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1、高中化学常见物的性质（The nature of high school chemistry）1. The rules of color(1) common color. A substance with a red colorRed: difficult to dissolve in water Cu, Cu2O, Fe2O3, HgO etcThe phenolphthalein acid in lye and methyl orange litmus and pH test paper encountered strong acid and the magenta solutionOra
2、nge-red: concentrated bromine water methyl orange solution oxidizing mercury and so onBrownish red: Fe (OH) 3 solid Fe (OH) 3 water sol, etc. A substance in yellowYellow: insoluble gold iodide silver iodide gold iron ore deposit (CuFeS2), etcThe soluble FeCl3 methyl orange in the alkali liquid sodiu
3、m ion flame and TNT etcLight yellow: silver bromide carbon silver sulfur precipitation sulfur in the solution of CS2, and yellow phosphorus Na2O2Tan: copper burns in chlorine gas to generate CuCl2 smoke. A substance of brown or brownIodine water light brown iodine brown iron in chlorine to generate
4、FeCl3 smoke. A substance in blueBlue: new Cu (OH) 2 solid choline nitrate solution of starch and iodine blue litmus test and blue pH test paper and weak alkali change blue etcLight blue: ozone liquid oxygen, etcBlue flame: flame methane gas flame of hydrogen sulfide carbon monoxide (blue is easily d
5、isturbed). A substance colored with greenLight green: Cu2 (OH) 2CO3, FeCl2, FeSO4? 7 h2oGreen: strong CuCl2 solution pH test paper at about pH = 8Dark green: K2MnO4Yellow green: Cl2 and its CCl4 extract. A substance in purpleKMnO4 is dark purple and its solution is red purple iodine in CCl4 extracti
6、on liquid iodine vapor neutral pH test paper color K + ion flame etc. A substance with a black base colorBlack: carbon powder activated carbon wood carbon smoke, copper, copper, copper oxide, Cu2S, sulfide, mercury sulfide, silver sulfide, Ag2O,Light black: iron powderBrown and black: manganese diox
7、ide. White matterThe powder or smoke of a colorless crystal;P2O5 with strong reaction to water;Difficult to dissolve in water and dilute acids: AgCl, BaSO3, PbSO4;Insoluble in water but soluble in dilute acid: BaSO3, Ba3 (PO4) 2, BaCO3, CaCO3, Ca3 (PO4) 2, CaHPO4, Al (OH) 3, Al2O3, ZnO, Zn (OH) 2, Z
8、nS, Fe (OH) 2, Ag2SO3, CaSO3, etc.Microsoluble in water: CaSO4, Ca (OH) 2, PbCl2, MgCO3, Ag2SO4;And the water reaction oxides:Full response: BaO, CaO, Na2O;Not fully responsive: MgOGray matterGraphite gray scales of arsenic (sometimes gray red) germanium(2) the color of ions in aqueous or aqueous cr
9、ystalsHydrated ions:Fe2 + : light green;Cu2 + : blue;Fe3 + : light purpleyellowing2 - FeCl4 (H2O) 2;MnO4 - : purpleBlood red;The reaction of phenol and FeCl3 is purpleThe elemental elements in aqueous solutions (including oxygen-containing acid) are colorlessUse the above rules to make it easy to re
10、member the color of the solution or crystalline hydrate(3) the particularity of the single color of the primary metalA, A, A, the metal of A is mostly silverCesium: microyellow barium: microyellowLead: blue and white bismuth: reddish red(4) other metallic colorsCopper is Burgundy (or red), gold is y
11、ellow, other metals are silver and white, and few are gray (such as germanium).(5) the color of non-metallic single matterHalogen is colored; Oxygen group is of color except oxygen; Nitrogen is nonferrous in addition to nitrogen. In addition to some allotropes, the carbon group is of colorThe rules
12、of the odor of matter (the smell of the volatile gases)Odorless gas: H2, O2, N2, CO2, CO, rare gas, methane, acetylenePungent odor: HCl, HBr, HI, HF, SO2, NO2, NH3? HNO3 (concentrated liquid) acetaldehyde (liquid)Strong irritating odor gases and volatiles: Cl2, Br2, formaldehyde, acetic acidRare odo
13、ur: C2H2Rotten egg taste: H2SSpecial aroma: benzene (liquid) toluene (liquid) phenol (liquid) coal tar (liquid) white phosphorusSpecial smell: ethanol (liquid) lower level esterAroma (aroma) : low - level ester (liquid)Special unpleasant smell: not pure C2H2 (mixed with H2S, PH3, etc.)3. The boiling
14、 point of the melting pointCrystal pure substance has fixed melting point; The impurity point is related to the composition (freezing point is not fixed)Amorphous material, such as glass cement paraffin plastic, is softened by heat and gradual fluidity (softening process) until liquid, no melting po
15、intBoiling point refers to the saturated vapor pressure and liquid phase at the same time, the temperature of the outside pressure, external pressure for the standard pressure (1.01 105 pa), according to the normal boiling point outside pressure is lower, the lower the boiling point is, thus reduced
16、 pressure can reduce the boiling point when the boiling point in gas liquid equilibrium(1) the periodic table looks at the boiling point of the primary groupThe melting point of the single mass of the same main group is basically the lower melting point of the lower metal; Non-metallic elemental mel
17、ting point and boiling point gradually tall but special carbon group elements, namely C, Si, GeSn is down, the lower the melting point, similar to the family of metal and gallium melting point is lower than indium thallium in A race, A race of tin melting point is lower than lead(2) the melting poin
18、t of several regions in the same cycleHigh melting single qualityC, Si, B small triangle area, because of its atomic crystal, high melting point of diamond and graphite has the highest melting point is more than 3550, high melting point of metal elements during the transition elements in the central
