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1、 8-bit 8位Microcontrollers 微处理器Application Note 应用注释 AVR1000: Getting Started Writing C-code for XMEGAAVR1000 ： XMEGA的C语言代码编写入门 Features 特点： Naming conventions 命名约定- Register names 寄存器名- Bit names 位名 C-code names C-代码名- Bit and group masks 位与组掩码- Group configuration masks 组配置掩码 Methods for accessing
2、registers 访问寄存器的方法 Methods for writing reusable module functions 可多次使用模块功能的写入方法1 Introduction 引言Short development times and high quality requirements on electronic products has made high-level programming languages a requirement. The main reason is that High level languages make it easier to maintai
3、n and reuse code due to better portability and readability. 由于电子产品的开发时间短，质量要求高，因此需要高层次的编程语言。最主要的原因是，高级语言具有更好的可移植性和可读性，使其更易于维护和重复使用代码。The choice of programming language alone does not ensure high readability and reusability; good coding style does. Therefore the XMEGA peripherals, header files and dr
4、ivers are designed with this in mind. 编程语言的选择本身并非是能确保具有较高的可读性和可重复使用性的唯一条件，还必须有良好的编码风格。因此 XMEGA 的外围设备，头文件和驱动程序的设计都是基于这方面考虑的。 The most widely used high-level language for AVR microcontrollers is C, and this application note therefore focuses on C programming. To support most of the AVR C compilers tha
5、t are available, the code examples are as far as possible written in ANSI C. A few examples are specific to IAR Embedded Workbench, but the ideas and methods can be used for other compilers with minor changes. IAR specific examples are clearly marked.AVR 微控制器使用的最广泛的高级语言就是 C 语言，因此本应用注释的重点是 C 语言编程。为了支
6、持大多数可用的 AVR C 语言编译器，我们尽可能把代码示例编写在 ANSI C 语言的规范中。有些例子是 IAR Embedded Workbench 专用的，但其思路和方法可用于与其他变化不大的编译器。 IAR 专用的示例都有清晰的标示。2 XMEGA Modules XMEGA 模块An AVR XMEGA is composed of several building blocks: An AVR CPU core, SRAM, Flash, EEPROM and a number of peripheral modules. These building blocks are cal
7、led “module types”. An XMEGA can have one or more instances of a given module type. All instances of a module type have the same features and functions. 一个 AVR XMEGA 由数个结构块组成：一个AVR CPU 芯片，一个 SRAM，一个闪存， 一个 EEPROM 以及若干外设模块。这些结构块被称为“模块类型”。XMEGA可以有一个或多个给定模块类型的实例。一个模块类型的所有实例都具有相同的特性和功能。Some module types
8、can be a subset of other module types. These inherit a subset of the features (and registers) of the super type, all inherited features are fully compatible. This applies to e.g. timers and IO ports. The subset of a module type can for a timer mean that it has fewer compare and capture channels than
9、 a full timer module. Similarly, an IO port may have less than eight pins. 有些模块类型可以是其他模块类型的子集。这些（模块类型）继承了特大模块类型的某个子集的特征（和寄存器），其继承的所有特征都完全兼容。这适用于比如计时器和IO端口。用于计时器的模块类型的子集可能意味着它所能得到的比较和捕获通道比完整的计时器模块的要少。同样，一个 IO 端口的管脚可能不足八个。A module type can be a “USART”, while the module instance is e.g. “USARTC0”, whe
10、re the “C0” suffix indicates the instance is “USART number 0 on port C”. For simplicity, a module instance will be referred to as a module throughout this document, unless there is a need to differentiate. 一个模块类型可以是“USART”的，如果这个模块实例比如是“USARTC0”，其中的“C0”后缀表示这个实例是“端口 C 上的 USART 编号为 0”。为了简单起见，一个模块实例将被称为
11、这整个文件中的一个模块，除非是有必要另作区分。Each module has a number of registers that contain control or status bits. All modules of a given type contain the same set (or subset) of registers, and all these registers contain the same set (or subset) of control and status bits. 每个模块都有若干寄存器，这些寄存器都包含控制位或状态位。一个给定类型的所有模块都包含
12、相同的寄存器集合（或子集），并且所有这些寄存器包含相同的控制位和状态位的集合（或子集） 。Figure 2-1. Module types, instances, registers and bits. 图2-1. 模块类型，实例，寄存器和位Each module has a fixed base address in the IO memory map and all registers contained in the module have fixed offset addresses relative to the module base address. This way each
