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1、完成时篇(一)现在完成时 提问 请问在句子“Working in London has been the best decision I have made so far. (Experiencing English Integrated Book1 Page71)”中,为什么时间状语是完成时的情况下,主句仍然可以使用现在完成时呢? 答:完成时态通常表示已完成或已经开始从事的动作,它可以分为现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时以及完成进行时。根据定义我们可以了解到,除了表示到现在为止动作已经完成或已经开始以外,还有多种情况可以用现在完成时来表达。一、 动作从过去某个时间开始发生,延续到现在,并且
2、说话前已经完成。例如:The mission has been carried out well.任务已经很好地完成了。Those girls have eaten two big cakes.女孩们已经吃了两个蛋糕了。二、 某个动作或状态发生在过去,持续并影响现在,有可能会继续保持下去。例如:My brother has been abroad for several years.我哥哥已经出国好几年了。It has rained all morning.雨下了一个早晨。Up to now, parents have accepted the pop music youths prefer
3、to.现在,家长们已经接受了年轻人喜欢的流行音乐。 I have known him since the summer in 2001.自2001年的那个夏天,我就认识他了。三、 动作发生在现在之前的某个时间,可能是多次动作的集合,也表示习惯性的动作或状态。 例如:Xiao Qin has come over here three times in the daytime.白天小覃已经来过三次了。Which countries have you traveled recently? 最近你都去过那些国家?How many papers have you read today? 你今天看了几篇论
4、文?四、 动作过去曾发生过一次或多次,也可能是一种经历。例如:Students are very pride that the president has once visited their school.学生们为总统曾访问过他们学校而骄傲。 Accidents like this have happened more than 20 times these years.这几年此类事故发生不下20起。 在现在完成时态的句子中,常伴随的时间状语有:already,yet,ever,never,just,before,lately,recently,till/until,always,now,s
5、ince,today; in past years,all morning,all ones life,up to now,these days,this week/month/year,for a long time。 现在完成时中有几点语法点要注意的:1) for引出的时间状语只能修饰表示延续性动作的动词。不能用来修饰表示瞬间、短暂动作或位置转移的动词。如John has come to China for three years,此句错误,come这个动作是短暂性动词,不可能持续发生,因此可改为John has been in China for three years,约翰已经爱中国生
6、活了3年。短暂性动词有appear, begin,borrow,buy,come,close,die,fall,find,finish,join,kill,leave,lend,lose,see,start,stop。2) 在表示时间或条件的状语从句可以用现在完成时表示将来完成的动作。例如:He will not quit my job until his parents have permitted.父母允许后他才会辞职。I will arrive at 6 oclock if the car has been prepared then.如果到时车准备好了,我能在6点到达。3) It is
7、 the first/second time that这个结构中,that从句要用现在完成时。例如:It is the first time that I have heard of his deeds.这是我第一次听说他的事迹。Is the second time you have visited China? 这是你第二次来中国了吧?4) This is the 最高级that这个结构中,that从句用现在完成时。例如:This is the best way that we have tried to solve the problem.这是我们试过的解决问题的最好方法。 Do you
8、think this is the most delicious food that we once have had? 你不觉得这是我们吃过的最美味的食物吗?提问中的句子Working in London has been the best decision I have made so far,包含了一个that 从句:the best decision (that) I have made so far, 该句符合完成时语法点中“the 最高级that结构,that从句用现在完成时,同时so far为标志性的时间状语,表示迄今为止做所作的决定中最好的。主句动词为has been,以现在、
