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1、计算机硬件是计算机运行所需要的设备-由可进行物理处理的元件组成I.Introduction Computer hardware is the equipment involved in the function of a computer and consists of the components that can be physically handled.The function of these components is typically divided into three main categories:input,output,and storage.计算机硬件是计算机运行所
2、需要的设备，由可进行物理处计算机硬件是计算机运行所需要的设备，由可进行物理处理的元件组成。理的元件组成。这些元件的功能一般分为这些元件的功能一般分为3个主要类别：输入、输出和存个主要类别：输入、输出和存储。储。2I.IntroductionComponents in these categories connect to microprocessors,specifically,the computers central processing unit(CPU),the electronic circuitry that provides the computational ability a
3、nd control of the computer,via wires or circuitry called a bus.这些类别的元件与微处理器相连接，特别是与计算机的中这些类别的元件与微处理器相连接，特别是与计算机的中央处理器相连接，而后者是通过被称之为总线的线路或电央处理器相连接，而后者是通过被称之为总线的线路或电路来提供计算能力和对计算机进行控制的电子电路。路来提供计算能力和对计算机进行控制的电子电路。3I.Introduction Software,on the other hand,is the set of instructions a computer uses to ma
4、nipulate data,such as a word-processing program or a video game.These programs are usually stored and transferred via the computers hardware to and from the CPU.另一方面，软件是计算机用来处理数据的一套指令，如字另一方面，软件是计算机用来处理数据的一套指令，如字处理程序或者视频游戏。处理程序或者视频游戏。这些程序通常被存储起来，并由计算机硬件调入和调出中这些程序通常被存储起来，并由计算机硬件调入和调出中央处理器。央处理器。4I.Intr
5、oductionSoftware also governs how the hardware is utilized;for example,how information is retrieved from a storage device.The interaction between the input and output hardware is controlled by software called the Basic Input Output System(BIOS)software.软件也控制着硬件如何使用；例如，如何从存储设备中检软件也控制着硬件如何使用；例如，如何从存储设
6、备中检索信息。输入与输出硬件的交互作用是由基本输入输出系索信息。输入与输出硬件的交互作用是由基本输入输出系统（统（BIOS）软件控制的。）软件控制的。5I.Introduction Although microprocessors are still technically considered to be hardware,portions of their function are also associated with computer software.Since microprocessors have both hardware and software aspects they
7、 are therefore often referred to as firmware.尽管微处理器在技术上仍被认为是硬件，其部分功能也与尽管微处理器在技术上仍被认为是硬件，其部分功能也与计算机软件有关系。既然微处理器同时具有硬件与软件方计算机软件有关系。既然微处理器同时具有硬件与软件方面的特征，它们因此经常被称作固件面的特征，它们因此经常被称作固件。6II.Input Hardware Input hardware consists of external devices that is,components outside of the computers CPU that provid
8、e information and instructions to the computer.A light pen is a stylus with a light sensitive tip that is used to draw directly on a computers video screen or to select information on the screen by pressing a clip in the light pen or by pressing the light pen against the surface of the screen.The pe
9、n contains light sensors that identify which portion of the screen it is passed over.输入硬件由给计算机提供信息和指令的外部设备输入硬件由给计算机提供信息和指令的外部设备亦即计亦即计算机中央处理器以外的元件算机中央处理器以外的元件组成。光笔是具有光敏端头组成。光笔是具有光敏端头的输入笔，用来在计算机屏幕上直接写画，或者通过按光笔的输入笔，用来在计算机屏幕上直接写画，或者通过按光笔上的夹子或用光笔接触屏幕来在屏幕上选择信息。这种笔含上的夹子或用光笔接触屏幕来在屏幕上选择信息。这种笔含有光传感器，能够识别屏幕上笔经
10、过的部分。有光传感器，能够识别屏幕上笔经过的部分。7II.Input Hardware A mouse is a pointing device designed to be gripped by one hand.It has a detection device(usually a ball)on the bottom that enables the user to control the motion of an on-screen pointer,or cursor,by moving the mouse on a flat surface.As the device moves a
