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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！1/112018 年 12 月英语四级真题及答案第三套Part IWriting(30 minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges ofstarting a career after graduation.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part Lis
2、tening Comprehension(25 minutes)特别说明：由于四级考试全国共考了两套听力，本套真题听力与前两套内容相同，只是选项顺序不同，故不再重复给出。Part Reading Comprehension(40 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following t
3、he passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.A few mont
4、hs ago,I was down with a terrible cold which ended in a persistent bad cough.No matter how many different26I tried,I still couldnt get rid of the cough.Not only did it27 my teaching but also my life as a whole.Then one day after class,a student came up to me and28 traditional Chinese medicine.From h
5、er description,Chinese medicine sounded as if it had magic power that worked wonders.I was 29 because I knew so little about it and have never tried it before.Eventually,my cough got so much 30 that I couldnt sleep at night,so I decided to give it a try.The Chinese doctor took my pulse and asked to
6、see my tongue,both of which were new31 to me because they are both non-existent in Western medicine.Then the doctor gave me a scraping(刮)treatment known as Gua Sha.I was a little32at first because he used a smooth edged tool to scrape the skin on my neck and shoulders.A few minutes later,the33 strok
7、es started to produce a relieving effect and my body and mind began to 34 deeper into relaxation.I didnt feel any 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2/11improvement in my condition in the first couple of days,but after a few more regular visits to the doctor,my cough started to35 .Then,w
8、ithin a matter of weeks,it was completely gone!Section BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a parag
9、raph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Is it really OK to eat food thats fallen on the floor?A)When you drop a piece of food on the floor,is it really OK to eat if you pick it up within five seconds?An urb
10、an food myth contends that if food spends just a few seconds on the floor,dirt and germs wont have much of a chance to contaminate it.Research in my lab has focused on how food becomes contaminated,and weve done some work on this particular piece of wisdom.B)While the“five-second rule”might not seem
11、 like the most pressing issue for food scientists to get to the bottom of,its still worth investigating food myths like this one because they shape our beliefs about when food is safe to eat.C)So is five seconds on the floor the critical threshold(门槛)that separates a piece of eatable food from a cas
12、e of food poisoning?Its a bit more complicated than that.It depends on just how many bacteria can make it from floor to food in a few seconds and just how dirty the floor is.A)deepenI)remediesB)experiencesJ)scaredC)hesitantK)sensitiveD)inconvenienceL)sinkE)lessenM)temporaryF)licensesN)trembleG)press
13、uredO)worseH)recommended欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！3/11D)Wondering if food is still OK to eat after its dropped on the floor is a pretty common experience.And its probably not a new one either.A well-known,but inaccurate,story about Julia Child may have contributed to this food m
14、yth.Some viewers of her cooking show,The French Chef,insist they saw Child drop lamb on the floor and pick it up,with the advice that if they were alone in the kitchen,their guests would never know.E)In fact it was a potato pancake,and it fell on the stovetop,not on the floor.Child put it back in th
15、e pan,saying,“But you can always pick it up and if youre alone in the kitchen,whos going to see it?”But the misremembered story persists.Its harder to pin down the origins of the oft-quoted five-second rule,but a 2003 study reported that 70%of women and 56%of men surveyed were familiar with the five
16、-second rule and that women were more likely than men to eat food that had dropped on the floor.F)So what does science tell us about what a few moments on the floor means for the safety of your food?The earliest research report on the five-second rule is attributed to Jillian Clarke,a high school st
17、udent participating in a research project at the University of Illinois.Clarke and her colleagues introduced bacteria to floor tiles(瓷砖)and then placed cookies on the tiles for varyingtimes.They reported bacteria were transferred from the tiles to the cookies within five seconds,but didnt report the
18、 specific amount of bacteria that made it from the tiles to the foodG)But how many bacteria actually transfer in five seconds?In 2007,my lab at Clemson University published a study in the Journal of Applied Microbiology.We wanted to know if the length of time food is in contact with a contaminated s
19、urface affected the rate of transfer of bacteria to the food.To find out,we introduced bacteria to squares of tile,carpet or wood.Five minutes after that,we placed either bacon or bread on the surface for 5,30 or 60 seconds,and then measured the number of bacteria transferred to the food.We repeated
20、 this exact procedure after the bacteria had been on the surface for 2,4,8 and 24 hours.H)We found that the number of bacteria transferred to either kind of food didnt depend much on how long the food was in contact with the contaminated surface whether for a few seconds or for a whole minute.The ov
21、erall number of bacteria on the surface mattered more,and this decreased over time after the initial introduction.It looks like whats at issue is less how long your food stays on the floor and much more how contaminated with bacteria that patch of floor happens to be.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！
22、我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！4/11I)We also found that the kind of surface made a difference as well.Carpets,for instance,seem to be slightly better places to drop your food than wood or tile.When a carpet was contaminated,less than 1%of the bacteria were transferred.But when the food was in contact with tile or w
23、ood,48-70%of bacteria were.J)Last year,a study from Aston University in the UK used nearly identical parameters(参数)to ourstudy and found similar results.They also reported that 87%of people asked either would eat or had eaten food fallen on the floor.K)Should you eat food fallen on the floor then?Fr
24、om a food safety standpoint,if you have millions or more bacteria on a surface,0.1%is still enough to make you sick.Also,certain types of bacteria are extremely harmful,and it takes only a small number to make you sick.For example,10 bacteria or less of an especially deadly strain of bacteria can ca
25、use severe illness and death in people with compromised immune systems.But the chance of these bacteria being on most surfaces is very low.L)And its not just dropping food on the floor that can lead to bacterial contamination.Bacteria are carried by various media,which can include raw food,moist sur
