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1、精品_精品资料_一、中学英语语法归纳本文归纳了词法、八种基本时态以及三大基本从句,是历年中考英语必考语法点.（一）词 法1. 名词（1） ）名词的可数与不行数可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量,它有单数与复数两种形式.不行数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量. 物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目,来统计, 都成为不行数名词.不行数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an 来表示数量, 没有复数形式. 要表示 “一个” 这一概念,就须加 a piece of 这一类短语.要留意很多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词, 在英语里却不行数.如： chalk,paper, bread,rice,grass,news 等.
2、（2） ）名词复数的规章变化A. 一般情形下加 -s.B. 以 s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加 -esC. 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的改 y 为 i 再加-esD. 以 f, fe 结尾的,去掉 f 或 fe,变成 v 再加 -es（3） ）名词的全部格A. 单数名词词尾加 ,s复数名词词尾如没有 s,也要加 .s如： the workers bike, the Children s ballB. 表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最终一个人的名字后加s 如表示各自全部, 就需在各个名字后 .s可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_如： This is Lucy and Licy s
3、 room.These are Kates and jack s rooms.C. 假如是通过在词尾加 s 构成的复数形式的名词,只加 .如： the students, thbeoogkirsls blouses另外：名词 +of+名词名词是有生命的,我们就用 s结构来表示全部关系.假如名词所表示的事物是无生命的,我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示全部关系. 2. 代词人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,指示代词,不定代词（1） ）人称代词第一人称单数I me my mine myself复数 we us our ours ourselves其次人称单数 you you your yours
4、yourself复数 you you your yours yourselves第三人称单数 he him his his himself she her her hers herselfit it its its itself复数 they them their theirs themselves（2） ）物主代词物主代词的用法：形容词性物主代词后面肯定要跟上一个名词. 名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语.（3） ）反身代词可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_反身代词的构成分两种：第一、二人称反身代词在形容词性物主代词后加上self 或selves,第三人称反身代词在宾格代词后加
5、上self 或 selves.反身代词的用法： 一种是作宾语, 由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身. 如：I enjoyedmyself at the party.另一种是作名词或代词的同位语;用来加强语气.如： I can do it myself.（4） ）指示代词指示代词的特别用法：1为了防止重复, 可用 that,those代替前面提到过的名词, 但是 this,these不行以.2this ,that 有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分.（5） ）不定代词one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等3. 冠词（1）
6、）不定冠词 an 用在元音读音开头 不是指元音字母 的词前,其余用不定冠词 a.（2） ）定冠词的基本用法A. 用在重新提到的人或事物前面.B. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面.C. 用在单数可数名词前面,表示某一类人或事物.（3） ）定冠词的特别用法A. 用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前.B. 用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only 所修饰的名词前.C. 用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面.D. 用在由一般名词和另外一些词所构成的专出名词前面.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_E. 用在姓氏的复数形式前面,表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人.F. 用在乐器名称前.G. 和某
7、些形容词连用,表示某一类人或事物.（4） ）名词前不用冠词的情形A. 在专出名词包括人名、的名、节日、月份、季节 、物质名词和抽象名词前 般不用冠词.但在以 Festival 组成的民间节日前要加 the.B. 表示一类人或事物的复数名词前.C. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词全部格修饰时,不用冠词.D. 三餐饭、球类、棋类、嬉戏名称前一般不用冠词.正在有些词组中,有无冠词含义不同.sit at table 就餐; sit at the table 坐在桌边go to school 去上学 ;go to the school 去那所学校 ;in hospital 住院;in the
8、 hospital 在那个医院里4. 数词（1） ）数字的表示三位数数词要在百位和十位 如无十位就和个位 之间加 and.1,000 以上的数字,从后向前第三位数加一个“, ”,第一个 “, ”前为 thousand,其次个“, ”前为 million ,第三个 “,”前为 billion .（2） ）序数词除了 first ,second, third 外,其余都在基数词尾加 -th 构成.（3） ）分数分子在前, 分母在后,分子用基数词, 分母用序数词, 当分子大于 1 小时,分母序数词要变成复数.（4） ） hundredsthousands,millionsof可编辑资料 - - -
9、欢迎下载精品_精品资料_5. 形容词、副词（1） ）形容词的位置A. 形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面,但当形容词修饰不定代词 something,nothing, anything 时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后. 如：something important,nothing serious.B. 当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时,定语或表语要后置.如：We have dug a hole two meters deep. The hole is about two metres deep.（2） ）形容词的比较等级单音节词和少数双音节词,在词尾加 er, est 来构成比较级和最高级