13、register will not only have an absolute address in the IO memory space, but also a relative address defined by its offset. The register offset addresses are equal for all instances of a module type, simplifying the task of writing drivers that can be used for all modules of a specific type. 在 IO 内存图
14、里，每个模块都有一个固定的基础地址，并且该模块中的所有寄存器都有固定的偏移地址（这是相对于模块的基地址而言）。如此这样，每个寄存器不仅会在 IO 内存空间有一个绝对地址，而且还有一个根据其偏移量定义的相对地址。一个模块类型的所有实例中的寄存器偏移地址都是平等的，这样就简化了编写能够适用于某个特定类型的所有模块的驱动程序的任务。2.1 Register Naming Convention2.1. 寄存器命名约定Register are roughly speaking divided into control, status and data registers and the naming o
15、f registers reflect this. A general-purpose control register of the module is named CTRL. If multiple general-purpose control registers exists in a module they have a suffix character. In this case the control registers would be named CTRLA, CTRLB, CTRLC and so on. This also applies to STATUS regist
16、ers. 大致说来，寄存器有控制寄存器、状态寄存器和数据寄存器之分，这从寄存器的命名就可看出。模块的一个通用的控制寄存器被命名为CTRL。如果在一个模块中存在多个通用控制寄存器，他们都有一个后缀字符。在这种情况下，控制寄存器将被命名为CTRLA 、 CTRLB 、 CTRLC等。这方法也适用于状态寄存器。For registers that have a specific function the name reflects this functionality. For example, a control register that controls the interrupt level
17、 of a module is named INTCTRL. 对于具有特定功能的的寄存器，它们的命名会反映其功能性。例如，一个控制寄存器，控制一个模块的中断级别，它就被命名为 INTCTRL 。Since the AVR data bus width is 8 bit, larger registers are implemented using several 8-bit registers. For a 16-bit register, the high and low bytes are accessed by appending “H” and “L” respectively to
18、the register name. For example, the 16-bit Timer/Counter count register is named CNT. The two bytes are named CNTL and CNTH. 由于 AVR 的数据总线宽度为 8 位，较大的寄存器得使用几个 8 位寄存器才能生效。对于一个16位寄存器，要访问其高8位元组和低8位元组，得在这个寄存器的命名上分别附加 “H” 和 “L”。例如，16位计时器/计数器的计数寄存器被命名为 CNT ，其两个8位元组就被命名为 CNTL和 CNTH 。For a register larger tha
19、n 16 bit, the bytes are numbered from the least significant byte. For example, the 32-bit ADC calibration register is named CAL. The four bytes are named CAL0, CAL1, CAL2 and CAL3 (from least to most significant byte).对于大于16位的寄存器，其8位元组的编号是从最低有效的8位元组开始。例如，32位的 ADC 校准寄存器被命名为 CAL，其四个8位元组（从最低到最高有效8位元组）就
20、被分别命名为 CAL0 ， CAL1 ， CAL2 和 CAL3 。 Most C compilers offer automatic handling of access to multi-byte registers. In that case the name CNT, without “H” or “L” suffix, could be used to perform a 16-bit access to the Timer/Counter count register. This is also the case for 32-bit registers. 大多数 C 语言编译器都
21、提供了自动处理多8位元组寄存器的访问。在这种情况下， CNT 的命名没有加“ H”或“ L”后缀的，可以用来执行16位的计时器/计数器的计数寄存器的访问。这方法也同样使用于32位寄存器。2.2 Bit Naming Convention2.2 位命名约定Register bits can have an individual function or be part of a bit group that have a joint function: An individual bit could be a bit that enables a module, e.g. the USART EN
22、ABLE bit. A bit group can consist of two of more bits that jointly select a specific configuration of the module that they belong to. A bit group offers up to 2n selections, where n is the number of bits in the bit group. The two bits that control the USART Receive Complete interrupt level, RXINTLVL
23、1:0, is an example of a bit group. These two bits offer the following selections: 寄存器位可以有一个单独的函数，或是一个位组的一部分，有一个共同的功能：一个单独的位可以是启用一个模块的位，如 USART ENABLE 位。一个位组可以由两个或两个以上的位组成，这些位共同选择了它们所属的模块的特殊配置。一个位组提供多达 2n 个选项，其中的 n 是位组中位的数量。这两个位控制的 USART 接收结束中断级别，RXINTLVL 1:0 ，是一个位组的一个例子。这两个位提供以下选项：Table 2-1. RXINTLV
24、L bits and corresponding interrupt level selection. 表 2-1. RXINTLVL 位和相应的中断级别选项RXINTLVL1RXINTLVL0Interrupt level selection 中断级别选项00Interrupt Off 中断关闭01Low level interrupt 低级中断1 10Medium level interrupt 中级中断11High level interrupt 高级中断 Bits that are part of a group will always have a number suffix. Bi
