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1、外研社初三英语语法总复习一、名词的分类:根据用法,名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词两类。1.可数名词有单、复数形式的区别。以丫结尾的专有名词,或元音字母需要掌握规那么名词的复数形式的构成。+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:如: two Marys the Henrys monkeymonkeys比拟:层楼: storey storeys storystories 以。结尾的名词,变复数时:holiday-holidaysa.力口 s,如:photophotosb.力口 es,女口: potato-potatoes 以或fe结尾的名词变复数时常去如:half-halves knifekni
2、ves2 .名词复数的不规那么变化pianopianos radio-radios tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes f , fe 力口 ves ,leaf-leaves wife-wivesZOOzoos;Negro-Negroeslife-lives thiefthieves1) child-childrenfootfeet注意、:与man和woman构成的合成词,toothteeth其复数形式也是mousemicemanmenwoman-women-men 和-women。如:an Englishman, two Englishmen,但German不是合成词,它是
3、由Germany去y变化而来,故复数形式为Germans; Bowman是 姓,其复数是the Bowmanso2)单复数同形 如:deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese , jin, yuan, two li , three mu, four jin 但除人民币兀、角、分 外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars;a meter, two meters3)a.b.c.以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:maths , politics , physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。news是不可数名词。the Uni
4、ted States, the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945.d.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。4)表示由两局部构成的东西,如:“The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 故事书。glasses眼镜)trousers, clothes假设表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair (对,双); suit (套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers6 .)常以复数形式出现并
5、使用的名词:5)另外还有一些名词,即可做不可数名词也可做可数名词,但意思不相同。单词可数名词意思不可数名词意思单词可数名词意思不可数名词意思work作品,著作工作German德国人德语wood森林木头life生命:生活,人生Chicken小鸡鸡肉Exercise练习,体操运动,锻炼Paper报纸,试卷纸Orange橘子橙汁Room房间空间Glass玻璃杯玻璃Time次数,倍数时间Japanese日本人r日语Light灯光线fish鱼(种类)鱼肉clothes, people, trousers, glasses, scissors, thanks,congratulations, wishes
6、, police, stairs (楼梯),works (者作),woods (森林),times (时代).不可数名词量的表示:可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如:a glass of water a piece of cake7 ,修饰可数名词的词有: many, few, a few, a number of,数词即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词的词有:修饰不可数名词的词有:much, little, a little, a great deal ofsome (any) , no, a lot of, plenty of二、定语名词的复数 (即名词修饰名词):名词作定语一般用单数,但也有
7、以下例外。1) 用复数作定语。如: sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室vt.后面直接跟名词或代O同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:drop等而以下些动词通常情况下只 能用做不及物动词:reply (to), return (to), point (to, at), knock (at, on,into), wait (for), listen (to), arrive (at, to), fall (down, off), look (at, after )2 .连系动词(Link Verb)它本身有词义,但不能单
8、独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、101 .实义动词有完整的词义,能单独做谓语.根据用法,可分为及物动词( 词作宾语)和不及物动词(vi不能直接跟名词或代词,加宾语时必须加介词)特征等情况。常见的连系动词有:be, feel, become, look, smell, seem, taste, sound, keep,其它一些可以和形容词连用的动词 也属于连系动词:一lost,keep healthy 等11r- 11 - i i /asleep, grow worse, turn red. get件1助勘曲:本身没有词义,不能单独作句子的谓语,只能与主要动词一起、