26、faces where bacteria have been left,our hands or skin and from coughing or sneezing(打喷嚏).Hands,foods and utensils(器皿)can carry individual bacteria living in communities contained within a protective film.These microscopic layers of deposits containing bacteria are known as biofilms and they are foun
27、d on most surfaces and objects.Biofilm communities can harbor bacteria longer and are very difficult to clean.Bacteria in these communities also have an enhanced resistance to sanitizers(清洁剂)and antibiotics compared to bacteria living on their own.M)So the next time you consider eating fallen food,t
28、he odds are in your favor that you can eat it without getting sick.But in the rare chance that there is a micro-organism that can make you sick on the exact spot where the food dropped,you can be fairly sure that the bug is on the food you are about to put in your mouth.N)Research or common sense te
29、lls us that the best thing to do is keep your hands,utensils and other surfaces clean.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！5/1136.A research project found bacteria made their way to the food on the floor in five seconds.37.Whether food is contaminated depends much on the number of bacteria
30、 that get onto it.38.Food contamination may result from various factors other than food dropping on the floor.39.Males are less likely than females to cat food that may have been contaminated.40.The authors research centers around how food gets contaminated.41.Keeping everything clean is the best wa
31、y to stay healthy.42.Chances are you will not fall sick because of eating food picked up from the floor.43.For a long time people have had the experience of deciding whether or not to eat food picked up from the floor.44.Some strains of bacteria are so harmful that a tiny few can have deadly consequ
32、ences.45.Researchers found how many bacteria got onto the food did not have much to do with how long the food stayed on a contaminated floor.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four ch
33、oices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.The latest in cat research reveals that the lovely animal seems to have a basic
34、grasp on both the laws of physics and the ins and outs of case and effect.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！6/11According to a newly published study,cats seem to be able to predict the location of hiding prey(猎物)using both their ears and an inborn(天生的)understanding of how the physical w
35、orld works.In a recent experiment,Japanese researchers taped 30 domestic cats reacting to a container that a team member shook.Some containers rattled(发出响声);others did not.When the container was tipped over,sometimes an object fell out and sometimes it didnt.It turns out that the cats were remarkabl
36、y smart about what would happen when a container was tipped over.When an object did not drop out of the bottom of a rattling container,they looked at it for a longer time than they did when the container behaved as expected.“Cats use a causal-logical understanding of noise or sounds to predict the a
37、ppearance of invisible objects,”lead researcher Saho Takagi says in a press release.The researchers conclude that cats hunting style may have developed based on their common-sense abilities to infer where prey is,using their hearing.Scientists have explored this idea with other endearing creatures:b
38、abies.Like cats,babies appear to engage in whats called“preferential looking”looking longer at things that are interesting or unusual than things they perceive as normal.When babies expectations are violated in experiments like the ones performed with the cats,they react much like their animal frien
39、ds.Psychologists have shown that babies apparently expect their world to comply with the laws of physics and cause and effect as early as two months of age.Does the study mean that cats will soon grasp the ins and outs of cause and effect?Maybe.Okay,so cats may not be the next physics faculty member
40、s at Americas most important research universities.But by demonstrating their common sense,theyve shown that the divide between cats and humans may not be that great after all.46.What do we learn from a newly published study about cats?A)They can be trained to understand the physical world.B)They kn
41、ow what kind of prey might be easier to hunt.C)They have a natural ability to locate animals they hunt.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！7/11D)They are capable of telling which way their prey flees.47.What may account for the cats response to the noise from the containers?A)Their inborn
42、 sensitivity to noise.C)Their special ability to perceive.B)Their unusual sense of direction.D)Their mastery of cause and effect.48.What is characteristic of the way cats hunt,according to the Japanese researchers?A)They depend on their instincts.C)They wait some time before attack.B)They rely mainl
43、y on their hearing.D)They use both their ears and eyes.49.In what way do babies behave like cats?A)They focus on what appears odd.C)They do what they prefer to do.B)They view the world as normal.D)They are curious about everything.50.What can we conclude about cats from the passage?A)They have highe
44、r intelligence than many other animals.B)They interact with the physical world much like humans.C)They display extraordinarily high intelligence in hunting.D)They can aid physics professors in their research work.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Imagine you enter a ca
45、r with no steering wheel,no brake or accelerator pedals(踏板).Under a voice-activated command,you say an address.“The fastest route will take us 15.3 minutes.Should I take it?”You say“yes”and you are on your way.The car responds and starts moving by itself.All you have to do is sit back and relax.How
46、weird would it be if,one day in the future,everyone had such a car?No crazy driving,no insults,no cutting in;traffic laws would be respected and 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！8/11driving much safer.On the other hand,imagine the cost savings for local police enforcement and town budg
47、ets without all those speeding and parking tickets.A new technology has the potential to change modern society in radical ways.Theres no question that self-driving vehicles could be an enormous benefit.The potential for safer cars means accident statistics would drop:some 94%of road accidents in the
48、 U.S.involve human error.Older drivers and visually-or physically-impaired people would gain a new level of freedom.Maintaining safe speeds and being electric,self-driving cars would drastically reduce pollution levels and dependency on non-renewable fuels.Roads would be quieter,people safer.But we
49、must also consider the impact of the new technology on those who now depend on driving for their livelihoods.According to the U.S.Department of Labor,in May 2015 there were 505,560 registered school bus drivers.The American Trucking Association lists approximately 3.5 million professional truck driv
50、ers in the U.S.The companies developing self-driving vehicles should be partnering with state and federal authorities to offer retraining for this massive workforce,many of whom will be displaced by the new technology.This is similar to whats happening in the coal and oil industries,a situation that