25、ts that are not part of a bit group will never have a number suffix. A Timer/Counter control register D has two bit groups, EVACT and EVSEL. The bits in these groups have a number suffix, while the EVDLY bit, which is not part of a bit group has no number suffix.作为一个组的一部分的位，将始终有一个数字后缀。不是一个位组的一部分的位，永
26、远不会有一个数字后缀。计时器/计数器控制寄存器 D 有两个位组： EVACT 和 EVSEL 。在这些组中的位都有一个数字后缀，而 EVDLY 位不是一个位组的一部分，因此它没有数字后缀。Table 2-2. Bits groups and bit names for bits in Timer/Counter Control register D CTRLD.表 2-2. 适用于计时器/计数器控制寄存器 D - CTRLD 中的位的位组和位名称Bit Group 位组EVACT-EVSELBit name 位名EVACT2 EVACT1EVACT0EVDLYEVSEL3EVSEL2EVSEL
27、1EVSEL0Bit number 位编号765432103 Writing C-code for XMEGA 编写 XMEGA 的 C 语言代码The following sections focus on how to write C-code for the XMEGA. The examples show how to make the code highly readable and portable between different XMEGA devices. The examples can also be used as a guideline to write code
28、that is easy to verify and maintain. 以下各节重点放在如何编写 XMEGA 的 C 语言代码。示例显示了如何使代码具有很强的可读性，并能在不同的XMEGA 器件之间移植。这些例子也可以作为指导编写代码的准则，使其易于验证和维护。XMEGA modules are located in dedicated and continuous blocks in the memory space and can be seen as encapsulated units. This reflects on the way that the modules are ac
29、cessed when coding C: modules are encapsulated using C structs, in which all module registers are contained. Figure 3-1 shows an illustration of this.XMEGA的模块位于内存空间的专用的连续的块区域中，我们可以把这些模块看作是被封装的单元。这反映了编写 C 语言代码时访问模块的路径：模块是用 C 语言结构封装的，其中包容了所有的模块寄存器。图3-1给出了这个图解。Note that some registers have no direct mo
30、dule association. These are not encapsulated in structs, as the struct is used to associate registers with a module. 请注意，某些寄存器没有直接的模块相联，这些寄存器都不是封装在结构里的，因为该结构是用来使寄存器与某个模块相关联的。For larger code projects the module structs provide advantages, not only to readability, but also because the compilers can re
31、use the module drivers and thereby make the code very compact. This is described in more details later. 模块结构为较大的代码项目提供的优势不仅具有可读性，而且还因为编译器可以重复使用模块驱动程序，从而使代码非常紧凑。这在后面会作更详细的描述。This document introduces a naming convention and register access methods that are different from what AVR programming veterans
32、are used to, but one should be aware that the “classic” way to access registers is still supported by the header files. This also applies on the bit level. 本文档介绍的命名约定和寄存器访问的方法，不同于 AVR 编程老手过去常用的方法，但是有一点应该知道：访问寄存器的“经典”方法仍然是要得到头文件的支持。这方法也同样适用于对位级别的访问。Figure 3-1. Modules placed in dedicated blocks in IO
33、 memory space. 图3-1 .放置在 IO 内存空间里的专用块区的模块。3.1 XMEGA Header Files3.1 XMEGA的头文件A dedicated header file is available for each XMEGA device. If the target device is specified in the project settings (assuming that one uses the IDE for IAR EWAVR), the IAR compiler will automatically include the correct h
34、eader file if the device file is included as shown in Code Listing 3-1. 为每个XMEGA的设备提供一个专用的头文件，如果目标设备是在项目设置中指定的（假设一个目标设备将 IDE 用于 IAR EWAVR ），又如果该设备文件是包含在如代码列表3-1中所示的文件，那么 IAR 编译器将自动包含这个正确的头文件。Code Listing 3-1. IAR header file inclusion. 代码列表3-1 . IAR的头文件包含The advantage is that if the target device ch
35、anges, there is no need to change the source files, only the project settings. 它的优点是，如果目标设备变了，没有必要修改源文件，唯有以项目设置的为准。3.2 Modules Registers3.2. 模块寄存器The IO map is laid out so that all registers for a given peripheral module are placed in one continuous memory block. Registers belonging to different mod
36、ules are not mixed. This makes it possible to organize all peripheral modules in C structs, where the address of the struct defines the base address, of the module. All registers belonging to a module are elements in the module struct. IO 地图的设计是使一个给定的外设模块的所有的寄存器都放置在一个连续的内存块，属于不同模块的寄存器不得混合。这使得IO 地图可以
