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1、（大卫爱登堡主持）恐龙毫无疑问是曾经存在过的最了不起Surely one of the most remarkable animals that had ever existed,也绝对是最著名的动物之一and certainly one of the most famous, is a dinosaur.霸王龙Tyrannosaurus rex.这是一种能够激发我们所有人想象力的动物An animal to spark the imagination for all of us.恐龙是一种什么样的动物What kind of an animal was it?它长什么样如何生活What di
2、d it look like? How did it live?现在科学研究已经给出了这些问题的答案Now, scientific research has answered such questions.不仅仅是霸王龙And not just about T. rex,还有和它生活在同一时期的其他物种but the other species that lived alongside it.而最新的成像技术能够把它们活灵活现地展现在我们面前And the latest imaging technology enables us to bring them all to life.这是六千六百
3、万年前的地球Planet Earth, 66 million years ago.天空中遍布飞翔的巨兽The skies are filled with flying giants.海洋深处游弋着巨大的爬行动物In the seas, monstrous reptiles patrol the depths.陆地上的各种恐龙And on land, dinosaurs of every kind,都面临着生存的威胁all facing the struggle to survive.如今我们对那个曾被恐龙统治的世界之甚多We now know so much about a world tha
4、t was ruled by the dinosaurs.这就是它们的故事This is their story.海岸这是巨大内海的南部海岸The southern shores of the great inland sea这片内海分割了北美大♥陆♥that splits North America.海岸上随处可见这片土地上顶级掠食者的足迹Fish and shrimp pick scales shed from his body.浮出水面小憩可以让这只在海中遨游的蜥蜴Resting at the surface allows this sea-going, ai
5、r-breathing lizard 呼吸新鲜空气 to fill his lungs,和放松and relax.敌人来了A rival.一只年轻的雄性霍夫曼沧龙来争夺这块领地A younger male, challenging for this territory.年长的沧龙超过15吨♥比年轻的更重一些The old male is heavier, over 15 tons.但它的对手那么更灵活But his rival is more nimble.当它们势均力敌的时候这场战斗必将拼个你死我活When they are as evenly matched as this,
6、 these battles can be lethal. 人们发现的有些沧龙头骨里Mosasaurs have been found with the shattered teeth of rivals 嵌着对手破碎的牙齿 embedded in their skulls.年长的雄性沧龙快速喘了 口气The old male snatches a breath.现在它占了上风Now he has the advantage.它将对手拖下水深处就能淹死它By dragging his rival down, he could drown him.最终年长的雄性沧龙获胜了The old male
7、 has triumphed.至少在当下这片暗礁仍是它的领地For now, at least, this reef is still his territory.北美海岸附近挂着一弯新月A crescent moon off the coast of North America.随之而来平静而黑暗的夜晚会触发一场罕见的美丽事件The calm, dark nights that follow trigger a rare and beautiful event. 今夜即使是在大海深处也有了光亮Tonight, even in the deep, there is light.闪着光的菊石从海
8、底深渊中升起Glowing ammonites rise from the abyss.菊石是软体动物与章鱼和觥鱼有亲缘关系Ammonites are mollusks, related to octopus and squid.这些船菊石还没有人的手掌大These scaphitids are no bigger than a human hand.数周以来它们一直在沿海深处聚集For weeks, theyve been gathering in the coastal depths.在深海处它们可以用这些光把浮游生物吸引来当食物In the deep, these lights may
9、help lure plankton as food.但在今晚这些光发挥了不同的作用But tonight, they serve a different purpose.它们被吸引到水面上进行交&hearts酒己♥Theyve been drawn to the surface to mate.很快每个鱼群中就有数千只船菊石And soon there are thousands in each shoal.它们互相触碰制J♥造♥出一片片生物光的波浪Neighbor triggers neighbor, creating waves of biolu
