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1、2022年CCNA Study Notes1(1)1. Identify and describe the functions of each of the seven layers of the OSI reference model.Physical LayerThe physical layer defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link betwee
2、n communicating network systems. Physical layer specifications define such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, and the physical connectors to be used. Data Link LayerThe data link layer provides reliable transit of data a
3、cross a physical network link. Different data link layer specifications define different network and protocol characteristics, including the following:Physical addressing - Physical addressing (as opposed to network addressing) defines how devices are addressed at the data link layer.Network topolog
4、y - Data link layer specifications often define how devices are to be physically connected (such as in a bus or a ring topology).Error notification - Error notification involves alerting upper layer protocols that a transmission error has occurred.Sequencing of frames - Sequencing of data frames inv
5、olves the reordering of frames that are transmitted out of sequence.Flow control - Flow control involves moderating the transmission of data so that the receiving device is not overwhelmed with more traffic than it can handle at one time.The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) h
6、as subdivided the data link layer into two sublayers: Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC). Network LayerThe network layer provides routing and related functions that allow multiple data links to be combined into an internetwork. This is accomplished by the logical addressing (a
7、s opposed to the physical addressing) of devices. The network layer supports both connection-oriented and connectionless service from higher-layer protocols. Transport LayerThe transport layer implements reliable internetwork data transport services that are transparent to upper layers. Transport layer functions typically include the following:Flow control - Flow control manages data transmission between devices so that the transmitting device does not send more data than the receiving device can process.Multiplexing - Multi