9、目前为时间状语,表示到说话者当下的时间之前一直在持续的动作,符合前面所述第二种情况,意思是已经成为。全句意为:“在伦敦工作是我迄今为止所做的最好的决定。” 完成时篇过去完成时(二) 提问请问下面这个句子“ what would have happened if she had not been there. (Experiencing English Integrated Book1 Page56)”属于什么时态?怎样翻译成中文? 答:这是一个表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气句,时态属于过去完成时。虚拟语气表示说话人所说的内容并不是事实,而是一种假设或推测,分为现在时虚拟语气和过去时虚拟语气。该句
10、子因为叙述的内容与过去事实相反,符合过去时虚拟语气中非真实条件句结构:(与过去事实相反)if+过去完成时, would(should, could, might)+ have+过去分词。因此主句if she had not been there(如果没有她),从句what would have happened(会发生什么事情),全句意为:如果她不在这儿,不知道会发生些什么。 例如:The fish would not have been burnt if you had told me. 要是你告诉我,鱼就不会糊了。 Would the little girl have hurt herse
11、lf if her mother hadnt left her alone? 要不是她妈妈把她一个人留下了,小女孩会弄伤自己吗?主句中过去完成时表示到过去某一时刻动作已经完成,或持续到过去某一时刻的动作或状态,其结构是:had+p p (过去分词)。句中常出现:before,after,once,by,until,when,as soon as用来引导时间状语。例如:All of us hadnt cried for even a drop of tear until the final departure came up.大家都忍着不流一滴眼泪,直到那最终的离别到来。He deeply re
12、alized the love in his soul only after she had left.只有当她离开以后,他才深深地意识到自己心中的爱。过去完成时的用法中要注意:1) 在no soonerthan和hardly/scarcelywhen结构中,主句的谓语动词多用完成时。 例如: Mum had scarcely rested when she began to cook for us.妈妈还没休息就又开始给我们做饭了。Many graduators had no sooner received new jobs than quit because of dissatisfact
13、ion with the salary.许多毕业生找了新工作不久就会因为不满意薪酬而辞职。 如果否定词出现在句首,主句的主谓要注意倒装。 例如:Hardly had you celebrated for this success when the next task came. 还没等庆祝成功,新任务就下来了。 No sooner had I bought a new dictionary than it was stolen. 我刚买了本新字典就被偷了。2) 在主从复合句中,如果主句的谓语动词用过去时,其后的宾语从句谓语的动作是先发生的,常用过去完成时。 例如:John was warned
14、 that he had made the same mistake for several times.约翰被警告说同样的错误他已经犯过多次了。 They clearly remembered what crime the guy had committed.他们清晰地记得那家伙犯下的罪。3) 在“It was the first time that”结构中,从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。例如:It was the first time that we tried French food.那是我们第一次吃法国菜。It was the second time that I had been in
15、 such a dilemma in my life.这是我人生中第二次陷入这样的两难之境。4) 过去完成时和before连用,表示“还没就”。例如:He rushed out before I had finished all my words.我话还没有说完,他就冲出去了。Girls put on colorful summer dresses before the spring had completely gone.春天还完全没有离去,女孩子们就都换上了五彩缤纷的夏装。5) wish,expect,hope,mean,intend,suppose,plan,think,want等词在过