11、cross the surface,the cursor moves across the screen.To select items or choose commands on the screen,the user presses a button on the mouse.鼠标是为一只手抓握而设计的指示设备。它在底部有一个检鼠标是为一只手抓握而设计的指示设备。它在底部有一个检测装置（通常是一个圆球），使用户通过在一个平面上移动测装置（通常是一个圆球），使用户通过在一个平面上移动鼠标能够控制屏幕上指针或光标的运动。当鼠标滑过平面的鼠标能够控制屏幕上指针或光标的运动。当鼠标滑过平面的时候，
12、光标随着在屏幕上移动。要在屏幕上选择项目或命令，时候，光标随着在屏幕上移动。要在屏幕上选择项目或命令，用户就点击鼠标上的按钮。用户就点击鼠标上的按钮。8II.Input Hardware A joystick is a pointing device composed of a lever that moves in multiple directions to navigate a cursor or other graphical object on a computer screen.A keyboard is a typewriter-like device that allows t
13、he user to type in text and commands to the computer.Some keyboards have special function keys or integrated pointing devices,such as a trackball or touch-sensitive regions that let the users finger motions move an on-screen cursor.操纵杆是由一根杆子组成的指示设备，该杆以向多个方向移操纵杆是由一根杆子组成的指示设备，该杆以向多个方向移动来操纵计算机屏幕上的光标或者其
14、他图形对象。键盘是一动来操纵计算机屏幕上的光标或者其他图形对象。键盘是一个像打字机的设备，它使用户得以向计算机键入文本和命令。个像打字机的设备，它使用户得以向计算机键入文本和命令。有些键盘有特殊功能键或集成的指示设备，如轨迹球或者可有些键盘有特殊功能键或集成的指示设备，如轨迹球或者可以让用户通过手指的移动来移动屏幕上光标的触敏区。以让用户通过手指的移动来移动屏幕上光标的触敏区。9II.Input Hardware An optical scanner uses light-sensing equipment to convert images such as a picture or text
15、 into electronic signals that can be manipulated by a computer.For example,a photograph can be scanned into a computer and then included in a text document created on that computer.The two most common scanner types are the flatbed scanner,which is similar to an office photocopier,and the hand-held s
16、canner,which is passed manually across the image to be processed.光扫描仪利用光感应设备将图片或文本等形式的图像转换光扫描仪利用光感应设备将图片或文本等形式的图像转换成计算机能够处理的电子信号。例如，一张照片能够被扫成计算机能够处理的电子信号。例如，一张照片能够被扫入一台计算机，然后包括在该计算机建立的文本文件中。入一台计算机，然后包括在该计算机建立的文本文件中。最常见的两种扫描仪类型是平板式扫描仪和手持式扫描仪，最常见的两种扫描仪类型是平板式扫描仪和手持式扫描仪，前者类似一台办公复印机，后者用手动的方式从要处理的前者类似一台办公
17、复印机，后者用手动的方式从要处理的图像上扫过。图像上扫过。10II.Input Hardware A microphone is a device for converting sound into signals that can then be stored,manipulated,and played back by the computer.A voice recognition module is a device that converts spoken words into information that the computer can recognize and proce
18、ss.麦克风是将声音转换成可被计算机存储、处理和回放的信麦克风是将声音转换成可被计算机存储、处理和回放的信号的设备。语音识别模块是将说的话转换成计算机能够识号的设备。语音识别模块是将说的话转换成计算机能够识别和处理的信号的设备。别和处理的信号的设备。11II.Input Hardware A modem,which stands for modulator-demodulator,is a device that connects a computer to a telephone line and allows information to be transmitted to or rece
19、ived from another computer.Each computer that sends or receives information must be connected to a modem.调制解调器代表调制器调制解调器代表调制器解调器，是将计算机与电话线连解调器，是将计算机与电话线连接、允许信息传给或接自另一台计算机的设备。每台发送接、允许信息传给或接自另一台计算机的设备。每台发送或接收信息的计算机都必须与调制解调器相连接。或接收信息的计算机都必须与调制解调器相连接。12II.Input HardwareThe information sent from one comp
20、uter is converted by the modem into an audio signal,which is then transmitted by telephone lines to the receiving modem,which converts the signal into information that the receiving computer can understand.计算机发送的信息由调制解调器转换成音频信号，然后通计算机发送的信息由调制解调器转换成音频信号，然后通过电话线传送到接收调制解调器上，由其将信号转换成接过电话线传送到接收调制解调器上，由其将
