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1、the Arctic NarrativeIndigenous Storytelling, Journalism, and the Potential of Co-Production in the NorthAllison AgstenPAPERJUNE 2021PAPERJUNE 2021的 HARVARD Kennedy SchoolMbelfer centerfor Science and International Affairs300250News Stories Mentioning Arctic and Climate ChangeNew Yoric Times Washingt
2、on Post -*-The GuardianFigure 1This type of coverage, often brimming with data and favoring outsider expertise, does not necessarily resonate with the public. In a survey of more than 10,000 people inside and outside of the Arctic, low and even decreasing interest in climate change was expressed.Pau
3、lina Pakszys et al Changing Arctic. Firm Scientific Evidence versus Public Interest in the Issue.: Where Is the Gap?/ Oceanologia 62, no. 4, Part B (October 1,2020): 593-602, s:/doi.org/10J 016/j.ocea- no.2020.03.004. A range of theories have been posited to explain the global gap in concern and act
4、ion relative to the severity of the effects of climate change. Behavioral scientists suggest that people freeze in the face of an issue so big that no individual can make a difference.“Why We Keep Ignoring Even the Most Dire Climate Change Warnings, Time, accessed November 7, 2020, s:time /5418690/w
5、hy-ignore-climate-change-warnings-un-report/. And, “doom and gloom“ reporting on environmental degradation only reinforces paralysis by presenting problem-oriented narratives without offering solutions.日izobeth Arnold, uDoom and Gloom?, Yet, there is a bright spot in climate change communications: h
6、uman-centered storytelling. This approach, proven to win hearts and minds, has potential to boost the impact of Arctic climate change reporting, and crucially, to increase the representation of Indigenous people in that coverage.Abel Gustafson et al., uPer$onal Stories Can Shift Climate Change Belie
7、fs and Risk Perceptions: The Mediating Role of Emotion； Communication Reports 33, no. 3 (September 1,2020): 121-35, s:y7doi.org/10.108 0/08934215.2020.1799049. An emergent framework for conducting community-engaged research in the sciences may prove to be useful for developing expanded journalism pr
8、actices.Elevating Indigenous KnowledgeThe Arctic is home to a heterogeneous population comprised of more than forty different ethnic groups.Arctic Indigenous Peoples - Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Uni of Lapland, accessed January 16, 202b .The Arctic is home to a heterogeneous population co
9、mprised of more than forty different ethnic groups.Arctic Indigenous Peoples - Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Uni of Lapland, accessed January 16, 202b . Ten percent of the regions four million residents identify as Indigenous. Arctic Peoples,* Arctic Council, accessed January 16,202b s:/arct
10、ic-council.org/en/explore/topics/ arctic-peoples/. Yet, from colonial explorers to modern-day scientists, research in the Arctic has historically been conducted with little acknowledgement of, or regard for, the people living there. uAn Inuit Critique of Canadian Arctic Research, Arctic Focus, acces
11、sed January 10, 2021, / arcticfo- cus.org/stories/inuit-critique-canadian-arctic-research/. Only in recent decades have scientists begun to earnestly embrace Indigenous ways of knowing in their research. Indigenous knowledge, as defined by the Inuit Circumpolar Council, is:A systematic way of thinki
12、ng applied to phenomena across biological, physical, cultural and spiritual systems. It includes insights based on evidence acquired through direct and long-term experiences and extensive and multigenerational observations, lessons and skills. It has developed over millennia and is still developing
13、in a living process, including knowledge acquired today and in the future, and it is passed on from generation to generation.By valuing ways of knowing equally, Indigenous knowledge holders and scientists can work together to generate mutually beneficial research. For example, on the semi-arid land
14、of Australians Ltyentye Apurte community, co-produced research has led to improved erosion control.Rosemary Hill et al., Knowledge Co-Production for Indigenous Adaptation Pathways: Transform Post-Colonial Articulation Complexes to Empower Local Decision-Making；1 Global Environmental Change 65 (Novem
15、ber 1,2020): 102161, . And in Mazvihwa, Zimbabwe, collaboration between scientists and residents has armed Indigenous people with the information necessary to make land use decisions that balance farming needs and forestry protection. M. V. Eitzel et al., Indigenous Climate Adaptation Sovereignty in
16、 a Zimbabwean Agro-Pastoral System: Exploring Definitions of Sustainability Success Using a Participatory Agent-Based Model/ Ecology and Society 25, no. 4(2020): art 13, s:/doi.org/10.5751 /ES-11946-250413.Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs | Harvard Kennedy School Co-produced initi