10、minescence.它们有复杂的神经系统They have complex nervous systems,控制着制♥造♥亮光的细胞也叫做发光细胞controlling light-producing cells called photocytes.雄性船菊石在较大的雌船菊石周围争抢位置The males jostle for a place around the larger females.让雌性从雄性的求偶表演中看出谁才是最合适交&heag配♥的最好伴侣Clues from their displays tell her who is the
11、fittest and who is the best mate.当情侣们纠缠在一起时它们会共同进行灯光表演As couples entwine, they coordinate their light displays.如果雄船菊石跟不上雌船菊石的节奏它的求偶就会被拒绝If he cant match her precise rhythm, hell be rejected.但也有完美的同步But there is perfect synchrony.这一对菊石现在将产卵并帮助生产下一代This pair will now spawn and help produce the next ge
12、neration.受精后After fertilization,雌船菊石会进入浅水区产卵the females enter the shallows to release their eggs.和大多数头足类动物一样As with most cephalopods,繁殖是它们短暂生命中最后一个篇章breeding is the final act of their short lives.到了早晨这些亮光会变弱然后熄灭By morning, these lights will have flickered and died.这个神奇的夜晚将是它们生命的最后一晚This magical nigh
13、t will be their last.在整个地球上海岸对动物来说是一个理想的地方All over the globe, the coast provides an ideal place 无数动物在海岸交&hearts酒己♥养育后代及捕食for countless animals to mate, raise their young, and to feed.回到西兰蒂亚的浅海中Back in the shallow waters of Zealandia,大群的蛇颈龙聚集在一起large groups of tuarangisaurs have come together.
14、凭借四个龙鳍的推动它们几乎毫不费力地前进They propel themselves with all four fins and travel almost effortlessly 找到了夏天聚集在这里的鱼群to find the fish shoals that gather here in summer.它们会时不时冲出水面大口吸气Occasionally, they break the surface to gulp air然后再继续潜入水下前进before continuing on their underwater flight.但有一只雌蛇颈龙没有像往常那样优雅地游泳But o
15、ne female is not swimming with her usual grace.它和两岁大的幼崽落在了蛇颈龙群的后面She and her two-year-old calf are lagging behind the rest of the group.她移♥动♥得相当吃力She*s moving rather laboriously.这个情况并没有被忽视And that has not gone unnoticed.一个致命猎手巨型海蜥蜴出现了A deadly hunter, Kaikaifilu.这只明显身体不适的雌性蛇颈龙是一个诱人的目标Th
16、e apparently stricken female is a tempting target.潜入更深的水域可能会让它不那么脆弱Diving to deeper water might make her less vulnerable.对幼崽来说试图分散沧龙的注意力是一个危险游戏For the calt trying to distract the mosasaur is a dangerous game.但这是在为母亲争取时间But its buying time.母亲和幼崽不完全是孤立无援The mother and calf are not entirely alone.这些动物之
17、间也许有血缘关系These individuals may be related,把巨型海蜥蜴赶走对它们都有好处and itrs in all their interests to drive Kaikaifilu away.这就是这只雌性蛇颈龙明显痛苦的原因This is the reason for the females apparent distress.它怀孕了Shes pregnant.而现在在怀孕一年半之后And now, after a one-and-a-half year pregnancy, 宝宝终于被生了下来a baby.它身长超过3米几乎是它母亲身长的一半Over t
18、en feet long, nearly half the length of its mother.真的是史上最大的婴儿之一One of the biggest babies of all time.它需要到水面上去进行出生后的第一次呼吸It needs to get to the surface to take its very first breath.这只幼年蛇颈龙能活80年This young tuarangisaur could live for 80 years.现在在家族的支持下Now, supported by her family, 它可以作为一个掠食者she can ta
