr is KKing oof Beaasts iin Chiina93.2.2 Lion is Kiing off Beassts inn Westt104 Diffferencces beetweenn Chinnese aand Weesternn Culttures12
9、5 Concclusioon14Referennces16Acknowlledgemments171 IntrodductioonThe wesstern cultuure sttartedd latee comparred wiith thhe Oriient. Althoough bbetweeen theeir innternaal, suuch ass, Soutthern and NNortheern Euurope, Westtern EEuropee and Easteern Euurope, therre aree alsoo diffferencces. HHoweveer
10、thee diffferencces beetweenn Easttern aand Weesternn culttures emboddy thee esseence oof thee diffferencce. Annimalss in hhuman life play a varriety of rooles aand allso pllay a very imporrtant role whichh giviing moore waarningg and comfoort inn spirrituall lifee of hhumanss. Aniimals have diffeere
11、nt symboolic mmeaninng in diffeerent cultuure baackgroound. Symboolic mmeaninng is a dirrect pproducct of humann sociiety. As Caarl Juung saaid “Symbbolismm refeers too the numbeer of termss nammes annd symmbols. Not oonly ccontaiins teextuall meanning, cultuural cconnottationns, annd eveen somme we
12、 do noot knoow thee meanning oof thee origgin. .” This thesiis foccused on annalysiis thee diffferentt meanning oof ficction and rrealitty aniimals in Chhina aand Weesternn worlld.2 Thee Symboll of FFictioonal AAnimallsFrom tiime immmemorrial, in diiffereent hiistoriical bbackgrround and rreligiious
13、 bbelieff, lotts of artisstic iimage of fictioon werre creeated to coonsolee the heartt in hhuman civillizatiion 2.1 Thhe DragonnDragon is a mythiical aanimall Wherever inn Chinna or the WWest, the ddragonn thatt alwaays emmit firebaall frrom thhe mouuth annd flyy in tthe skky ownn the powerr of GGo
14、d bestowwed2.1.1 “Loong” in ChinaIn Chinnese cculturre, the dragoon wass regaarded as saacred animaal.The imaage off Chinnese ddragonn is ddifferrent ffrom tthe Weest. We calll it “Loongg” Chinaa has discooveredd the earliiest ddragonn-shapped paatternn fromm 80000 yearrs agoo, thee Chahhai Siite of
15、f Xionnglonggwa cuulturee. the dragoon pattterns lenggth iss abouut 19.7 metters, piledd up aand pllaced with reddiish-brrown sstoness, thee disccoveryy of tthe drragon that Chineese peeople worshhip thhe draagonss histtory ddates back to 80000 yeears aago, Withh regaard too the origiin of the ddrag
16、onn, peoplle finnally achieeved aa conssensuss afterr a loong peeriod of sttudy aand reesearcch. The dragoon is a synnthesiis of a varriety of annimalss. It is aan anciient totemm symbbol off worsship fformedd in tthe prrimitiive soocietyy. The dragoon is a symmbol oof thee anceestor of thhe Chiines
17、e peoplle, Chinnese ppeoplee calll themmselvees Deescenddants of thhe Draagon. Empeeror oof Chiina iss alsoo knowwn as son oof thee Heavven annd Real dragoon. Draggon inn Chinnese llegendd can be alll-powwerfull, do anythhing, for tthe beenefitt of ssubjeccts. DDragonn is aa symbbol off Chinnese ttr
18、adittionall cultture. Loong cculturre in the hhistorrical evoluution of Chhinesee civiilizattion hhas a proceess off the statuus andd rolee of uunusuaal. As aa toteem of the CChinesse nattion, Chineese dyynastiies arre alll resppectedd Loong. As aa masccot, LLoong waas reggardedd as tthe skky-fettis
19、h eeitherr fromm the emperror, offiicialss or ccommonn peopple. FFor evvery 112 peoople iin Chiina, tthere are ttwo asstroloogicall signn is Loong. In vvariouus fesstive eventts, Imagge of Loong is vvery pprominnent. On Tiiananmmen Gaate, TThere arre manny gollden DDragonn patttern wwhich were engra
20、aved iin thee beamm wherre is hangiing thhe nattionall embllem.2.1.2 The Dragonn in WWesterrnThe imaage off draggon in Weest woorld llooks more like a bigg lizaard wiith wiings. Alongg withh the changges off The Timess, thee imagge of dragoon in Europpe hass a grreat cchangee. In Greekk mythhologyy,
21、 thee earlliest referrence to thhe imaage off the dragoon is playiing thhe rolle of guarddian. It iis poiisonouus andd can be fiire-brreathiing, llong wwith aa largge batt-likee winggs andd the roundd bellly. It iis unccanny, greeedy, ccunninng andd bruttal. The imaage deeeply rooteed intto thee hea
22、rrts off the peoplle andd comppletelly deggeneraated iinto aa deviil inccarnatteSince tthen, the iimage of Weesternn draggon iss the emboddimentt of eevil and its immage aappearrs in a varriety of liiterarry worrks. IIn Chrristiaanity, the dragoon is seen as a symbool of the ddevil whichh deriived f
