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1、跨文化交际课程期末考试复习资料 I. Give a brief definitions of the following terms(名词解释)1. intercultural communication. 参考课本P8.2.verbal communication communication done both orally and in written languageEasier to use words to represent ones experiences within the same culture because people share many similar expe
2、riences.More troublesome in verbal communication across cultures because peoples experiences, beliefs, values, customs, traditions and the like are different.3. Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, including the way w
3、e move, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.4. culture shock It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily
4、 or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture.II. Answer the following questions(简答题)1. Whats the relationship between language and culture ？Language is a reflection of culture, and culture is a reflection of language.Culture influences language by way of symbols and rul
5、es for using those symbols, as well as our perceptions of the universe (the meaning associated with the symbols).Language, on the other hand, would seem to have a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world.2. Describe the different ways in showing hospitality betwee
6、n Chinese culture and western culture Chinese guests always refuse offer of drinks or food to demonstrate politeness in seeming not to wish to put their host to any trouble. Sometimes an offer is not a real offer but a polite remark. After we say no, we usually wait for the second and third offer. I
7、f the host just brings the food or drink and ignores no, we ill accept it. Chinese like to press their guests to drink or eat to show their hospitality. While westerners always accept or refuse offer of drinks or food very genuinely. Their refusal is accepted as genuine. Westerners dont press. To pr
8、ess people to have food or drink after they have refused is frowned upon and can cause embarrassments.3. What are the differences on receiving gifts between Chinese and westerner? In the West, it is regarded as polite to open gifts as soon as they are given to express appreciation. In China, the sit
9、uation is quite the reverse. Normally we Chinese feel that if you open the gift as soon as it is given, you might embarrass the person who gives the gift and you might be thought greedy. Therefore, Chinese people tend to open the gifts after the visitors have left. In China, many people send gifts w
10、ithout wrapping them, and if they wrap them, they usually tell the receiver what is inside, and the receiver will thank the sender and put the gift aside without unwrapping them since they already know what is inside. English receivers open the gifts in front of the senders of the gifts.4. Explain t
11、he term “intercultural communication competence and its three components. The intercultural competence refers to the ability to understand and adapt the target culture. Intercultural communicative competence involves cognitive, affective and operational aspects, which are inseparable in reality. The
12、 interrelatedness of cognitive, affective, and operational components is very important in the improvement of the communicators intercultural communication competence. There are also three aspects in terms of affective components: adaptation motivation, Identity flexibility and esthetic co-orientati
13、on, the cognitive aspects of intercultural communication competence are the mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meanings of various verbal and nonverbal codes. Operational components are that Individuals capacity to express cognitive and affective experiences outwardly i
14、s shown through specific behaviors.5. Why do many Chinese people tend to ask about age, martial status, and even salary when first meeting one another? To them, these are open conversational topics. Knowing a persons age helps them use appropriate terms of address. And Chinese people pay a lot of at
15、tention to family life, so naturally talk of family members features as a common topic. As to salary, since there is a national system of salaries, people usually dont consider it a secret and they talk about it openly.6. How to address people in both Chinese and English?参考课本P22-24. 7. What are the
16、differences between Chinese and English Kin Terms? In Chinese culture, people refer to people strictly according to the kin terms. It is completely unacceptable to refer to ones parents by using the names. When children address relatives, Chinese kin terms tell whether they are older or younger than
17、 their father or mother. Chinese kin terms tell whether the relatives are from the mother or fathers side and whether ones brother, sister or cousin is older or younger than he/she. Chinese kin terms are also to other people who are not ones relatives; kin terms are widely used to address known or u
18、nknown people While in English culture, in some families in Western countries, some children address their parents directly by their first names. In Britain, children are expected to address the parents brother and sisters with the title of Uncle or Aunt plus their names and sometimes simply address
19、 them by first name without a title. English kin terms dont tell whether the relatives are from the mother or fathers side ,and there are not distinct kin terms for elder brother or younger brother. Kin terms are not as frequently used as in Chinese. In all kinds of social situations, either formall
20、y or informally, people wont use kin terms to address each other if they are not relatives.8. State six principles for effective cross-gender communication.8. What is the significance of Nonverbal Communication? Nonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reaso
21、ns. Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations. Nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness. We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals. Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many i
22、nterpretations.9. Why do we need to study intercultural communication?(1). Technological development The development of new transportation and information technologies has connected all nations in ways that were possible before this century only in the imagination. (2). Widespread population Migrati
23、ons (3). The changes in the international business community have compelled China to reexamine her business. (4). Development of Multiculturalism. Cultural diversity or multiculturalism will become the norm; not the exception. The public must acknowledge and adjust to difference but build on commona
24、lity.10. what are meanings in communication?Utterance meaning : what it normally meansSpeakers meaning: the speaker has intended to convey by way of utterance meaning .Hearers meaning: the hearer has understood on the basis of the utterance meaningCase:A Chinese student had just arrived at the State
25、s. One day, when he was reading in his room, he heard someone shouting outside: “ Watch out! So he went to the window and stretched out his head and tried to find out whats going on outside. Just then, his head was right poured by the water from above Question: Would you please analyze the saying “