9、勾成谓语.主要帮助商子构成否认、疑问以及动12词的不同时态、语态等语法特征。常见的助动词有:be, do (does, did), have4帕情趣勤诩口本嚼卿枭的词义单不能单独做谓语,后面必须跟其它动词的原形,表示说话人的语气和态度;常见的13can (could), may(might), must, need情态动词有:14can *能,会(表示能力);*请求许可15cant be不以前的过去式,但有时表示委婉的语气。could:may *可能回能性);*可以(请求许可,相当于*表不祝愿 May you be happy! May you succeed!can);might * may
10、的过去式;*表示可能性(但可能性比may小)1617(4)18需要(一般用于否认句或疑问句,肯定句中一般用做实义动词)ZPfe劫词有里卿形怎,d吩别旭e原盛殁器igsal Form) 第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal) 过去式(Past Form) 过去分伺 (Past Participle) 现在分词 (Present Participle)。三、动词的时态:192) man, woman,等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:men workers3)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保存单数形式。如:two-dozen eggs
11、 两打/ (二十四个鸡蛋)a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred treesa five-year plan.三、名词的格a five-year plan.三、名词的格一个五年计戈Usome banana trees two book stores1 .有生命的人、物的所有格在词尾加,$如小boy,s bag.右名词词尾已有-s ,只力口 ,如:Teachers Day the twins parents, the students* books2 .时间、距离、地域等名词的所有格形式为s : todays newspapermen minutes walk the c
12、itys problem.在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词如:the barbers at my aunts (house) go to the doctor,s .3 .凡不能加飞的名词,都可以用名词+of +名词”的结构来表示所有关系the window of the house 。如:the title of the song 歌的名字.如果两个名词并列,并且分别有,s,那么表示“分别有;只有一个公那么表示共有如:Johns and Marys rooms (两间)7 .双重所有格形式:a novel of Mark Twin s如:Johns
13、 and Marys rooms (两间)7 .双重所有格形式:a novel of Mark Twin sJohn and Marys room(间)a friend of my fathers / mine1.人称代词约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。1 .)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语,例如:John waited a while but eventually he went home.说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如: When he arrived, John went straight to the
14、bank.2 .)人称代词的宾格在句子中作动词的宾语或介词宾语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语。 例如:I saw her with them。her做兵语,them做介词兵语,a. - Who broke the vase?一谁打碎了 花瓶?b.Me.-我。(me = Its me.)在正式文体中这里应为I。宾格代替主格的情况:a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not后,多用宾语。1 like English.一我喜欢英语。 Me too.一我也喜欢。Have more wine?一再来点酒喝吗? Not me.我可不要了。b.在表示比拟的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。但如果比拟
15、状语的谓语保存,那么主语只能用主格。He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am.3)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he, she,带有亲切的感情色彩。Give the cat some food. She is hungry.给这猫一1些吃的。她饿了。多个人称的排序问题1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为: you, he / she and I 如: You, he and I should return on time.2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:we, you and they*注意:在成认错误,承当责任时,第
16、一人称放在前面It was I and John that made her angry.*it的主要用法:可以表示天气,时间,距离,形式主语,形式宾语,身份等.2 .物主代词(人的):包括形容词性的物主代词和名词性的物主代词用法:形容词性的物主代词+名词;名词性的物主代词二形容词性的物主代词+名词,反身代词:加强语气,起强调作用,“自己”,亲自“,本人”用在一些动词后,表示主语既是动作的发出者,也是动作的承受者.常见的这类动词有:teach, dress, help, look after, enjoy, hurt, wash3 .不定代词none (of)指人或物回答 how many /
