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1、2012职称英语理工类A级阅读理解原文第四+五篇 Small But WiseOn December 14, NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space. The telescope is called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan. Dont let its small size fool you: WISE has a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wilde
2、st objects2 in the known universe, including asteroids, faint stars, blazing galaxies3 and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are born.Im very excited because were going to be seeing parts of the universe that we havent seen before, said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project
3、.Since arriving in space, the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth, held by gravity in a polar orbit4 (this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap5). Its camera is pointed outward, away from the Earth, and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every
4、 11 minutes. After six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky.The pictures taken by WISE wont be like everyday digital photographs, however. WISE stands for Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. As its name suggests, the WISE camera takes pictures of features that give off infrared
5、radiation6.Radiation is energy that travels as a wave. Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light7 that becomes visible in a rainbow, is an example of radiation. When an ordinary digital camera takes a picture of a tree, for example, it receives the waves of visible light that are refle
6、cted off the tree. When these waves enter the camera through the lens, theyre processed by the camera, which then puts the image together.Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras dont see them, and neither do the eyes of human beings. Although i
7、nvisible to the eye, longer infrared radiation can be detected as warmth by the skin.Thats a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes cant. Not everything in the universe shows up in visible light. Asteroids, for example, are giant rocks that float through space but they abso
8、rb most of the light that reaches them. They dont reflect light, so theyre difficult to see. But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them. During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.Brown dwar
9、fs8 are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISEs pictures. These objects are failed stars which means they are not massive enough to jump start9 the same kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun. Instead, brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down. Theyre so dim that they
10、re almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spectrum they glow.词汇：trashcan / tr?,kn/n.垃圾箱infrared/infr?red/ adj.红外线asteroid/st?r?id/ n.小行星dwarf/dw?:f/ n. 矮星注释：1.NASA (美国国家航空航天局)是缩写词，全称是National Aeronautics and Space Administration。2. the wildest objects ：任何你能想象得到的天体。wild 有“未被
11、人驯养的”“荒唐的”“离奇的”意思。3. faint stars, blazing galaxies：指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天体。4. polar orbit：极地轨道。指轨道平面与赤道面夹角为90。的人造地球卫星轨道。人造卫星运行时能到达南北极区上空，即卫星能飞经全球范围的上空。需要在全球范围内进行观测和应用的气象卫星、导航卫星、地球资源卫星等都采用这种轨道。5. lap：一圈。原指竞赛场的一圈或游泳池的一个来回，如： She overtook the other runners on the last lap. 她最后一圈超过了其他参赛者。6. infrared
12、radiation：红外线辐射7. spectrum of light：光谱，即，光辐射的波长分布区域。8. Brown dwarfs：褐矮星。褐矮星非常暗淡，很难发现它们，要确定它们的大小就更加困难。9.jump start: 启动练习：1 .What is so special about WISE?A It is small in size but carries a large camera.B It is as small as a trashcan.C Its digital camera can help astronomers to see the unknown space.
13、D Never before has a telescope carried a digital camera in space.2. Which is NOT the synonym for the word snap in the third paragraph?A make.B shoot.C take.D photograph.3. The camera on WISEA is no different from an ordinary camera.B does not see infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does.C c