16、去完成时里表示过去没有实现的愿望、打算、计划,也表示失望和惋惜等情绪。 例如:The father had wished his son to find an ideal job, but disappointed at last.那位父亲希望儿子能找到理想的工作,最后却失望了。 The thief had intended to break into the house, but he was unluckily caught by the police.小偷试图破门而入,不幸反被警方逮住了。 The rain stopped me, or I had really wanted to co
17、me over to your party. 要不是雨,我是真的很想来参加你的聚会的。6) 在叙述历史事实时,可以不用过去完成时,而用一般过去时。例如:The guides told visitors that the monument was there since World War .导游告诉游客这个纪念碑二战起就在这儿了。 (江灵博)解题技巧四级阅读篇词汇考什么? 四级有4500个单词,核心单词大致在2000左右,常考的词组700个左右。备战时盲目的死记硬背不仅需要花费大量的时间,同时也会分散考生全面、充分准备的精力。因此要有技巧地、有针对性地分析试卷,了解四级词汇的考查特点,对症下药
18、,才能做到事半功倍。四级词汇的考查特点明确: 动词、名词为重点四级考试是动词、名词的天下,一直以来这两种词性的单词在词汇考查中的比重占到80%。新题型中,单词考查主要出现在仔细阅读、完形填空和翻译这三大类中。仔细阅读15个词汇理解题中,动词、名词占10题;完形填空20道题中,有70%考查动词、名词;翻译的5个句子中每题均涉及名词的拼写,动词的使用,以及相关搭配。除此以外,形容词也常常出现,考查对句子感情、立场、态度的确认。 词组搭配是关键动词、名词以及形容词各自与介词的搭配是四级考试的关键考点。介词虽然简单,但是其意义多变,位置灵活,既有固定组合,又有相时变化,容易产生混淆。下面列举一些常见的
19、简单介词搭配用法:1.早、午、晚要用in;at黎明、午、夜、点与分;年、月、年月、季节、周,即使在来年的某月,在某年某月,在四季,在第几周等都要用in。具体时日要用on,将来时态in.以后。2.灯影、衣装、冒雨、阳光下要in;小处at大处in;有形with无形by,语言、单位、材料in;特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用in。 3. at, to表方向,at攻击,为恶意;to位置,侧重表善意。 4. 收音、农场,值日on;关于、基础、依靠、著论也用on;着火、罢工、偷偷地、出差办公事、休假、准时都用on;左右部分要用on;特定时间、一就on,on后紧跟动名词;步行、骑马、玩笑on, cab、ca
20、rriage要用in。 5. at山脚、门口、在当前,速度、温度、日落时、价格、以核心都用at。 干扰项字形字义多相近 选择题是四级考试的基本题型,四个选项中只有一个是正确的,或只有一个是最佳答案,其余三个均为妨碍阅读思维的干扰项,用来测试考生对词汇掌握的精确度。字形相近的选项意义完全不同,在字母组合上略有相似之处,这就要求考生有扎实的拼写基础;字义相近的选项则需要提醒考生千万注意上下文搭配、连贯和呼应,以选择最恰当的词填入空缺处。在平时的学习中掌握其差别,用一到两句话总结清楚简单明了地去记忆。比如下面三个词:rudely,coarsely,roughly字形相近,释义都有一个“粗”字,但三者
21、的侧重点明显不同:rudely指态度粗鲁,coarsely指质感粗糙,roughly指数目粗略,因此答题时应该小心斟酌。 一词多义应仔细很多常见词虽然熟悉,但是往往在考试中会发生错误。这是因为很多词汇有多重意思,也有多重词性。在不同的语境要求下,需要仔细辨析选用其中的某一意思和恰当词性,不要轻易被出题者引入陷阱。比如,apply是“申请”的意思,但还有“应用于”的含义,选择的时候一定要注意空缺前后需要的是for,还是to,以确定其搭配。重点的字词应当做到知其然,更知其所以然。 生、难词汇查基础生僻和有一定难度的词也是词汇考查的重点之一,目的在考查学生词汇量。对于这一类考点,考生不能抱侥幸心理,
22、因安排严格的复习计划,下苦功背单词。针对出题特点,采用分类记忆法和真题记忆法帮助备战词汇最有实效。在分类记忆中,一、根据词性分类:按照名词、动词、形容词、连词把词汇分成几大类;进而在各大类词汇中分出独立单词和有搭配的短语;最后还能再根据感情色彩、褒义、贬义词来分类记忆。字形相近的词以及字义相近的词应该单独列表进行比较,从视觉上加强记忆。到了复习后期,可以针对自己的薄弱环节,把难词和自己不易掌握的词汇切出来,进行强化记忆。要重视对真题的反复阅读学习,找出历年四级考试中词汇与结构部分频繁出现的词,进行强化。常用词、重点词反复出现在每年的考题中,这些高频词既是考点,也是学生英语学习中应该要掌握的基本
23、语言点,所以应以真题为好的复习材料,熟悉词汇的出题习惯和考点,知己知彼,百战不殆。完成时篇过去完成时(二) 提问请问下面这个句子“ what would have happened if she had not been there. (Experiencing English Integrated Book1 Page56)”属于什么时态?怎样翻译成中文? 答:这是一个表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气句,时态属于过去完成时。虚拟语气表示说话人所说的内容并不是事实,而是一种假设或推测,分为现在时虚拟语气和过去时虚拟语气。该句子因为叙述的内容与过去事实相反,符合过去时虚拟语气中非真实条件句结构:(与