17、 much 的问题 nobody, no one 指人 nothing 指物一指人或物,复数为ones, that指物(不可数名词),iij旨代前面提到的物体I have got a nice watch. Would you like to buy one? ( a watch)I have got a nice watch. Do you like it? ( the watch)The weather here is better than that in Beijing, (the weather)20般现在时一般将来时现在进行时212223动词原形24(第三人称单数)am / is
18、/ arc+动词的 will +动词原形am/ is / are going to +动词原形2526般过去时过去将来时过去进行时27r动词的过去式waswere+动 词 的wou 1ding to + 动词原形+动词原形was w e r eg o28现在完成时have / has +过去分词过去完成时had+过去分词标;枕时群解用裱省I酱ve, move, die等动词的进行时态可以表示对应的将来时态。*表示过去经常发生而现在不再做的事情用used to do四、动词的被动语态1 .用法:动作的承受者作句子的主语。基本结构:be +过去分词掌握以下一些常见结构:1) 一般现在时态:am /
19、 is / are +过去分词2)一般过去时: was / were + 过去分词3)现在完成时:have / has been +过去分词:)翁褊触猫糠删卷懿分飕嘉彝eg犍黝检揭楙词7 ,以下动词的主动语态表示被动语态。miss (丧失),sell。杆伟肖路好刘配7猫相5必知忸Planted.My bike is missing. This kind of food sells we11. Your coat needs watering.8 . happen, take place 发生,last (持续),cost, hold (容纳),have, like, feel, sound (
20、听起来)等动词 没有被动形式。Great changes have taken place in our school. The water can last three days.Silk feels soft and smooth. The cake looks nice. An accident happened to him.五、动词不定式:由to+动词原形构成,没有人称和数的变化,有时t。可以省略。在句中除了不能做谓语外,能够作其他 一切成分。还能拥有自己的宾语和状语,构成不定式短语。1、动词不定式的句法功能:*做主语。常用It + be +形谷词+ ( of/ for sb. )
21、+ to do sth 结构。of: good, bad, polite, kind, nice, clever, right, careful 等for: important, necessary, difficult, possible, dangerous 等29His job is to sell*做状语。表目的: 表结果: The box is*做表语。常用在等连系动词后面,假设主语很长而表语很短,可以将两者颠倒过来。the computers.He seems to be interested in the detective stories.She was here to vis
22、it her daughter. 表原因:Im sorry to trouble you.too heavy to carry.表示程度:This room is big enough to hold 200 people.*做定语。放在被修饰的名词或代词之后,假设它与所修饰的名词有动宾关系,这个不定式应为及物的。如: I was the first to come.I have no pens to write with.(动兵关系)*做宾语。常见的动词有:want, agree, choose, try, decide, hope, wish, learn, fail, would lik
23、e to do sth.*做宾语补足语。1 .)必须使用 to 的动词有:ask, tell, order, take, invite, want, wish, follow, wait for, teach, would like, allow sb.to do sth.2 .)不能使用to的动词有:have, make, let; see, watch, hear, notice sb. do sth注意:在主动语态中,t。要省略;而在被动语态中,t。必须加上3 .)可以使用to,也可以不用的动词:help*疑问词(除 why 外)+ 动词不定式 (what, when, how, whe
24、re, which + to do sth.)2 .以下一些动词后面只能跟动名词(动词的-ing形式)作宾语:enjoy, finish, mind, excuse, practice, keep, miss, spend, cant help be busy, be worth, keep on, carry on,以下一些动词后面可以跟动词不定式也可以跟动名词。1 .)意义相同或相近的有: begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, plan2 .) 意思不同的有:forget, remember,stop, see, hear, go on.注意: h
25、ad better (not) do sth, would rather (not) do sth3 .动词不定式的否认形式直接在不定式前面加to主谓一致一、就近原那么:eitherorneithernornot only . but also-二、意义一致原那么:1 .集体名词(class, family等)做主语时,可根据意义判断。His family has moved into a new house. His family were having supper then.主语是数目、时间、金钱、距离时,动词用单数。2 .主语 + as well as / with / togethe
26、r with / like / but / except + 动词单数。Everyone except the twins has been to the Great Wall.Lily with her friends is going to the zoo tomorrow.30$he.r甲纱胪上壁健诙甜故主语,动词用单数。4 .The +形容词/过去分词+动词复数$he.r甲纱胪上壁健诙甜故主语,动词用单数。4 .The +形容词/过去分词+动词复数each, either, neither, something, anything, somebody, The wounded were
