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1、GPS技术在公路桥梁测量中的应用摘要：在人们的社会生活中，gps的应用更加是无处不在。天文台、通信系统基站、电视台可用gps精确定时；道路、桥梁、隧道的施工中大量的工程测量在使用gps后将更加精确；有了gps野外勘探，城区规划的测绘变得更加简单和准确；gps在现代交通运输方面更加不可或缺，车辆的导航、调度、监控，船舶的远洋导航、港口和内河引水，飞机航线导航、进场着陆控制都由于gps的应用而更加平安便捷。关键词：gps技术；公路桥梁；测量；应用abstract: in the peoples social life, gps application more is everywhere. the
2、 observatory, communication system base stations, television stations available gps precise timing; for road, bridge and tunnel construction of a large number of engineering measurement in use gps will be more precise after; a gps field exploration, urban planning becomes more simple and accurate su
3、rveying and mapping; gps in the modern transportation more indispensable, vehicle navigation, scheduling, monitoring, marine ocean navigation, ports and inland water diversion, an airline navigation, landing control are due to play the application of gps and more security is convenient.keywords: gps
4、 technology; highway bridge; the survey; application一、gps技术应用现状全球定位系统(global positioning system)，即gps，是由美国国防部组织研制和实施的第二代卫星导航系统，实现了全球、全天候、连续的实时导航定位。全球导航系统集当代先进的空间、通信、微电子、精密时间和计算机技术于一体，其影响已经渗透到社会的各个领域应用前景十分广泛。目的，gps己成为国际通行的用于监控车辆的有效设备。近年来我国的gps应用开展势头迅猛，短短几年，gps在我国的应用从少数科研单位和军用部门迅速扩展到各个民用领域。为先进的测量手段和新的
5、生产力，已经融入了国民经济建设、国防建设和社会开展的各个应用领域，成功地应用于土地测量、工程测量、航空摄影、运载工具导航和管制、地壳运动测量、工程变形测量、资源勘察、地球动力学等多种学科。二、gps定位原理利用gps进行定位的根本原理，是以gps卫星和用户接收机天线之间距离(或距离差)的观为根底，并根据的卫星瞬时坐标来确定用户接收机天线所对应的点位，即待定点的三维坐标(x，y，z)。由此可见，gps定位的关键是测定用户接收机天线至gps卫星之间的距离。 为了满足高精度测量的需要，目前广泛采用的是相对定位法。相对定位是假设干台接收机同步跟踪相同的gps卫星以确定各接收机间相对位置的一种方法。在绝
6、对定位中，测量结果会受到卫星轨道误差、钟差及信号传播误差的影响，但这些误差对观测量的影响具有一定的相关性，因此，假设利用这些观测量的不同线性组合进行相对定位，可有效地消除或减弱这些误差的影响，提高gps定位的精度。三、gps技术在桥梁工程中的应用建造大、中型桥梁时，因河道宽阔，桥墩要在河水中建造，且墩台较高、根底较深、墩间跨距大、梁部结构复杂，因此，对桥轴线测设、墩台定位等要求精度较高。为此，需要在施工前布设平面控制网和高程控制网，用较精密的方法进行墩台定位和架设梁部结构。1、平面控制测量桥梁平面控制网的图形一般为包含桥轴线的双三角形和具有对角线的四边形或双四边形，如下图(图中点划线为桥轴线)
7、。如果桥梁有引桥，那么平面控制网还应向两岸内边延伸。观测平面控制网中所有的角度，边长测量那么可视实地情况而定，但至少需要测定两条边长。最后，计算各平面控制点(包括两个桥轴线点)的坐标。大型桥梁的平面控制网也可以用全球定位系统(gps)测量技术布设。工程控制测量是为大比例尺地形测量或为工程建筑物的施工放样及变形观测等专门用途而建立控制网。工程平面控制网一般可以分为：二、三、四等及一、二级网；二、三、四等三角网及一、二级小三角网；三、四等导线及一、二、三级导线；二、三、四等三边网及一、二级小三边网。然后再布设图根小三角网或图根导线。应调查收集测区已有的地形图和高一级的控制点的成果资料，把控制点展绘
8、在地形图上，然后在地形图上拟定导线的布设方案，最后到野外去踏勘，实地获得、修改、落实点位和建立标志。如果测区没有地形图资料，那么须详细踏勘现场，根据控制点的分布、测区地形条件及测图和施工需要等具体情况，合理的选定导线点的位置。2、gps桥梁控制网布设gps控制网的技术设计是进行gps测量的根底。它应根据用户提交的任务书或测量合同所规定的测量任务进行设计。共内容包括测区范围、测量精度、完成时间等。设计的技术依据是国家测绘局颁发的?全球定位系统(gps)测量标准?及建设部颁发的?全球定位系统城市测量技术规程?。根据控制网的实际与桥位区的地形条件以及桥梁本身的特点，进行图上初步设计，然后到实地踏勘选
9、点。3、选点网点位的选择，对于保证观测工作的顺利进行和可靠地保持测量成果，具有重要的意义。在选点工作开始之前，应充分收集和了解有关测区的地理情况以及原有控制点的分布和保存情况。接着是根据城市或工程建设与开展的需要，以及已经确定的精度指标和网形设计，在选点图上一般为中小比例尺地形图上概略地描绘出郧孕杂网的点位，同时考虑到以测区内已有的高级控制点作为起始点，最好是均匀分布在测区内的，以便将郧孕杂测量成果与用户坐标系较好地联系起来。然后才是实地踏勘和标定点位。4、网形设计常规控制测量中，控制网的图形设计十分重要。而在gps测量时由于不需要点间通视，因此图形设计灵活性比拟大。gps网设计主要考虑以下几
10、个问题：(1)网的可靠性设计。gp5测量有很多优点，如测量速度快，测量精度高等，但是由于是无线电定位，受外界环境影响大，所以在图形设计时应重点考虑成果的准确可靠和有较可靠的检验方法。gps网一般应通过独立观测边构成闭合图形，以增加检核条件，提高网的可靠性。gps网的布设通常有点连式、边连式及边点混合连接等多种方式。点连式指相邻同步图形(多台仪器同步观测卫星获得基线构成的闭合图形)仅用一个公共点连接，以这种方式布网所构成的图形几何强度很弱，没有或极少有非同步图形闭合条件，一般不单独使用。边连式是指同步图形之间由一条公共边连接。这种方案所布的gps网形几何强度较高，有较多的复测边和非同步图形闭合条