10、.其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most 来构成比较级和最高级.如： popular more popular most popularimportantmore importantmost important（3） ）副词的比较等级单音节副词和个别双音节副词通过加-er, -est 来构成比较级和最高级.绝大多数副词借助 more,most 来构成比较级和最高级.（4） ）少数形容词和副词比较级 /最高级的不规章变化：原级比较级最高级well better bestbadly worse worst much more most little less least far far
11、ther farthest farthestfurthestlate later latest（5） ）副词的最高级前面可以不加定冠词the.6. 介词可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_（1） ）表示时间的介词及介词短语in, at, on, before,after,till ,since,for, fromto, until ,by,in the middle of ,at the beginning of, at the end of,at half past five,at night,in a week,in the morning,in class,at sunris
12、e, in spring/summer/autumn/winter,on Sunday,on Saturday afternoon,on a winter evening, for a long time ,for two months,after school,since liberation,before lunch,at the time of, at the age of（2） ）表示的点的介词及介词短语in , at , into , to , on , beside , before , behind , above , under , outside,inside,up,from
13、,far,from,near,across, off , down, among, past,between, out of,around,in the front of , in the middle of , at the back of,at the foot of,at home, at the gate,at the table,in the sky, on the ground,in a tree, in the south,in the sun, in the bed, on one s way hom,eby the side of二. 八 种基本 时 态1. 一般现在时概念:
14、 表示常常发生的动作或常常存在的状态.常和 always , often , usually , sometimes , every day 等表时间的状语连用.如： 1 I go to school every day . 我每天都去学校. 表常常 2 He is always like that . 他总是那样. 表状态 构成： 1 主语 + be am / are / is +2 主语 + 实义动词 /三单动词 + 2. 一般过去时概念: 1 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_常和表示过去的时间状语连用 . 如: yesterday
15、, last week , in 1998 , two days ago等.如: I went to a movie yesterday. 我昨天去看了一场电影 .2 也可表示过去常常或反复发生的动作.如: He always went to work by bike last week.构成: 1 主语 + be was / were +2 主语 + 实义动词过去式 +3. 现在进行时概念: 表示现在 说话瞬时 正在进行或发生的动作 .如: He is singing.They are watching TV now.构成: 主语 + 助动词 beam/are/is + 动词-ing 形式构
16、成 .4. 过去进行时概念: 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作. 这一特定的过去时间除了有上下文示意外 ,一般用时间状语来表示 .如: 1 -What were you doing.-I was jumping.2 -What was the boy doing when the UFO arrived.-He was sleeping.构成: 主语 + 助动词 bewas/were + 动词-ing 形式构成 .5. 一般将来时概念: 表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来常常或反复发生的 动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用 ,如: tomorrow, next wee
17、k, next year, in the future 等.如: He will go shopping tomorrow.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_They are going to play basketball next week.构成: 1 主语 + 助动词 will +动原 +2 主语 + be going to + 动原 + .6. 过去将来时概念: 表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态.构成: 1 主语第一人称 + 助动词 should + 动原 +2) 主语 + would +动原 + .3) 主语 + was/ were going to +动
18、原用法: 过去将来时除了上下文示意外,一般常用在间接引语中 ,主句谓语动词为过去时态.如: 1 I should go.2) You knew I would come.3) They were going to Naning.7. 现在完成时构成: 主语 + 助动词 have / has + 动词过去分词 + 用法 例句表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果. -Have you had your lunch yet.-Yes, I have. 现在我不饿了 8. 过去完成时构成: 主语 + 助动词 had + 动词过去分词 + 用法 例句可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精
19、品资料_表示过去在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作.它表示的动作发生的时间是 ”过去的过去 ”表.示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语 ,也可用when, before, 等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示.I had finished my homework when my mom came back home.三. 三 大基本 从句从句的共同特点从句是指在一个句子中充当一个成分的句子,充当什么成分就叫什么从句,如：充当宾语就叫宾语从句,充当定语成分就叫定语从句.从以上定义中我们可以得出关于从句的一个最大特点：从句是句子.从句的共同特点： 1.从句都有自己的连接词 2
20、.从句都是陈述语序 陈述语序就是主语在前,谓语在后,如： He is a teacher主语 He 在谓语 is 之前,因此是陈述语序,而Is he a teacher. 主语 He 在谓语 is 之后,因此不是陈述语序. 1. 宾语从句宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子,如：He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.宾语从句的特点：宾语从句有自己的连接词宾语从句用陈述语序宾语从句的时态（1） ）宾语从句的连接词：宾语从句的连接词包括 that、if/whether 是否、特别疑问词.（2） ）宾语从句的语序：可编辑资料