19、ke her place as a predator.生活在地球上最富饶的栖息地之一in one of the richest habitats on Earth, 我们这个史前星球海岸周围的海洋里 the seas around the coasts of our prehistoric planet.(Prehistoric Planet)下集预告Next on Prehistoric Planet,巨型恐龙在炙热的沙漠中为了争夺伴侣而搏斗giant dinosaurs wrestle to win a mate in baking-hot deserts. 在地球各地And across
20、 the globe,了不起的生存专家必须使出浑身解数remarkable specialists must use every trick they can to survive 才能在地球上最荒凉的地方存活下来in the most inhospitable places on Earth.要想了解这些故事背后的科学To discover the science behind the stories, 请去Prehistoric Planet网页了解更多 go now to the Prehistoric Planet show page.And the tracks of the lan
21、ds top predator.一只霸王龙正在游泳A Tyrannosaurus rex taking a swim.中空的骨骼充满了空气再加上强有力的后肢Hollow, air-filled bones and powerful hind limbs使霸王龙成为了不折不扣的游泳高手make T. rex very effective swimmers.这只成年雄性霸王龙正带着孩子们游泳This is an adult male with his young family.这些幼崽们的年纪刚刚够跟着爸爸踏上这段旅程His offspring are now just old enough to
22、 follow him on a journey 前往这个海岸边缘的众多离岸岛屿之一to one of the many offshore islands that fringe this coast.虽然这段旅程的路途不远但仍然危机四伏Its a short enough crossing, but it can still be a dangerous one.一只沧龙出现了A mosasaur.这是一种体型比霸王龙大一倍的巨型海蜥蜴A giant marine lizard over twice the size of a tyrannosaur体重超过了 15吨♥and
23、weighing over 15 tons.它是地球上最大的掠食者Its the largest predator on the planet.沧龙通常以海龟为食Turtles are normally on a mosasaurs menu.但这群小霸王龙会是很美味的点心But this brood would make a welcome snack.成年霸王龙即使是在水里An adult T. rex, even in water,仍然可以非常有效地保护自己could still defend itself very effectively.但幼崽们必须跟紧爸爸But the young
24、 must stay close.在霸王龙一窝大约15只幼崽中Tyrannosaurus rex often lose at least two-thirds至少有三分之二会在第一年不幸遇难of their original brood of 15 or so in the first year.现在这只霸王龙爸爸只剩下四只幼崽了Now there are only four.这个岛为它们提供了平安和食物保障The island offers safety and the promise of food.2吨♥重的巨型海龟在这里筑巢Giant two-ton turtles ar
25、e here to nest.但霸王龙是被这只海龟吸引过来的But this is the one that has drawn him here.它已经死了霸王龙闻到了它腐烂尸体的气味Its dead, and the tyrannosaur has smelled its rotting body.如果它能翻开海龟的腹部If he can just get to the underbelly,就能轻松享受900多公斤的龟肉大餐he will have over 2,000 pounds of easy meat.霸王龙拥有自然界中最有力的下颗T. rex has the most powe
26、rful jaws in nature.并有着超过5吨♥重量的咬合力And can bite with the force of over five tons.幼崽们渴望尝一 口美味但恐龙爸爸可不打算和它们提供The young are keen for a taste, but he*s not sharing it.是时候让它们学习狩猎自给自足了Its time for them to learn to hunt for themselves.然而这片海滩看上去可没那么充满希望The beach, however, doesnt look very promising.但随着
27、夜幕降临情况开始发生变化But as the evening approaches, things start to change.小海龟开始从沙滩上孵化出来然后冲向大海Baby turtles are beginning to hatch from the sand and rush down to the sea.这里对于小霸王龙们来说是一个练习狩猎的好地方The young T. rex have been brought to an ideal training ground.刚孵化出来的小海龟体型刚好适合它们这些狩猎新手来捕猎Hatchling turtles are the per