17、atives in the Arctic have achieved success as well. Forexample, biologists and Yupik hunters teamed up in Alaska to gather information about the threatened Pacific Walrus population. As a result of this research, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service was able to determine that the walrus population was
18、 in fact strong. Vera Metcalf, director of the Eskimo Walrus Commission, noted that the collaboration represents an instance in which, uOur Indigenous voice is being heardr Richard Stone Sep. 9, 2020, and 11:55 Am, uAs the Arctic Thaws, Indigenous Alaskans Demand a Voice in Climate Change Research?1
19、 Science A A AS, September 9,2020, s: news/2020/09/arctic-thaws-indigenous-alaskans-demand-voice-climate-change-research.example, biologists and Yupik hunters teamed up in Alaska to gather information about the threatened Pacific Walrus population. As a result of this research, the U.S. Fish and Wil
20、dlife Service was able to determine that the walrus population was in fact strong. Vera Metcalf, director of the Eskimo Walrus Commission, noted that the collaboration represents an instance in which, uOur Indigenous voice is being heardr Richard Stone Sep. 9, 2020, and 11:55 Am, uAs the Arctic Thaw
21、s, Indigenous Alaskans Demand a Voice in Climate Change Research?1 Science A A AS, September 9,2020, s: news/2020/09/arctic-thaws-indigenous-alaskans-demand-voice-climate-change-research.Co-production is not, however, a panacea. It is at odds with long-standing colonial methods of knowledge producti
22、on and complications can be plentiful. Research institutions continue to struggle to create equitable agreements concerning data ownership. Laura Zanchi et al., uPolitical Ecology and Decolonial Research: Co-Production with the Inupiat in Utqiag- vik, Journal of Political Ecology 27, no. 1 (January
23、28, 2020): 43-66, s:doi.org/10.2458/v27il .23335. In spite of increased codification of best practices, Indigenous people often remain minimally involved in projects intended to be collaborative. Principles for Successful Knowledge Co-Production for Sustainability Research | Future Earth, accessed J
24、anuary 17z 2021, s:futureearth.org/2020/01/21/principles-for-successful-knowledge-co-produc- tion-for-sustainability-research/. And when engaged as full participants, too often Indigenous people are not fully recognized for their roles, particularly in public presentation and media narratives. Cassa
25、ndra Willyard, Megan Scudellari, and Linda Nordling, uHow Three Research Groups Are Tearing down the Ivory Tower； Nature 562, no. 7725 (October 3, 2018): 24-28, s:/doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018- 06858-4.Narrative Reforms Big and SmallJust as the “the framework, expectations, and design of the research
26、in the sciences must itself be decolonizedr so too must media narratives and practices related to the Arctic. Ulunnguaq Markussen, uTowards an Arctic Awakening: Neocolonalism, Sustainable Development, Emancipatory Research, Collective Action, and Arctic Regional Policymaking； in The Interconnected A
27、rctic UArctic Congress 20 J6, ed. Kirsi Latola and Hannele Savela, Springer Polar Sciences (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017), 305-IL s:doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57532-2_3l.Just as the “the framework, expectations, and design of the research in the sciences must itself be decolonizedr s
28、o too must media narratives and practices related to the Arctic. Ulunnguaq Markussen, uTowards an Arctic Awakening: Neocolonalism, Sustainable Development, Emancipatory Research, Collective Action, and Arctic Regional Policymaking； in The Interconnected Arctic UArctic Congress 20 J6, ed. Kirsi Latol
29、a and Hannele Savela, Springer Polar Sciences (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017), 305-IL s:doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57532-2_3l. Journalists have long stated that media affect what people think about, not what they think, but in the last thirty years, data have demonstrated that the med
30、ia do in fact influence what people think through the very process of telling them what to think about. Robert M. Entman, BHow the Media Affect What People Think: An Information Processing Approach；1 The Journal of Politics 5. no. 2 (1989): 347-70, s:/doi.org/10.2307/2131346. Or, in the case of Indi
31、genous people, what not to think about. News coverage in the United States and elsewhere renders Indigenous people virtually invisible. July 18,2018 Rebecca Nagle Media, and Race/Ethnicity, Research Reveals Media Role in Stereotypes about Native Americans - Womens Media Center；5 accessed January 18,
32、 2021, s:/7womensmediacenter. com/news-features/research-reveals-media-role-in-stereotypes-about-native-americans. When Indigenous people are occasionally included in reporting, they are often reduced to simple caricatures or negative stereotypes. Raymond Nairn, Tim Mccreanor, and Angela Barnes, Mas