21、- - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_A. 宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序主语在前,谓语在后 ,如：I want to know if he can come tomorrowB. 当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时,后面直接加谓语动词,如：She asked mewho had helped him.（3） ）宾语从句的时态,只要记住以下口诀就可以了“主现就从任,主过就从过,客观真理一般现 ”A. 主现就从任： 主句假如是一般现在时, 就从句依据时间状语需要从八种时态中任选一种,如： 1.He tells me he likes English very much一般现在时 B. 主过就从过：主句
22、假如是一般过去时,就从句依据时间状语需要从四种带“过”字的时态中任选一种,带 “过”字的时态分别是如：一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时.如： He told me that he liked playing football 一般过去时 C. 客观真理一般现 :客观真理永久用一般现在时.如： 1.He says the moon goes around the earth.2. 状语从句（1） ）时间状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子.时间状语的连接词： when当时候 while 当时候 as当时候 after在 以后before在以前 as soon as一 就 sinc
23、e自从到现在 till /until 直到才 by the time到为止照旧是连接词后加陈述语序.举例： when 当 的时候一般情形下主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时. Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.（2） ）缘由状语从句：在一个句子中作缘由状语的句子.连接词：由连词 because, since, as引导, 也可由 for, now that 等词引导.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_举例： I didn t go to school yesytebredcaause I was i
24、ll.（3） ）条件状语从句：在一个句子中作条件状语的句子.连接词： if 假如, unless =if not 除非. 让步举例： If it doesn t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.（4） ）目的、结果状语从句目的状语从句是指在一个句子中充当目的状语的句子.结果状语从句是指在一个句子中充当结果状语的句子目的状语从句连接词 so that, so that , in ord引er导th.at结果状语从句连接词 so that, such that, so much/man引y 导. that举例： so that如此 以至于The scientist
25、 s report was so instructive that we were all very excited.（5） ）让步状语从句让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子 连接词： though, although., whether or not 举例： Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.3. no matter 从句结构： no matter + 特别疑问词疑问词 +陈述语序 或 特别疑问词 +后缀 ever+陈述语序如： No matter what happened, he would not mind.留意： no matt
26、er 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句.3. 定语从句定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_如： I will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower. 中 beautiful 就是定语 定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子,定语从句要放在所修饰的词后如： I have met the doctor who is in the No.1 hospital.定语从句的连接词：连接代词： who、which 、whom、 whose、that连接副词： when、 where、why二、中学英语语法重难点
27、100 单项案例1. WhereUncle Sun yesterday.A. wasB. wereC. didD. does2. Theygoing to see Mr. Sun tomorrow.A. isB. areC. amD. be3. Some arein the river and some aregames.A. swiming, playingB. swimming, playingC. swimming, playingD. swimming, playing4. Where is Dick. Heto the reading-room.A. has beenB. wentC
28、. has goneD. goes5. Mark Twain, an American writer,everybody here.A. knowsB. is known asC. is known toD. is known for6. I hope he will come to see me before hehere.A. leave B. leaves C. will leave D. left7. My teacher told me that AustraliansEnglish.A. spokeB. speakC. speaksD. are speaking8. I think
29、 sheright now.A. readingB. readsC. is readingD. read9. - Where are the children.- Theya good time in the garden.A. are havingB. haveC. have hadD. had10. - Wheremy glasses. I can t find them.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_- Ithem on the bookshelf, but they aren t there.A. you put, putB. you have put, have p
30、utC. have you put, putD. did you put, have put11. When the police arrived, the manfor 10 minutes.A. diedB. was deathC. had diedD. had been dead12. By the time this talk is over, wea lot about the earth.A. will be learningB. are learningC. world learnD. will have learnt13. The teachers told me that t
31、heyme to smooth away the difficulties.A. helpedB. will helpC. helpD. were going to help14. -Have you seen him today.-Yes, Ihim this morning.A. has seenB. seeC. will seeD. saw15. Heworried when he heard this news.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_A. isB. wasC. doesD. did16. What s your friend goingnext week.A.