14、atches the infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does not.D reflects light that human eyes can see.4. Which of the following is NOT correct about asteroids according to paragraph 7?A Asteroids float through space giving off visible light.B Asteroids do not reflect light that reaches them.C It
15、 is difficult to take asteroids pictures by ordinary cameras,D The WISE telescope can take pictures of asteroids5.What is implied in the last paragraph?A Brown dwarfs give off visible light.B Brown dwarfs give off infrared radiation.C Brown dwarfs are power stars like the sun.D Brown dwarfs are impo
16、ssible to see with the WISE telescope.答案与题解：1. C 短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。WISE 的特殊之处就在于，虽然体积小，但它的数码相机能拍到任何天体，所以能够帮助天文学家观测到宇宙空间中( in the known universe )的未知天文现象。其他选项都不是短文表达的意思。2. A snap 是个多义词，可以解释为“拍照”，更为确切的意思是“拍快照”。这里shoot, take 和photograph 都是snap 的同义词。3. C 短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。人类的肉眼和普通相机看到的光是visible lights ，看不见红外线
17、辐射( infrared radiation) ，而WISE 的相机能够看到。4. A 短文第七段第二句说并非所有的宇宙中的物体都会发出可见光，比如asteroids ，所以A是正确选项。其他选项的内容都可以在该段中找到。5. B 最后一段的第一句说，褐矮星能出现在WISE 照片中，根据上文对WISE 望远镜的描述只有WISE 望远镜才能拍到红外线射线，所以B是正确选择。【译文】小而聪明12月14日，美国国家航空航天局发射了一个体积小而威力大的望远镜，它的名字叫“WISE”(聪明)，大约只有一个垃圾盒子那么宽。你可千万不要轻视这个小东西，WISE可是一款商强数码相机，它将在人类已知的宇宙里拍摄
18、任何你所能想到的天体，包括小行星、那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察的天体，以及自行星和恒星诞生以来的巨大尘埃云。Ned Wright是主持WISE项目的科学家，他说：“我十分兴奋，因为我们就要看到以前从未看到过的那部分宇宙”。到达宇宙空间后，WISE由于受极地轨道重力作用，一直在围绕地球旋转。(这意味着，每转一圈，它就离南极和北极靠近)。它的镜头是向外的，远离地球。每11分钟WISE就会抓拍天空一个不同的部分。六个月之后，它将把整个天空拍摄完毕。然而，WISE拍摄的相片不会像我们日常的数码相片。WISE是Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (广域红外勘
19、测探测器)的缩写。正如名字所示，WISE能拍到发出红外线辐射物体的相片。辐射是波浪状行进的一种能量。人能看到的光，包括大家熟悉的、在彩虹里看到的光谱就是射线的一个例子。当普通的数码相机给一棵树照相时，它能接收到树反射回来的、可见的光波。光波通过镜头进入到相机里，相机对它进行加工，然后把图像合成。红外线的波长比可见光长，所以，普通的数码相机捕捉不到他们，人眼也看不到这种射线。尽管人们看不到，人的皮肤能感受到较长红外线带来的温暖。这就是为什么WISE能捕捉到其他望远镜看不到的物体的主要原因。宇宙中，不是所有的东西都以可见光的方式呈现出来。例如，小行星是在太空中漂浮的大岩石，但是小行星吸收射到他们表
20、面的大部分光。他们不能反射光，所以要看到他们很困难。但他们却释放出红外线，所以，像WISE这样的红外线望远镜才能够捕捉到它们的图像。WISE的任务就是拍摄成千上万的小行星图像。WISE的另一任务是为另外一种太空深处的天体一褐矮星拍照。这种天体是“失败的”恒星，它们是一些不够大，不能像太阳的能量那样启动相同的反应。褐矮星只能缩小和冷却。他们发出的光如此之微弱，人们根本看不到，但是在线外频谱中，它们是发光的。2012年职称英语理工类A级完形填空原文Solar Power without Solar CellsA dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of
21、light discovered by University of Michigan1 researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.The researchers found a way to make an optical 1 , said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Appli
22、ed Physics.Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the 2 of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, t
23、he light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than 3 expected. 4 these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect.This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce c
24、harge separation, Rand said. In solar cells, the 5 goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load2. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment3. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is
25、ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power 6.What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of optical rectification4, says William Fisher, a doctoral student5 in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, lights electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling
26、7 of the positive and negative charges6 in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to 8 in a battery.Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the lights magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through7 a 9 tha
27、t does not 10 electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter8. Sunlight isnt this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent l
28、ight9 like sunlight is theoretically almost as. 11 in producing charge separation as laser light is, Fisher said.This new 12 could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in 13 solar power to useable energy. Th
29、ats equivalent to todays commercial-grade solar cells.To manufacture 14 solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing, Fisher said. All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for 15 . Its already made in bulk10, and it doesnt require as much