24、过去事实相反)if+过去完成时, would(should, could, might)+ have+过去分词。因此主句if she had not been there(如果没有她),从句what would have happened(会发生什么事情),全句意为:如果她不在这儿,不知道会发生些什么。 例如:The fish would not have been burnt if you had told me. 要是你告诉我,鱼就不会糊了。 Would the little girl have hurt herself if her mother hadnt left her alone
25、? 要不是她妈妈把她一个人留下了,小女孩会弄伤自己吗?主句中过去完成时表示到过去某一时刻动作已经完成,或持续到过去某一时刻的动作或状态,其结构是:had+p p (过去分词)。句中常出现:before,after,once,by,until,when,as soon as用来引导时间状语。例如:All of us hadnt cried for even a drop of tear until the final departure came up.大家都忍着不流一滴眼泪,直到那最终的离别到来。He deeply realized the love in his soul only afte
26、r she had left.只有当她离开以后,他才深深地意识到自己心中的爱。过去完成时的用法中要注意:7) 在no soonerthan和hardly/scarcelywhen结构中,主句的谓语动词多用完成时。 例如: Mum had scarcely rested when she began to cook for us.妈妈还没休息就又开始给我们做饭了。Many graduators had no sooner received new jobs than quit because of dissatisfaction with the salary.许多毕业生找了新工作不久就会因为不
27、满意薪酬而辞职。 如果否定词出现在句首,主句的主谓要注意倒装。 例如:Hardly had you celebrated for this success when the next task came. 还没等庆祝成功,新任务就下来了。 No sooner had I bought a new dictionary than it was stolen. 我刚买了本新字典就被偷了。8) 在主从复合句中,如果主句的谓语动词用过去时,其后的宾语从句谓语的动作是先发生的,常用过去完成时。 例如:John was warned that he had made the same mistake fo
28、r several times.约翰被警告说同样的错误他已经犯过多次了。 They clearly remembered what crime the guy had committed.他们清晰地记得那家伙犯下的罪。9) 在“It was the first time that”结构中,从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。例如:It was the first time that we tried French food.那是我们第一次吃法国菜。It was the second time that I had been in such a dilemma in my life.这是我人生中第二次陷
29、入这样的两难之境。10) 过去完成时和before连用,表示“还没就”。例如:He rushed out before I had finished all my words.我话还没有说完,他就冲出去了。Girls put on colorful summer dresses before the spring had completely gone.春天还完全没有离去,女孩子们就都换上了五彩缤纷的夏装。11) wish,expect,hope,mean,intend,suppose,plan,think,want等词在过去完成时里表示过去没有实现的愿望、打算、计划,也表示失望和惋惜等情绪。
30、 例如:The father had wished his son to find an ideal job, but disappointed at last.那位父亲希望儿子能找到理想的工作,最后却失望了。 The thief had intended to break into the house, but he was unluckily caught by the police.小偷试图破门而入,不幸反被警方逮住了。 The rain stopped me, or I had really wanted to come over to your party. 要不是雨,我是真的很想来参加你的聚会的。12) 在叙述历史事实时,可以不用过去完成时,而用一般过去时。例如:The guides told visitors that the monument was there since World War .导游告诉游客这个纪念碑二战起就在这儿了。 (江灵博)