32、 doingB. doC. doesD. to do17. I don t think that it s true. HeA. tellB. tellingC. toldD. tells18. Have you everWest Hill Farm.strangseasltwoariyess.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_A. gone toB. arrivedC. come toD. been to19. How longhethe novel.A. has, borrowedB. has, keptC. has, lentD. is, using20. Heto do
33、this lessons at eight every evening.A. is beginingB. is beginningC. beginD. begins21. The childrena swim this afternoon.A. are going to hasB. is going to haveC. are havingD. are going to have22. Therea telephone call for my brother Steven yesterday.A. isB. areC. wasD. were23. heon well with his frie
34、nds this term.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_A. Does, getsB. Does, getC. Is, gettingD. Is, geting24. Whoaway my pen. I can t find it.A. haven takenB. takesC. has takenD. took25. Shall wefootball this Saturday.A. playB. playingC. playsD. to play26. The childrenat school now.A. isB. areC. wasD. were27. Mr. S
35、mithshort stories, but hea TV play these days.A. is writing, is writingB. is writing, writesC. writes, is writingD. writes, writes28. He said hethe league for two years.A. has joinedB. has been inC. had been inD. joined29. She likes watering trees in the garden,she.A. doesntB. dontC. isnDt. didnt30.
36、 Whatyouto do to keep the room clean.A. do, haveB. does, haveC. did, haveD. are, have31. Some flowersby Kate already.A. have been wateredB. wateredC. have wateredD. has been watered32. When winter comes, the leavesfall.A. are going toB. willC. will beD. would33. Ito the cinema. Ithere every Sunday.A
37、. go, goB. am going, goC. go, am goingD. am going, am going34. Youabout the future now,you.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_A. don t think, donB. aretn t thinking, arenC. don tt think, doD. aren t thinking, are可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_35. He was afraid that hehis way.A. would lostB. would loseC. is going toD.
38、 shall lose36. Weeach other since he left here.A. didn t seBe. hadn t seenC. haven t seeDn . had seen37. Mr. Smithout for a walk in the park every day.A. is goingB. goesC. wentD. go38. Hefrom home for a long time.A. has gone awayB. had gone away可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_C. has leftD. has been away39.
39、You mustn t go too high, or youdangerous.A. will beB. areC. would beD. is going to40. We have known each other.A. since we were youngB. after we were youngC. when we are youngD. if we are young41. She promised shedo better work.A. wouldB. willC. shallD. is going to42. How long has this shop.A. be op
40、enB. been openC. openedD. been opened43. Mr. Smithhere since he moved to his city.A. had livedB. have liveC. have livedD. has lived44. -Have you read the newspaper.- No, I havent.A. tooB. yetC. justD. already45. Our knowledge of the universeall the time.A. growB. is growingC. growsD. grew46. She won
41、 t go to the cinema if shethe work tomorrow.A. doesn t finishB. won t finish C. will finishD. finish47. My grandmafor half a year.A. has been deadB. was deadC. has diedD. died48. Sheto the Great Wall several times.A. goesB. has goneC. wentD. has been49. The earthround the sun.A. moveB. movesC. moved
42、D. will move50. Liu Fengweithree yuan for the lost library book.A. paidB. spentC. costD. took51. Ithe bike for over four years.A. have boughtB. have buyC. have hadD. bought52. He told us that hethat factory the next day.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_A. had visitedB. has visitedC. will visitD. would visit5
43、3. His motherthe Party last year. Shea Party member for a year.A. joined, wasB. has joined, isC. joined, has beenD. has joined, has been54. We don t know if itthe day after tomorrow.A. will rainB. rainsC. rainedD. would rain55. He said hehis life for his country.A. giveB. gaveC. had givenD. would give56. He alwaysto the park on Sunday morning.A. goB. goesC. wentD. is going57. L