23、from aa mythh thatt is MMesopootamiaa. In Mesoppotamiia mytthologgy, thhe draagon iis a hhorriffic liife inn the oceann. Althoough iit ownns jugggernaaut, iit willl ulttimateely bee elimminateed by God. Marduk, the hero of Baabylonnian mmyth aand Illluyannkas, anothher heero inn the Hittiite myythol
24、oogy, bboth oof theem aree oppoonentss of ddragonn. Jewwish wwho weere liiving in thhe viccinityy of thhe Messopotaamia rregionn alsoo weree affeected. And they contiinue tto sprread tthis kkind oof conncept from generrationn to ggeneraation. The immage oof draagon iin Juddaism and CChristtianitty g
25、raaduallly beccame aa symbbol off the devill. In tthe fiilm, aa wake-up ddragonn has been descrribed as thhe desstroyeer of the ffuturee worlld. It ssymbollizes the ffire. It syymboliizes aa defiicit oof annnoyingg. The imagee of ddragonn in thhe forreign cartooons iis notthing a goood thiing. IIn t
26、hee westtern ccomicss, thee metaaphor of drragon is angerr voteers whho do not wwant tto raiise innteresst rattes annd aree usedd as aa symbbol off the separratistt forcces. DDragonn Ladyy meanns a fiercce womman buut nott a beeautifful giirl. TThe olld draagon mmeans Devill or uugly sshrew. Chase t
27、he ddragonn meanns actts of opiumm and heroiin. Westtern pparentts enccouragge theeir chhildreen in this way wwhile theirr chilldren are iin a jjam: “Everryone has aa draggon too slayy”. The asssociattion aabout Dragoon in Engglish and dragoon inn Chinnese iis tottally diffeerent. If youu wantt to e
28、expresss youur admmiratiion foor thee westtern, you sshouldd not use “ddragonn”. Inn shorrt, thhe symmbol oof draagon bbetweeen Chiina annd thee Westtern wworld are ccompleetely diffeerent.2.2 Thhe PhoeniixAccordiing too anciient CChinesse leggend, the PPhoeniix hass coloorful feathhers aand thhe sa
29、mme taiil as fiish, withh softt and thin neck, the same as chhickenns moutth, annd swaallow-like chin. It is aabout 2.3 mmeterss highh. Thee Phoeenix livees on pllants and iis goood at danciing annd sinnging.Althouggh thee imagge of Phhoenixx in CChina and tthe Weest woorld aare siimilarr, thee peop
30、ple off the two wworldss bothh calll it tthe seecularr birdd thatt woulld nevver bee deadd; theirr symbbolic meaniing iss stilll diffferennt.2.2.1 The Phoeniix in ChinaAccordiing too one Chineese leegend, Phoeenix is a miracculouss animmals aand thhe Queeen off all birdss.The Phooenix is a colleecti
31、vee titlle of meal and ffemalee. The meeal caalled Huangg and the ffemalee callled Feeng. TThey arre insseparaable wwhile they becomme a ffamilyy and alwayys apppear iin paiirs, sso peoople ccall ttheir name togetther. Phoennix fly ttogethher att the same time whichh is aan ausspicioous syymbol of h
32、aarmonyy. It iis as imporrtant as wiith thhe imaage off the dragoon, The Chineese peeople regarrd draagon aand phhoenixx as aa perffect mmatch that is maade byy heavven: Loong is a symmbol oof a wwise mman. Phoennix iss a symmbol oof a bbeautiiful wwoman. For tthat rreasonn, in Chinaa therre is a sa
33、yying tthat “PProspeerity Brougght byy the Dragoon andd the Phoennix” AA headddresss wornn by aan emppress in anncientt Chinna is the eempresss cooronett thatt is iinlaidd withh the goldeen Phooenix whichh is an imporrtant headweear iss to sshow tthe sppeciall stattus off the Queenn.The emppress cor
34、oonet rrepressents supreeme auuthoriity annd goood lucck forr everrythinng. Thhe idiiom, “bbirds payinng hommage tto thee phoeenix” showss the noblee of PPhoeniix. Phoeenix wwoman in Chhina aalso mmeans good qualiity, aas welll as peacee prossperitty meaaning. “Thee hairr of aa phoeenix aand thhe ho
35、rrns off a giiraffee” mean preciious aand raare peeople who uused aan anaalogy with holinness. In addditioon to the nnoble and sstatuss, Phooenix also repreesentss happpinesss and prospperityy. Sinnce anncientt timees, Phoeenix hhas beecome a verry impportannt parrt in the Chineese cuulturee.2.2.2 T
36、he Phoeniix in WestIn Westtern mmythollogy, the iimage of Phhoenixx is mmainlyy a syymbol of immmortaality. Phoennix are allso knnown aas Firrebirdd, or the sseculaar birrd. Itts imaage liike a reall birdd flammingo but Itt has an exxaggerrated long tailss, And the wwhole body is fiiled wwith ffire.