27、 looked after well in the hospital.anybody 等。The weak, like the strong, have many friends in the world.The pair of glasses fits you well.5 . glasses, trousers, shoes, scissor等单独做主语时,动词用复数 但当它们与 a pair of 连用时,动词与 pair 的数保持一致。句子 (一)又可分为五种:根据句子的结构可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句1、S + V.主语+不及物动词。2、S + V + 0,主语+及物动词+宾语。3
28、、S + V + P.主语+连系动词+表语。4、S + V + 10 + D0.主语+及物动词+ 间接宾语+直接宾语。可以转换成: 主语+直接宾语+ for或t。+间常见的这类动词有: buy, bring, make , choose, get sth. for sb.teach, give, pass, hand (传递),show, offer, sell, lend, take, send sth to sb. 5、S + V + 0 + C.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。一、简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)31。根据句子的结构,32二、并列句:常由or,
29、 but, and, so for等词将两个简单句连接,表示转折,递进等关系。三、复合句:包括宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句等。33、宾语从句:掌握以下内容:*引导宾语从句的引导词*掌握宾语从句的语序*掌握宾语从句的时态一致、(1雌歌幅从句的连词有:when, while, before, after, until (till), since, as soon as 善。34注意以下几个词的区别:时间状语从句中通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时when: *当的时候指一点时间,表示短暂性动作*什么时候引导宾语从句35wh i 1 e: *表示持续性的动作或状态*具有比照的含义,意为 然而”36*指一
30、段时间,表示持续性的动作as:表示从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生,一般与延续性动词连用.乙边一边”“随着.”As we walked, we talked.As time went by, we knew each other better and better.原因状语从句 bccauscd为),since(既然),as (由于),for(因为)条件状语从句if (如果)unless (除非)在条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时.结果状语从句so +形容词/副词+ that +句子such +名词+ that*such + a (an) +形容词+名词=so +形容词+ a (an)
31、 +名词(5)目 的状语从句 so that, in order that, (in order to do sth so as to do sth)(6)比拟状语从句 as- as - , than, not as / so as让步状语从句though, although, even though-3、定语从句:修饰名词或彳t词的从句,放在名词或代词的后面.通常:名词(人)+ who / whom / that +句子名词(物)+ which / that +句子引导非限制性定语从句时.,必须用which指物,不用that.(3奥累代时在唳的中徽里普讯及从为动哪勺单复数形式和先行词保持一致
32、 Do you know the man who is standing against the door?以下几种情况只能用 that引导宾语从句:*先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything 等,如:All that we have to do is to practise more.There is nothing that I can do for you.*先行词被序数词或形容词最i局级修饰时,如:The first letter that I got from him is kept well.*先行词被
33、all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some 等修饰时,如:I have eaten up all the food that you gave me.由when, where, why引导的定语从句I dont know the reason why he was late. This is the place where I have lived for five years.Ill never forget the day when I met Mr. Li for the first time.先行词是表示地点时,如果从句的动词是及物的,就用
34、that (which),如果动词不及物,就用 where 弓 I 导. This is the house that he has lived in for five years.This is the house where he has lived for five years.37特殊疑问句,选择疑问句,反意疑问根据句子的功能,可以把句子分为四类:陈述句(肯定句和否认句)38句);祈使句和感叹句。;疑问句(一般疑问句,一、陈述句:1、肯定句2、否认句: 力口 not构成的审定均 (2)由 no, hardly, never, nobody, nothing, little, few 等