21、信号转换成接收计算机能够理解的信息。收计算机能够理解的信息。13III.Output Hardware Output hardware consists of external devices that transfer information from the computers CPU to the computer user.A video display,or screen,converts information generated by the computer into visual information.Displays commonly take one of two fo
22、rms:a video screen with a cathode ray tube(CRT)or a video screen with a liquid crystal display(LCD).输出硬件由将信息从计算机中央处理器传给计算机用户的输出硬件由将信息从计算机中央处理器传给计算机用户的外部设备构成。视频显示器或屏幕将计算机生成的信息转外部设备构成。视频显示器或屏幕将计算机生成的信息转换成可视信息。显示器一般有两种形式：阴极射线管视频换成可视信息。显示器一般有两种形式：阴极射线管视频屏幕和液晶显示视频屏幕。屏幕和液晶显示视频屏幕。14III.Output HardwareA CRT
23、-based screen,or monitor,looks similar to a television set.Information from the CPU is displayed using a beam of electrons that scans a phosphorescent surface that emits light and creates images.An LCD-based screen displays visual information on a flatter and smaller screen than a CRT-based video mo
24、nitor.LCDs are frequently used in laptop computers.基于阴极射线管的屏幕或监视器看起来就像一台电视机。基于阴极射线管的屏幕或监视器看起来就像一台电视机。从中央处理器输出的信息，使用电子束显示出来，其过程从中央处理器输出的信息，使用电子束显示出来，其过程是电子束扫描荧光屏，而荧光屏则发出光并产生图像。基是电子束扫描荧光屏，而荧光屏则发出光并产生图像。基于液晶显示器的屏幕将可视信息显示在比基于阴极射线管于液晶显示器的屏幕将可视信息显示在比基于阴极射线管的视频监视器更平、更小的屏幕上。液晶显示器常常用于的视频监视器更平、更小的屏幕上。液晶显示器常常用
25、于膝上型计算机。膝上型计算机。15III.Output Hardware Printers take text and image from a computer and print them on paper.Dot-matrix printers use tiny wires to impact upon an inked ribbon to form characters.Laser printers employ beams of light to draw images on a drum that then picks up fine black particles called
26、toner.The toner is fused to a page to produce an image.Inkjet printers fire droplets of ink onto a page to form characters and pictures.打印机将计算机输出的文本和图像打印在纸上。点阵打印打印机将计算机输出的文本和图像打印在纸上。点阵打印机使用细小的金属丝打击色带，从而形成字符。激光打印机使用细小的金属丝打击色带，从而形成字符。激光打印机使用光束在磁鼓上画图像，然后由磁鼓吸起被称之为色机使用光束在磁鼓上画图像，然后由磁鼓吸起被称之为色粉的微小黑粒。色粉熔凝到纸上
27、，形成图像。喷墨打印机粉的微小黑粒。色粉熔凝到纸上，形成图像。喷墨打印机将小墨滴喷射到纸上，形成字符和图像。将小墨滴喷射到纸上，形成字符和图像。16IV.Storage Hardware Storage hardware provides permanent storage of information and programs for retrieval by the computer.The two main types of storage devices are disk drives and memory.There are several types of disk drives:
28、hard,floppy,magneto-optical,and compact.Hard disk drives store information in magnetic particles embedded in a disk.Usually a permanent part of the computer,hard disk drives can store large amounts of information and retrieve that information very quickly.存储硬件为计算机检索提供信息和程序的永久性存储。两存储硬件为计算机检索提供信息和程序的永
29、久性存储。两种主要的存储设备是磁盘驱动器和存储器。磁盘驱动器有种主要的存储设备是磁盘驱动器和存储器。磁盘驱动器有几种类型：硬盘、软盘、磁光盘和光盘。硬盘驱动器将信几种类型：硬盘、软盘、磁光盘和光盘。硬盘驱动器将信息存储在盘中嵌入的磁性颗粒中。硬盘驱动器通常是计算息存储在盘中嵌入的磁性颗粒中。硬盘驱动器通常是计算机的固定部分，能存储大量的信息并对其进行快速的检索。机的固定部分，能存储大量的信息并对其进行快速的检索。17IV.Storage Hardware Floppy disk drives also store information in magnetic particles embedd
30、ed in removable disks that may be floppy or rigid.Floppy disks store less information than a hard disk drive and retrieve the information at a much slower rate.Magneto-optical disc drives store information on removable discs that are sensitive to both laser light and magnetic fields.They can typical