33、s Media Representations of Indigenous Peoples MURF Report, 2017. As a result, MEDIA INDIGENAs founding Editor- in-Chief, Rick Harp, began podcasting. He writes on his organizations website:Regrettably, when it comes to mainstream coverage of events and issues involving Indigenous peoples, we all too
34、 often experience media at their worst. Thats because, when push comes to shove, Canadian media will always revert to their default perspective: that of the needs, interests and aspirations of the larger non-Indigenous society.For Indigenous people, the consequences of this mainstream bias vary. Whe
35、re our stories are overlooked, we remain out of sight, out of mind. Where distortions of who we are and what we want are rendered grounds for incitement, we become threats or targets. In such cases, media plays at objectivity5 swiftly evaporate in favour of sensationalist peddling of fear, anxiety a
36、nd resentment.So while I make media out of an admittedly nerdy love for every minute aspect of the craft, Im also driven by a core belief that stories can be truly life or death. And out of such consequences comes a cause-to share stories which keep Indigenous peoples alive, in every sense of the te
37、rm. HWhat Were About - MedialNDIGENA, accessed March 3L 202b s:/mediaindigena /what-we-are- about/.Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs | Harvard Kennedy SchoolSources like MEDIA INDIGENA, as well as other podcasts, blogs, and alternative news outlets, greatly contribute to the media
38、landscape but they do not correct the omissions in the mainstream medias coverage. By enacting narrative reform in large and small ways, news organizations have the opportunity to rebuke essentialist depictions of Indigenous people and to create more salient stories about climate change. The phrase
39、unarrative reform has been used in another context by the scholar Mariela Olivares to describe Societal perception and concomitant legislative processes.1Sources like MEDIA INDIGENA, as well as other podcasts, blogs, and alternative news outlets, greatly contribute to the media landscape but they do
40、 not correct the omissions in the mainstream medias coverage. By enacting narrative reform in large and small ways, news organizations have the opportunity to rebuke essentialist depictions of Indigenous people and to create more salient stories about climate change. The phrase unarrative reform has
41、 been used in another context by the scholar Mariela Olivares to describe Societal perception and concomitant legislative processes.1When applied to journalism, the co-production framework developed in the sciences could shift Arctic narratives by availing the resources, reach, and expertise of main
42、stream newsgathering organizations to Indigenous knowledge holders. In this model, Indigenous participants are recognized and remunerated as co-authors. The act of storytelling is treated respectfully and acknowledged for its power to bind communities, shape the human experience, and convey essentia
43、l lessons about all aspects of existence, including climate adaptation. Gregory A Cojete, “Children, Myth and Storytelling: An Indigenous Perspective,n Global Studies of Childhood 1, no. 2 (June L 2017):113-30, .When applied to journalism, the co-production framework developed in the sciences could
44、shift Arctic narratives by availing the resources, reach, and expertise of mainstream newsgathering organizations to Indigenous knowledge holders. In this model, Indigenous participants are recognized and remunerated as co-authors. The act of storytelling is treated respectfully and acknowledged for
45、 its power to bind communities, shape the human experience, and convey essential lessons about all aspects of existence, including climate adaptation. Gregory A Cojete, “Children, Myth and Storytelling: An Indigenous Perspective,n Global Studies of Childhood 1, no. 2 (June L 2017):113-30, . And, in
46、drawing on this narrative tradition, Indigenous media representation stands to increase as, Indigenous stories place Indigenous people at the center of our/their research and its consequencesr Aman Sium and Eric Ritskes, “Speaking Truth to Power: Indigenous Storytelling as an Act of Living Resistanc
47、e/ Decolonization: Indigene计y, Education & Society 2, no. 1 (May 9, 2013), s：Zjps.library.utoronto. ca/index.php/des/article/view/19626.Whereas western journalism practices can be extractive in nature, collaborative storytelling initiatives aim to be additive. Co-production in the news context has t
48、he potential not only to improve the vividness and efficacy coverage of the Arctic, but to serve as a capacity building tool for participants and their communities. Working alongside established journalists, Indigenous people can grow their networks and skill sets, opening up job pathways in journalism, where Indigenous writers are grossly underrepresented. (The United States-based Native American Journalists Association, a professional organization that encourages accurate, contextual coverage of Indigenous people, recently found that in 2018 and 2019, only 7% of stories written about Nat