26、Watch out with the three meanings in communication?Key to the question:1. Utterance meaning: Be careful!2. Speakers meaning: Dont pull out !3. Hearers meaning: Something is happening! Look out!11.How to determine genius inviting or false one ?1). Please read the dialogue; try to understand its funct
27、ion.A: It was nice talking to you. I have to run to class.B: OK, maybe we can meet sometime soon.A: Yeah, Id love to. Why dont you drop by my house?B: Great. Got to go. See you soon. It is very common dialogue among Americans. It functions as a signal for ending an interaction or for an indication o
28、f friendliness. It will not lead to definite future meeting. In American culture, however, a genuine invitation is always made with clear indication of activity, time and place or the meeting. There is usually a negotiation about the time and place and a definite reply is expected. 2). Now study the
29、 following statements and think how you would respond to each of them. Discuss in small groups.1. Lets get together soon.2. I havent seen you for a long time. You must come round for dinner sometime.3. Its good seeing you. Ill invite you to tea later.4. Im going to give a party this weekend. Come if
30、 you like.5. How about joining us for dinner this Friday night?Keys to Question 1, 2, and 3, are unreal invitations, because the speaker doesnt give the specific time and place for the get-together. Youd better reply like “Thank you. “Id love to very much. Dont question about “when or “where, for th
31、e speaker doesnt really mean to do any invitation. Statements4 and 5 are invitation as they give specific time. But they may sound uncertain to a Chinese ear because of the tone of the verbal invitation. Easterners (Chinese) would most likely say something. Like: “Do come. Please do come.3). Summary
32、 Pay more attention to the features of “false invitation.1. Indefinite reference of time, place.2. No inquiry or immediate reply or decision.3. Adverbs indicating the uncertainty of time like:“One day, Someday, “soon etc.Part III Case Analysis (You are required to state cultural phenomenon in each c
33、ase)Case 1 Xiao LI and Xiao Wang were colleagues. Xiao LI gave a lot of help to Xiao Wang financially and socially. Recently Xiao LI would get married. But he forgot inviting Xiao Wang attend his wedding. Later Xiao Wang got information about Xiao LI wedding and sent RMB 500 Yuan to Xiao LI. Questio
34、n: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected? Why? In Chinese culture influenced by Confucianism, if someone does a favor for you, you should return the favor to them. This is very common for Chinese people. In the philosophy of Confucianism Reciprocity are the base of relationships. Gratitude and i
35、ndebtedness are important parts of Chinese culture. If a person feels uneasy to be indebted of someone, payback is necessary to achieve balance in the relationship.Case 2An English guest: Each time a new dish arrived his parents would lean over and load my plate with tasty morsels. As they had taken
36、 all the trouble to cook it I just had to polish it off. As soon as my plate was empty they would put more on. Of course, I felt duty-bound to eat that too. A Chinese guest: Can you imagine how many dishes I had? Only one - a stew with meat and vegetables. The meat was over done and too hard to eat;
37、 green vegetables were no longer green. They never put food on your plate but just ask you to help yourself. If you, as a guest, are shy or modest, waiting for the food to be put on your plate, you will remain half-starved.Question: Are there any differences in hospitality between a Chinese and Engl
38、ish? What are the reasons?Yes. The Chinese student felt disappointed at British hospitality because she used the Chinese way of showing hospitality to judge the British one. In the story taking place in China, the westerner couldnt imagine that there should be sixteen dishes prepared for her. When s
39、he ate from the eight cold dishes, she couldnt eat anymore. It is because a Western meal normally severs one main course plus a starter and sweets or desserts. The fact is that different people in the world show their different hospitality in different ways. Case 3Li Lan had an American friend Susan
40、. They usually had lunch together and Li Lan often asked Susan for advice on problems she faced adjusting to American society. Susan gave Li Lan a lot of advice and helped her to improve her English. Once Li Lan needed urgently a big sum of money to pay her tuition fee. Since she has no other friend
41、s in the States, she turned to Susan for help and promised that she would return the money soon. To Li Lans great disappointment, this time Susan didnt seem happy to lend the money to her. Though Li Lan returned the money as she promised, they didnt get along well from then on. Question: Why did Li
42、Lan feel unpleasant?Li Lan asked to borrow money from her American friend Susan, which is rarely part of Western friendship. Li Lan and Susan have different expectations of friendship.In the West, people prefer to be independent and equal rather than dependent, so they dont feel comfortable in a rel
43、ationship in which one person gives more and the other person is dependent on what is given. Among friends they mostly provide emotional support to each other and spend time together, so they rarely borrow or lend money to each other. They would ask for a loan from the bank rather than from their fr
44、iends. While in China, people expect their friends to be loyal to each other, and they even take risks for their friends. So they would give not only emotional support to each other but also concrete help to each other, such as helping to find a job, solving a problem, or even giving money to help o
45、ne out over a long period of time. So when a friend is in need, the first person he or she wants to ask for help is naturally his/her friend. Case 4 In 1997, a Danish woman from Copenhagen left her 14-month-old baby girl in a stroller outside a Manhattan restaurant while she was inside. Other diners
46、 at the restaurant became concerned and called New York City Police. The woman was charged with endangering a child and was jailed for two nights. Her child was placed in foster care. The woman and the Danish consulate explained that leaving children unattended outside cafes is common in Denmark. Pi
47、ctures were wired to the police showing numerous strollers parked outside cafes while parents were eating inside.Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected?This case reflects one of the barriers to the effective intercultural communication-assuming similarity instead of difference. In Ameri
48、can culture, it is illegal for parents to leave their baby alone. Whereas it is commonplace for parents to leave their baby alone in Danish culture. The Danish woman had assumed that Copenhagen is similar to New York, that what is commonly done in Copenhagen is also commonly done in New York. Case 5 Describing the differences of verbal communication Styles between Chinese people and American people. Take examples to explain it. The Chinese shout aloud when talking about everything. Direct eye-contact is rare when speaking per