31、ly store as much information as hard disks but have slightly slower retrieval speeds.软盘驱动器也将信息存储在磁性颗粒中，但这些颗粒是嵌入在软盘驱动器也将信息存储在磁性颗粒中，但这些颗粒是嵌入在可移动的盘中，而这些盘既可能是软的也可能是硬的。软盘比可移动的盘中，而这些盘既可能是软的也可能是硬的。软盘比硬盘存储的信息少，检索该信息的速度也慢得多。磁光盘驱动硬盘存储的信息少，检索该信息的速度也慢得多。磁光盘驱动器将信息存储在对激光和磁场都敏感的可移动盘上。它们可存器将信息存储在对激光和磁场都敏感的可移动盘上。它们可
32、存储的信息通常与硬盘一样多，但检索速度稍微慢一点。储的信息通常与硬盘一样多，但检索速度稍微慢一点。18IV.Storage Hardware Compact disc drives(CD-ROM)store information on pits burned into the surface of a disc of reflective material.The information stored on CD-ROMs cannot be erased(erase)or overwritten(overwrite)with new information.They can store a
33、bout as much information as a hard drive but have a slower rate of information retrieval.由反射材料制成的光盘，其表面烧蚀出凹陷区。光驱（由反射材料制成的光盘，其表面烧蚀出凹陷区。光驱（CD-ROM）就是将信息存储于此。存储在光盘上的信息不能擦除）就是将信息存储于此。存储在光盘上的信息不能擦除或用新信息改写。它们能够存储和硬盘差不多的信息量，但信或用新信息改写。它们能够存储和硬盘差不多的信息量，但信息检索速度比其慢。息检索速度比其慢。19IV.Storage Hardware Memory refers t
34、o the computer chips that store information for quick retrieval by the CPU.Random access memory(RAM)is used to store the information and instructions that operate the computers programs.存储器是指存储信息供中央处理器快速检索的计算机芯片。随存储器是指存储信息供中央处理器快速检索的计算机芯片。随机访问存储器（机访问存储器（RAM）用来存储操作计算机程序的信息和指）用来存储操作计算机程序的信息和指令。令。20IV.
35、Storage Hardware Typically,programs are transferred from storage on a disk drive to RAM.RAM is also known as volatile memory because the information within the computer chips is lost when power to the computer is turned off.通常，程序由磁盘驱动器的存储区调到随机访问存储器中。随通常，程序由磁盘驱动器的存储区调到随机访问存储器中。随机访问存储器也称作易失性存储器，因为当计算机
36、的电源关闭机访问存储器也称作易失性存储器，因为当计算机的电源关闭时，计算机芯片中的信息随着丢失。时，计算机芯片中的信息随着丢失。21IV.Storage Hardware Read-only memory(ROM)contains critical information and software that must be permanently available for computer operation,such as the operating system that directs the computers actions from start up to shut down.R
37、OM is called nonvolatile memory because the memory chips do not lose their information when power to the computer is turned off.只读存储器（只读存储器（ROM）包含必须永久可供计算机操作使用的关）包含必须永久可供计算机操作使用的关键信息和软件，如从开机到关机一直指挥计算机的运行的操作键信息和软件，如从开机到关机一直指挥计算机的运行的操作系统。只读存储器称之为非易失性存储器，因为当计算机的电系统。只读存储器称之为非易失性存储器，因为当计算机的电源关闭时，存储芯片中的信息
38、不会丢失。源关闭时，存储芯片中的信息不会丢失。22IV.Storage Hardware Some devices serve more than one purpose.For example,floppy disks may also be used as input devices if they contain information to be used and processed by the computer user.In addition,they can be used as output devices if the user wants to store the res
39、ults of computations on them.有些设备有不止一种用途。例如，软盘也可用作输入设备，如有些设备有不止一种用途。例如，软盘也可用作输入设备，如果它们含有计算机用户要使用和处理的信息的话。此外，它们果它们含有计算机用户要使用和处理的信息的话。此外，它们也可用作输出设备，如果用户想将计算结果存储在它们上面的也可用作输出设备，如果用户想将计算结果存储在它们上面的话。话。23V.Hardware Connections To function,hardware requires physical connections that allow components to comm
40、unicate and interact.A bus provides a common interconnected system composed of a group of wires or circuitry that coordinates(coordinate)and moves information between the internal parts of a computer.要想运转，硬件需要物理连接，使元件之间能够交流和相互作要想运转，硬件需要物理连接，使元件之间能够交流和相互作用。总线提供了一种常见的互连系统，它由一组导线或电路组用。总线提供了一种常见的互连系统，它由