11、件。但是在相同的仪器台数条件下，观测时段比点连式大大增加，效率较低。边点混合连接指将点连接和边连接有机结合起来，组成gps网的一种布网方式。这种布网方式既能保证网的几何强度，提高网的可靠指标，又能减少外业工作量，降低本钱，是一种较为理想的布网方法。四、gps技术在桥梁测量应用中的展望当今，桥梁建设技术以及施工工艺越来越先进，大桥建设地点周围的地理环境又极为复杂，传统经典的测量手段己经很难满足桥梁建设的需要gps技术的迅速开展，为桥梁控制测量提供了先进高效的测量手段。将gps相对定位技术应用于桥梁的控制测量中，不仅极大的推动了gps技术本身的开展，而且对桥梁的控制测量也具有极大的意义。参考文献1
12、李召,佘冬芝,王艳利,项鑫. gps在桥梁施工控制网复测中的运用j. 中国西部科技. 2021(02)2 王建民. gps技术在公路工程测量工程中的应用研究j. 科技资讯. 2021(01)3 姜丽,杨为. gps技术在高速公路改扩建的应用j. 中国勘察设计. 2021(08)英文版 Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive s
13、trictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading ca
14、dres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interp
15、retation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main ch
16、anges and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics se
17、veral guidelines and column 1 by 2021 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of
18、inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth ple
19、nary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementat
20、ion of January 2021, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not all
21、owed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Cr
22、iminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the c
23、onstruction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws
24、and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading
25、cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of
26、the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth sessi
27、on of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2021 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Com
28、mission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of
29、the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central C
30、ommittee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2021, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party),
31、the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Cen
32、tral Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrate
33、d the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping i
34、mportant instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution
35、to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fu
36、ndamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2021 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also t
37、he general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of d
38、iscipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. Th
39、e revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji,
40、Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for th
41、e majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especia
42、lly the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on
43、in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of t
44、he party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closel
45、y linked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list moved into synchronization amendment . Three is for all the party members, will apply obj
46、ect from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Par
47、ty members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National Peoples solemn commitment. criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the , a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specifi