28、fect size for a novice to tackle.任何有好奇心的猎手都会收获满满It pays for any hunter to be inquisitive.要学的东西还很多Theres a lot to learn.这里的食物足够父亲和孩子们一起享用And theres enough food here to satisfy both parent and young.如果狩猎一无所获And if all else fails,你总能从同伴那里偷晚饭吃you can always steal supper from someone else.在世界各地Across the
29、 globe,这些浅海覆盖了六千四百七十五万平方公里的面♥积♥these shallow coastal seas cover an area of 25 million square miles.这甚至比最大的大♥陆♥面♥积♥还大很多Far more than even the largest continent.再加上水中物产丰富That, combined with the richness of the waters,使它们成为非常重要的栖息地makes them very important habi
30、tat.在陆地与海洋相接的地方Wherever land meets sea,营养物质从海底深处升上来为大量生命提供了养分nutrients rise from the deep, fueling an abundance of life.尤其在北大西洋营养物质更加丰富Its especially rich here in the North Atlantic,这里有大量的鱼群靠近海岸where huge shoals of fish come close to the shore.有一种动物在这样的地方繁衍生息形成了巨大的群落One kind of animal thrives in suc
31、h places and forms immense colonies.它就是翼龙是一种飞行的爬行动物Flying reptiles. Pterosaurs.在北非的海滩上有七种不同的翼龙Here, on the beaches of North Africa, there are seven different species of them. 它们来这里进食休息养育后代They come here to feed, to rest, and to raise their young.特提斯翼龙非常适应在地面上生活Tethydraco are well-adapted to spend ti
32、me on the ground它们不仅在这里筑巢还会留下来保护幼崽and not only make their nests here but stay to protect their brood.这些幼崽们确实需要保护And their young certainly need protection.磷矿翼龙有着匕♥首♥般的喙The dagger beak of Phosphatodraco.这只2.7米高的掠食者在这些特提斯翼龙的聚居地出没A nine-foot-tall predator that stalks through these colonies
33、,想找机会抓走一只未受保护的幼崽looking for a chance to snatch an unguarded hatchling.但有些类别的翼龙不太适应陆地上的生活But some types of pterosaurs are less well-adapted to life on land.它们的筑巢策略略有不同They have a slightly different nesting strategy.它们会把巢建在不会引起掠食者注意的地方They make their nests where they will attract less attention from p
34、redators.像这样孤立的悬崖就是理想地点Isolated cliffs like this are ideal.翼龙蛋坚韧很容易风干Pterosaur eggs are leathery and can easily dry out,所以需要有东西覆盖这些蛋so they need to be covered.有东西正在这堆海藻下面移♥动♥着Beneath this pile of seaweed, something is stirring.这是一只很小的翠鸟翼龙幼崽A tiny Alcione hatchling, just a few inches hi
35、gh它只有几厘米高体重不到60克and weighing less than two ounces.两个月前它们的妈妈把蛋留在了这里Their mothers left the eggs here about two months ago.同伴们彼此呼叫可以使孵化同步Calling to each other synchronizes hatching.成群结队就会更加平安There is safety in numbers.它们出生后的第一本能是攀爬悬崖峭壁Their first instinct is to climb.从成百上千个鸟巢中孵化出的幼崽聚集在悬崖顶上Hatchlings fr
36、om hundreds of nests gather on the cliff-top为它们的第一次飞行做准备to prepare for their first flight.但它们的翅膀还没有成形But their wings are still unformed.支撑翼膜的长手指骨The bones of the long finger that supports their wing membrane 必须首先伸直并锁在一起这个过程需要几个小时must first straighten and lock together, and that will take some hours.