35、构成的否认句理善附髓哪翻船碑nor,褊/翻版嬴娥皿等,局部否认用all, many, every 力 口 not 构成。(3)否认前置,常见的动词有: think, believe, suppose二、疑问句1. 一般疑问句:用yes或no回答_2 .特殊疑问句:用疑问词(what, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, how, why以及它们构成的一*些短语)提I可的句 子。39 三者或三者以上:all (全部,者B) any (任何一个)none (一个也没有)两者:both (全部,者B ) either (任意个)neither (个也没有)Ne
36、ither of us is from the USA.None of us have / has ever been there before.* not 与both, all连用表示局部否认.(4) some用于肯定句中,也可用于表示请求、建议或希望得到肯定答复的疑问句中any用于疑问句、否认句中;还有“任何 的”意思(5) another泛指另一个the olher常与one连用,表不两者中的另一个onethe olherothers泛指别的,其他的the others特指别的,其他的(有范围限制)(the) others = (the) other + 名词else放在合成不定代词或疑
37、问词之后(6)吧工+名词,只能做定语,(三者或三者以上)each两者或两者以上的“每一”,可以单独使用常见的短语:each of each other(7)合成不定代词白-用法(略)*形容词后置数词表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一一、基数词基数词的用法:1 .编号的事物用基数词:如:Lesson Five, Room 1012 .jj? “年,月,日”时用基数词。3 ,表示“几点钟点过几分“用基数词。It is two to two.现在是两点差两分。4 .加减乘除用基数词。One plus two is thre
38、e. 一加一等于二。Eight minus four is four.八减四等于四。Two times two is four.一乘一等于四.Ten divided by two is five.十除一等于五。5表示百分数用基数词.Thirty percent of them is water,它们当中有 30%的水。6 .表示分数时,分子数字用基数词,但分母要用序数词,如分子不是1,序数词要用复数形式。One-fifth of the books are mine.二分之一的书是我的。Three-tenths of water is disappeared.十分之二的水不见了。基数词一般是单
39、数形式,但以下情况,常用复数:1 .与of短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连用,如 hundreds of;2 表示几十岁;in his forties3 .表示年代,用 in +the + 数词复数;in the 1980s / 1980s序数词1 .序数词1 19除第一,第二,第三,第五,第八,第九,第十二变化不规那么外,其余均由在基数词后加上-th。2 .十位整数的序数词的构成方法是将十位整数基数词的词尾一y变成i再加.eth。3 .几十几的序数词,只是把个位数变成序数词,十位数不变。4 .第一百以上的多位序数词由基数词的形式变结尾局部为序数词形式来表示。one hundred and
40、 twenty-first , one thousand, three hundred and twentieth5 .序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有:first-1st second-2nd third-3rd fourth-4th sixth-6th twentieth-20th twenty-third-23rd 其中 1st, 2nd, 3rd 为特殊形式,其它的都是而前白数字后加上th。3 .选择疑问句:一般疑问句+ or +选择对象不能用yes或n。回答4 .反意疑问句:陈述句+简略的一般疑问句。陈述句局部和疑问句局部的肯定、否认形式相反。注意以下一些内容:(1)简略问
41、句的主语和陈述局部保持一致,只能用人称代词(there除外),简略问句的动词也 和陈述局部保持一致,如果是否认,要用缩写形式。如:Jin isn,t a student, is he? There are some books in it, arent there?(2)陈述局部是Im结构,疑问局部一般用 arent you,如:Im late, arent I?(3)陈述局部有little, few, no, never, nothing, hardly, nobody等词表不否认时,疑问局部用肯定。(4)祈使句的反意疑问句: 祈使句,will you?Lets,shall we?(5)宾语
42、从句的反意疑问句常和主句保持一致,但如果主句是I think / believe / suppose ,疑问局部的主语应和从句保持 一致。I dont think he knows it, does he?三、感叹句:常由what或how开头How +形容词+主语+连系动词。What + 形容词 + 名词 + 主语 + 动词.What a nice house it is! What fine weather!How happy they look! How interesting the story is!How +副词+主语+实乂动词。How happy they are laughing
43、!How + 主语 + 动词 How T wish T could hear Beethoven himself play it!高频考点词语辨析1. after, in这两个介词都可以表示“(时间)以后”的意思after以过去为起点,表示过去一*段时间之后,常用于过去时态的句子中,如:She went after three days.她是 二天以后 走的.in以现在为起点,表将来一段时间以后,常用于将来时态的句子中。如 :She will go in three days.她二天以 后要走.2. speak, say, talk, tell这四个动词都有“说”的意思。speak的意思是“讲话;演讲”,着重指说t的动作,指开口说或连续不断地说,多用作不及物动伺;用作及物动词时,其宾语是语舌名称,如:He can speak Japanese.他会说日语.say的意思是“说;讲,一般用作及物动词,着重指说话的内容。它的宾语可以是名词、代词或直接引语等。如:She says, Don t draw on the wall!”她说:别在墙上回圆!”talk的意思是“说;讲;谈话“,与speakit义比拟接近,但不如speakl式