37、将所有外设模块组织到 C 语言结构中，其结构的地址定义模块的基础地址，同属于一个模块的所有的寄存器都是这个模块结构中的成员。An example is the Programmable Multi-level Interrupt Controller (PMIC) module. The struct declaration for this module is shown in Code Listing 3-2 and an example of its use in Code Listing 3-3. Note that the example in Code Listing 3-3 as
38、sumes that there is an instance of the PMIC_t type named PMIC. This is covered later in this document. 一个例子是可编程的多级中断控制器（ PMIC ）模块。申报此模块的结构由代码列表 3-2 给出，其用途的例子由代码列表 3-3 给出。请注意，在代码列表 3-3 中的例子是假设有一个 PMIC_t 类型的实例被命名为PMIC。这在本文档后面还有提及。Code Listing 3-2. Module struct declaration. 代码列表 3-2. 模块结构的申报Code Listi
39、ng 3-3. Module struct usage. 代码列表 3-3. 模块结构的用途3.2.1 Multi-word Registers in Module Structs 3.2.1. 模块结构中的多词寄存器Some registers are used in conjunction with other registers to represent 16 or 32 bit values. As example one could look at the ADC struct declaration shown in Code Listing 3-4. 将一些寄存器与其他寄存器一起
40、用来代表16位或32位的值。我们可以举一个例子，看看 ADC 结构申报的一个寄存器，见代码列表3-4：Code Listing 3-4. ADC struct declaration. 代码列表3-4. ADC 结构申报In Code Listing 3-4, the ADC channel result registers CH0RES, CH1RES, CH2RES, CH3RES and the compare register, CMP, are 16-bit values. These are declared using the WORDREGISTER macro shown i
41、n Code Listing 3-5. The calibration register, CAL, is a 32-bit value, declared using the DWORDREGISTER shown in Code Listing 3-6. 在代码列表3-4中， ADC通道的结果寄存器CH0RES ， CH1RES ， CH2RES ， CH3RES和比较寄存器CMP都是16位值。这些寄存器都是用在代码列表 3-5 中所示的 WORDREGISTER 宏申报的。校准寄存器 CAL，是一个32位值的，它是用在代码列表3-6中所示的 DWORDREGISTER 宏来申报的。Cod
42、e Listing 3-5. WORDREGISTER Macro. 代码列表 3-5. WORDREGISTER 宏Code Listing 3-6. DWORDREGISTER Macro. 代码列表3-6. DWORDREGISTER 宏As seen, the WORDREGISTER macro uses “H” and “L” suffix for the high and low bytes respectively. The DWORDREGISTER uses number suffix to indicate the byte order. Both the 16-bit
43、and 32-bit registers can be accessed in 16-bit/32-bit mode, by using the register name without suffix as shown in Code Listing 3-7. 如我们所看到的， WORDREGISTER宏使用后缀“H”和“L” 分别作为高8位元组和低8位元组， DWORDREGISTER使用数字后缀来表示8位元组的顺序。在16/32位模式中， 都可以使用不带后缀的寄存器名访问16位和32位寄存器，见代码列表3-7。Code Listing 3-7. Accessing registers o
44、f varying size. 代码清单3-7 。访问不同大小的寄存器。Code Listing 3-7 shows how the single byte register CTRLA is read, how the two CH0RESH:L registers are read using a 16-bit operation, and how the four CAL3:0 registers are read in a 32-bit operation. C compilers handle multi-byte registers automatically. Note howe
45、ver that in some cases it may be required to read and write multi-byte registers in one atomic operation to avoid corruption. In this case, interrupts must be disabled during the multi-byte access to make sure that an interrupt service routine does not interfere with the multi-byte access. AVR1306 i
46、ncludes examples on how atomic access of registers is done for the XMEGA Timer/Counter modules. 代码列表3-7演示了如何读取单个8位元组寄存器CTRLA，如何使用一个16位的操作来读取两个 CH0RES H：L 寄存器，以及如何在32位的操作中读取四个 CAL 3:0 寄存器。 C 语言编译器会自动处理多个8位元组的寄存器。但是请注意，在某些情况下可能要求在一个原子操作中读写多个8位元组的寄存器，以避免讹误。假如这样的话，在多个8位元组的访问期间必须禁止中断，以确保一个中断服务例程不妨碍多个8位元组
47、的访问。 AVR1306中有些例子是关于寄存器是如何对XMEGA的计时器/计数器模块进行原子访问的。3.3 Module Addresses3.3 模块访问Definitions of all peripheral modules are found in the device header files available for the XMEGA. The address for the modules is specified in ANSI C to make it compatible with most available C compilers. Code Listing 3-8
48、 shows how ADC 0 on port A is defined. 在适用于XMEGA设备的头文件中找到所有外设模块的定义。这些模块的地址在ANSI C 语言标准中作了明确的规定，使其与大多数可用的 C 语言编译器兼容。代码列表 3-8 显示了端口 A 上的 ADC 0 是如何定义的。Code Listing 3-8. Peripheral module definition. 代码列表 3-8. 外设模块的定义Code Listing 3-8 shows how the module instance definition uses a dereferenced pointer to the absolute address in the memory, coinciding with the module instance base address. The module pointers ar