37、 May bee, the imagee of PPhoenix is evolvved frrom fllaminggo whiich peeople have put iit morre leggendarry. Inn the myth, everry timme aftter thhe deaath off Phoeenix, it woould iignitee the fire arounnd itsself, then was rrebornn in tthe fllames and gget evven moore viitalitty thaan beffore, this
38、calleed thee Phooenix Nirvaana. Agaiin andd agaiin, Phhoenixx won eternnal liife, aand thherefoore, phoeenix ggot thhe namme “thhe seccular bird”. According to Jewish legend, God appointed Phoenix as the immortal bird. Because of eating the fruit of the tree of wisdom, Eve has been punished. Thus sh
39、e was jealous of other organisms. Subsequently, she was to persuade all other than the Phoenix to eat the forbidden fruit. When God learn this, he gave the Phoenix life span of one thousand years. A thousand years later, phoenixes will burn themselves, and then to be reborn and continue their new li
40、fe. Therefore, the Phoenix symbolizes immortality. Despite the symbolic meaning of Phoenix between China and the Western world is very different, however, in the two cultures, there is something in common - Phoenix is a sacred animal.3 The Symboll of RReal AnimallsIn addiition to thhe ficctionaal an
41、iimals, the real existtencess of aanimalls havve beeen alsso givven thhe speecial symboolic mmeaninng by huumans. The foormatiion annd devvelopmment oof thee two natioons Chhina aand thhe wesstern worldd havee theiir ownn histtoricaal connditioons annd cirrcumsttancess whicch forrmed ttheir uniquue
42、staate off mindd. Fromm theiir diffferennt atttitudees on certaain annimalss thatt can be seeen thhat thhey haave diiffereent naationaal psyycholoogy. SSo, evenn if tthe reeal annimalss, the same animaal, thhere mmay bee a diffferentt symbbol inn a diiffereent woorld.3.1 Thhe Dog Becausee of thhe na
43、tioonal ccharaccter oof diffferennt nattionallitiess impaacted on theirr own peoplle, diiffereent naationaalitiees forrmed dispaarate aesthhetic habitts andd aesttheticc emottion. Due tto thiis poiint, the vvalue and tthe leevel oof undderstaandingg thatt is tto knoow lotts of thinggs aroound tthems
44、eelves betweeen Chhinesee and the WWesterrns arre diffferennt. Paarticuularlyy, both iin Chiinese and Ennglishh provverbs, thoughh therre aree manyy animmals aare offten uused tto reffer too a vaarietyy of ddifferrent ttypes of peeople as meetaphoors, ppeoplee whosse feeelingss and underrstandding o
45、on diverrse animaals inn diffferentt counntriess havee fanccy forr disssimilaar aniimals that sometiimes eeven hhave complletelyy oppoosite meaniing. IIn parrticullar, iit is worthh notiing thhat doog in the WWesterrn couuntriees, esspeciaally iin thee Engllish-sspeakiing coountriies ennjoyedd moree
46、 lovee and esteeem thaan we do.3.1.1 Dogs in ChinaIn tradditionnal Chhinesee cultture, dog is aa lowlly aniimal aand offten ddespissed annd sweearworrd by peoplle witth derrogatoory emmotionns. inn Chinna doggs aree alwaays ussed too guarrd thee housse as well as Peeople alwayys asssociatte doggs wi
47、tth thee disggustinng thiings. Such as sson off a biitch, thhe dirrty doog , Thee dog switcches oover tto eatt a duung wiithoutt end equual” YYou caannot make a craab wallk strraightt” in a worrd, inn Chinna, doogs caan nott makee a goood immpresssion oon peoople. Thus in Chhinesee cultture, peoplle oftten usse thee termm dogg as a mettaphorr of hhuman beingg or aaffairr whicch alwways ccause a lott of ddeprecciativve asssociattion. Thencce, thhe imaage off dog is ev