19、 and part, its high melting point for tungsten (3410), low melting pointNon-metallic low melting elemental focus on the right and the top right of the periodic table of, otherwise IA hydrogen which rare gas liquid boiling point are the same cycle, the lowest in the helium is melting point (272.2, 26
20、, 105 pa) lowest boiling point (268.9) of low melting point metal area two: the IAB zinc, Cd, Hg and A family of Al, Ge, Th. The Sn of A family, Pb; The lowest melting point of A family is Hg (-38.87), which is in the liquid state of gallium (29.78) cesium (28.4). The body temperature can melt it(3)
21、 study the boiling point pattern from crystal typeThe melting point of the atomic crystal is higher than that of ionic crystals, and higher than that of the molecular crystal metal and the alloy is a metal crystal. The high proportion of the boiling point is high (but also low).The shorter the coval
22、ent bond between the bonding elements in the atomic crystal, the bigger the bond,When the melting point is higher, the key can be deduced from the atomic radius and the key can be compared as the melting point: diamond carbide crystalline siliconMolecular crystal is determined by intermolecular forc
23、e, and its judgment is:Structure properties of similar material and relative molecular mass, van der Waals force is big, the homologue of the welding pool boiling point and corresponding high such as hydrocarbon halogen elemental gases such as relative molecular mass, the same chemical formula is th
24、e same material (isomers), general hydrocarbon in the branched chain, the more the lower boiling point melting of hydrocarbon derivatives in the boiling point of alcohol than ether; The boiling point of carboxylic acid is higher than ester; The higher the unsaturated degree of oil, the lower the mel
25、ting point is: the oleic acid glyceryl ester is liquid at normal temperature while the stearate glyceride is solidThe above situation is the most important of the particularity of the relative molecular mass of small, high boiling point three gaseous hydride, NH3, H2O, the boiling point of the vast
26、majority of gaseous HF than kin hydride is much higher (mainly because of the hydrogen bond)(4) the regularity of the boiling point of certain substancesIn the same period the main group (short period) metal melting pointThe melting point of Li alkaline earth metal oxide is more than 2,000, which is
27、 significantly higher than other group oxides, so the alumina is a commonly used refractory materialThe melting point of sodium halide (ionic halide) decreases as the non-metallic nature of the halogen decreases as follows: NaF NaCl NaBr NaI4. Material solubility rule(1) solubility of gasesNH3 1 (wa
28、ter) : 700 (gas) HCl (1:50), HF, HBr, HI, formaldehyde (40% water solution formalin)CO2 (1:1) Cl2 (1:2) (1:2) H2S (1:2) (1:40).Micro dissolve in water O2, O3, C2H2, etcInsoluble H2, N2, CH4, C2H2, NO, CO, etc(2) solubility of the liquidSoluble in water or soluble in water such as alcohol acetone ace
29、tate nitric acidA low - grade ester of the essence of water, such as ethyl acetateInsoluble in water such as liquid hydrocarbon ether and halogenated hydrocarbon(3) water solubility of solids (no mechanical properties)Organic matter in the hydroxyl and carboxyl is hydrophilic, hydroxyl is hydrophobi
30、c, the greater the hydrocarbon, is water soluble, instead I easily dissolved in organic solvent such as formic acid and acetic water miscibility, but too little because of COOH proportion in the stearic acid, oleic acid molecules instead, insoluble in water and soluble in CCl4, gasoline and other or
31、ganic solvent phenol three bromine phenol benzoate were soluble in benzene(4) the organic solvents for the extraction of halogens from the aqueous solution of iodobromochlorine, such as benzyl ethyl ether acetate CCl4CS2, etc(5) white phosphorus sulphur is soluble in CS2(6) common water-soluble inor
32、ganic substanceFor example: KOH, NaOH, AgNO3 solubility in the normal temperature over 100g (AgNO3 over 200 g) KNO3 in 20 solubility of 31.6 g, in the 100 solubility of 246g solubility with the temperature change very few materials common only NaCl(7) substances that are difficult to dissolve in wat
33、er and general solventsAtomic crystals (unlike solvents) such as C, Si, SiO2, SiC, etc., a small amount of carbon is dissolved in molten ironOrganic macromolecules: cellulose is only dissolved in the solution of cold concentrated H2SO4 copper ammonia solution and CS2 and NaOH, and the cured phenolic
34、 resin is not soluble in water or general solvent5.Common toxic substances(1) highly toxic substancesWhite phosphorus phosphating hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and cyanide (NaCN, KCN, etc.) arsenic (As2O3) nitrobenzeneCO (with hemoglobin), Cl2, Br2 (gas), F2 (gas), HF, hydrofluoric acid, etc(2) toxic subst
35、ances NO (binding to hemoglobin), NO2, CH3OH, H2SThe soluble salt soluble salt soluble salt soluble copper salt and so onThe toxicity of these substances is mainly to make protein denaturation, which is common in inorganic salts such as HgCl2, BaCl2, Pb (CHCOO) 2; Copper salt also solidifies the protein, but is less toxic, and beryllium compounds are also highly toxicThere is also a certain toxicity of mercury vapor in a certain amount of toxic mercury vapour and some plastics such as polyvinyl chloride products (including plasticizers) should not be used for food