30、 processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better.词汇：optical / ?ptik?l / adj.光学的 incoherent /, ink?uhi?r?nt/ adj.非相干的capacitive / k?psitiv/ adj. 电容(量)的 semiconductor /,semik?nd?kt?/ n.半导体rectification /, rektifikei?n/ n.改正，修正 ceramics / si rmiks/ n.陶瓷注释：1.University of Michigan：密歇根大学。建校于1817 年，
31、是美国名列前茅的公立大学，拥有优良的师资和顶尖的商学院、法学院、医学院和工学院。2. heat load：热负荷3. magnetic moment：磁矩4. optical rectification：光学校正5. doctoral student：博士生6. positive and negative charges：正电荷与负电荷7. shone through：shone是shine的过去式。shine through是“(光)通过”。8. an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter：每平方厘米一千万瓦特的强度9. in
32、coherent light：非相干光10.Its already made in bulk：它(指玻璃)已大量生产。in bulk 是“大量，成批”。练习：1.A microscope B instrument C fiber D battery2. A modifications B effects C applications D results3. A frequently B privately C previously D formally4.A Under B At C On D Over5.A light B electricity C chemical D magnetism
33、6.A plant B equipment C source D line7.A down B up C together D apart8. A this B that C those D it9. A material B lens C meter D detector10.A produce B convey C use D conduct11.A remote B poor C effective D rare12.A prototype B skill C technique D miracle13.A converting B obtaining C delivering D tr
34、ansmitting14.A compact B modern C durable D handy15. A others B some C all D both答案与题解：第一段说密歇根大学发现，光所产生的巨大磁效应有望用于太阳能发电，从而取代传统的半导体太阳能电池。因此本题的正确选项应该是battery。optical battery是“光电池”。optical microscope (光学显微镜)、optical instrument (光学仪器)或optical fiber (光纤)与第一段的意思没有联系。2.B 选择本题的答案的依据还是要回到第一段。第一段第一句的起始词语是“A dr
35、amatic and surprising magnetic effect of light。本篇文章中心议题是用magnetic effect of light开发新型的太阳能电池。而以前的科学家认为magnetic effect of light太微弱，不值得去关注它。因此，本题选effects与上下文的意思很连贯。3. C 本句的意思是：当光通过一种绝缘材料时，光场产生的磁效应比以前想象的要强一亿倍。previously是当然的选择。其他三个选项填入句子中，意思不合逻辑：frequently(频繁地)/privately(私下地)/formerly(正式地)expected。4. A u
36、nder these circumstances 是固定词组，意为“在这种情况下”。也可以说in these circumstances ，而at、on或over 都不与circumstances 连用。通篇文章谈的是光产生的磁效应，所以在太阳能电池中，当然是光进入某种材料起作用。答案是选项A。6. C 密歇根大学的科学家发现太阳光产生强烈的磁效应，再转换为电，所以磁效应是产生电的源泉(source)。power plant (发电厂)、power equipment (电力设备)或power line (输电线)与上文的意思接不上。7.D or 在本句的意思是“即”，后面的词语是解释专业术语
37、charge separation (电荷分离)。选apart与pushing构成pushing apart。pushing apart 的意思相当于separation。所以本题的答案是D。8. B 从上下文判断，要填人的代词是替代前面的voltage。根据英语语法，替代单数名词的代词要用that ，替代复数名词的代词要用those。voltage 是单数，所以that 是答案。从本句句末的such as glass 判断，要填入的词一定是包括glass 的概括词。因此，只有选项material 符合这个条件。而且第三、四段也都提到光磁场效应是由光通过一个不导电的材料( material )
38、而产生的。10.D 答案的根据可以在第三段中找到。原句是：What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected.”选项conduct 是答案。11.C
39、 激光通过特定材料时能产生charge separation 。密歇根大学科学家发现，阳光通过特定材料时也像激光一样能产生charge separation。如果charge separation 是remote、 poor 或rare，密歇根大学科学家所说的利用光磁场效应开发新型的太阳能电池就不可能成立。所以答案是effective。12.C 说这种样机( this prototype )、技巧( this skill )或这一奇迹( this miracle )能降低太阳能的价格，似乎离题太远。只有用这一技术( this technology )概括上一段的意思才准确。因此本题答案是tec
40、hnology。13.A 科学家预测，通过改进材料，可使太阳能转化成可用能源的效率达到10%。本题的答案是converting。而obtaining(得到)、delivering (输送)和transmitting(发射)与“能量转换”挂不上号。14. B 通篇文章没有谈到新型太阳能电池是compact(紧凑小型的)、durable(耐用的)或handy(使用便利的)，所以不会是答案。选modern是合理的，因为密歇根大学科学家研发的不用半导体的太阳能电池是先进的。15.D 答案是both，指代的是上一句的“to focus the light and a fiber to guide it”
41、这两点。译文 ：第十三篇 没有太阳能电池的太阳能密歇根大学的研究着们发现，光所产生的巨大磁效应有望用于太阳能发电，从而取代传统的半导体太阳能电池。Stephen Rand是电力工程和计算机科学系以及物理和应用物理系的教授，他讲道：“研究者们找到了制造光电池的方法”光具有电磁成分。而以前的科学家认为电磁光太微弱，不值得去关注。Rand和他的同事的发现是，在适当的强度下，当光通过一个不导电的物质，光场产生的磁效应比以前想象的要大一亿倍。在这种情况下，光磁效应所释放的能量堪比强电效应。“这有可能开发出不用半导体或不用吸入电荷分离的新型太阳能电池，太阳能电池是利用光射入一种材料，吸收和产生热量。而目前
42、我们期望有一种非常低的热负荷来取代用磁矩吸收光源，储存能量。强光可以诱导强磁力，强磁力最终能够发电”。Rand教授说。“使之成为可能的是，之前有一种探测不到的叫光学矫正的电光”。应用物理学的博士生William Fisher如是说。在传统的光学矫正中，光电场致使电荷分离或把材料中的正负电荷分开，这就具有像电池一样的电压了。Rand和Fisher发现，如果周围的环境合适并且材料适合，光磁场也可能产生光学矫正。光必须穿过像玻璃一样的不导电物质。并且聚集的电量为每平方厘米一千万瓦。太阳光自己没有那么强，但是正在寻找的新型材料能够在低电流状态下完成工作。Fisher说：“在我们最近的论文中，我们表明，像太阳这样的非相干光，理论上能够像激光一样产生电荷分离。”研究者们断言，这项新技术能使太阳能降低成本，他们预测，一旦使用改进的材料，太阳能可转换成可用能量，其转换率可达10%。这等同于当下商用的太阳能电池。目前要生产太阳能电池，必须要进行大量的半导体的加工，而我们将来所需要的只是聚光的透镜和导入光线的纤维。玻璃能起到以上双重的作用。它已被大量生产，而且不大需要太多的加工。如使用透明陶瓷会更好。