41、一组导线或电路组成，在计算机的内部组成部分之间协调和移动信息。成，在计算机的内部组成部分之间协调和移动信息。24V.Hardware Connections A computer bus consists of two channels(channel):one that the CPU uses to locate data,called the address bus,and another to send the data to that address,called the data bus.A bus is characterized(characterize)by two feat
42、ures(feature):how much information it can manipulate at one time,called the bus width,and how quickly it can transfer these data.计算机总线由两条通道组成：一条由中央处理器用来给数据定计算机总线由两条通道组成：一条由中央处理器用来给数据定位，叫做地址总线；另一条用来将该数据送往那个地址，叫做位，叫做地址总线；另一条用来将该数据送往那个地址，叫做数据总线。总线可用两个特征来描述：一次可处理的信息量，数据总线。总线可用两个特征来描述：一次可处理的信息量，称为总线宽度，和传
43、送这些数据的速度。称为总线宽度，和传送这些数据的速度。25V.Hardware Connections A serial connection is a wire or set of wires used to transfer information from the CPU to an external device such as a mouse,keyboard,modem,scanner,and some types of printers.This type of connection transfers only one piece of data at a time,and i
44、s therefore slow.The advantage to using a serial connection is that it provides effective connections over long distances.串行连接是一根或一组导线，用于将信息从中央处理器传送到串行连接是一根或一组导线，用于将信息从中央处理器传送到外部设备，如鼠标、键盘、调制解调器、扫描仪和一些类型的外部设备，如鼠标、键盘、调制解调器、扫描仪和一些类型的打印机。这种连接一次只能传送一段数据，因此很慢。使用串打印机。这种连接一次只能传送一段数据，因此很慢。使用串行连接的好处在于它能提供远距离的
45、有效连接。行连接的好处在于它能提供远距离的有效连接。26V.Hardware Connections A parallel connection uses multiple sets of wires to transfer blocks(block)of information simultaneously.Most scanners and printers use this type of connection.A parallel connection is much faster than a serial connection,but it is limited to distan
46、ces of less than 3 m(10 ft)between the CPU and the external device.并行连接使用多组导线来同时传送数个信息块。大多数扫描仪并行连接使用多组导线来同时传送数个信息块。大多数扫描仪和打印机使用这种连接方式。并行连接比串行连接快得多，但和打印机使用这种连接方式。并行连接比串行连接快得多，但是它在中央处理器和外部设备之间的传输距离仅限于不到是它在中央处理器和外部设备之间的传输距离仅限于不到3米米（10英尺）。英尺）。27Exercise III.CD-ROM stands for compact disk read-only memor
47、y.Unlike floppy and hard disks,which use magnetic charges to represent 1s and 0s,optical disks use reflected light.On a CD-ROM disk,1s and 0s are represented by flat areas and bumpy areas(called“pits”)on its bottom surface.The CD-ROM disk is read by a laser that projects a tiny beam of light on thes
48、e areas.The amount of reflected light determines whether the area represents a 1 or a 0.28Exercise III.Like a commercial CD found in music stores,a CD-ROM is a“read-only”disk.Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user.Thus,you as a user have access only to the data imprinted by th
49、e publisher.A single CD-ROM disk can store 650 megabytes of data.That is equivalent to 451 floppy disks.With that much information on a single disk,the time to retrieve or access the information is very important.An important characteristic of CD-ROM drives is their access rate.29Exercise II.1.infor
50、mation retrieval 信息检索信息检索2.voice recognition module 语音识别模块语音识别模块3.touch-sensitive region 触感区，触摸区触感区，触摸区4.address bus 地址总线地址总线5.flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪平板扫描仪6.dot-matrix printer 点阵打印机（针式打印机）点阵打印机（针式打印机）7.parallel connection 并行连接并行连接8.cathode ray tube 阴极射线管阴极射线管9.video game 电子游戏（港台亦称电玩）电子游戏（港台亦称电玩）10.aud