37、 但它们不能在这里待太久But they cant stay here for long.它们的骨头非常轻90%都是空气Their bones are extremely light, up to 90% air, 这让它们轻而易举就能起飞and that makes the effort needed to take off much easier.即便如此试飞这一步也是必不可少的Even so, test flights are essential.当真的要起飞的时候There will only be one chance to get it right就不容有失了when the ti
38、me comes to launch.悬崖边缘会产生上升气流有助于幼崽们起飞The cliff edge creates updrafts, and they can help.所以迎着盛行风聚集在那里So, it pays to gather there facing into the prevailing winds 面朝大♥陆♥是有好处的and towards the mainland.但似乎谁都不愿意冒险一试But no one seems quite ready to take the plunge.终于有一只幼崽飞了出去并带着其他小家伙们上路Until,
39、 at last, one youngster sets them all on their way.它们不是飞往海滩和种群栖息地Theyre not heading for the beach and its colony.它们要飞去更远处的雾林They need to get to the mist forest that lies beyond.巴巴里翼龙Barbaridactylus.这是一种强大的掠食性翼龙它们通常捕食鱼类Powerful, predatory pterosaurs that normally catch fish.但捕食这些幼崽的机会难得不容错过But the ha
40、tchlings are too good to miss.采取规避行动的一种方法就是收起翅膀下坠One way to take evasive action is to simply fold their wings and drop.但是高度的下降会使它们更难抵达森林But losing height will make it harder for them to reach the forests.迫降在翼龙群中A crash landing in the colony.这里可不是刚孵出的幼崽能待的地方Its no place for a hatchling on its own.这是第
41、一波孵化幼崽中的幸存者A lucky survivor from the first wave of hatchlings.它仍旧向着正确的方向飞行still heading in the right direction.到达避难所Sanctuary.很少有离开峭壁的幼崽能来到这么远的地方Of the hatchlings that left the stack, few get as far as this.但对它们来说But for them,这片森林为年幼翼龙提供了它们所需的一切：庇护所和食物this forest offers all the shelter and food that
42、 a young pterosaur needs.在接下来的五年中这里将是它们的家For the next five years, this will be their home.然后等它们长得足够大以后就可以加入成年翼龙的行列Then, they will be large enough to join the adults,在广袤的大海中捕鱼catching fish out on the open ocean.一些一辈子都在海上捕鱼的海洋动物Some marine animals that spend all their lives fishing out at sea偶尔会出于某种特殊
43、目的来到海岸must occasionally visit the coast for a very particular purpose.在沉入海水的西兰蒂亚大♥陆♥附近的水域中In the waters off the drowned continent of Zealandia,一段漫长的旅程即将结束a long journey is coming to an end.这些就是蛇颈龙These are tuarangisaurs,是一种巨大的海洋爬行动物身长近9米a type of huge marine reptile nearly 30 feet long
44、.这只雌性蛇颈龙和它大约六个月大的幼崽在一起This female is accompanied by her calt about six months old.它最多每两年左右才能生一只幼崽At most, shell have only one youngster every two years or so.这是一个巨大的投入Its a huge investment,这让母子间的感情变得非常重要and one that makes the bond between mother and young very important.它带着幼崽游了很远才来到这个海湾She has broug
45、ht her young calf many miles to this one bay.而它们并不孤单And theyre not alone.蛇颈龙从南太平洋的此岸来到这里Tuarangisaurs come here from across the South Pacific.雄性蛇颈龙也会聚集于此为吸引雌性而进行求偶表演Males also gather here to display to females.但现在求爱并不是雌性蛇颈龙的首要任务But for now, courtship is not the females first priority.这个海湾能为它们提供其他海湾无
46、法提供的东西This bay has something that few others can provide.这里的鹅卵石特别圆光滑坚硬Pebbles that are particularly smooth, hard, and rounded.它们是被河水冲刷成这样但这种鹅卵石很难找到Theyve been worn by the action of river water, but theyre hard to find.然而在这里瀑布底部的水池里Here, however, in the pool at the bottom of a waterfall,有很多这样的鹅卵石ther
47、e are plenty of them.蛇颈龙可以随意挑选And the tuarangisaurs can take their pick.然后它们会做一件非常了不起的事情They then do something rather remarkable.它们会把这些石头通通吞下They swallow them.它们需要这些石头来作为压载物和砂囊石They need the stones to act both as ballast and as gizzard stones.胃石会留在它们的胃里Gastroliths which will remain in their stomachs
48、磨碎未咀嚼的食物to grind up their unchewed food.对于幼年蛇颈龙来说For a youngster,第一次学习吞鹅卵石可不是件容易事learning to swallow pebbles for the first time isnt easy.这需要一点练习It takes a little practice.但这也是它妈妈在雄蛇颈龙中找到合适配偶的机会But its also a chance for his mother to find a suitable mate amongst the males. 小蛇颈龙终于成功了For the calf； at last, success.现在它会吞下尽可能多的鹅卵石Now, he will swallow as many as he can.等它长大后它会再回来这里吞更多的鹅卵石And, as