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1、精品_精品资料_.代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类 :1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their物主2代词名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these,
2、those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, asone/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,7不定代词other/ ano ther, all/ both, n either/ eitherII. 不定代词用法留意点：1. one, some与 any:1) one 可以泛指任何人,也可特指,
3、复数为ones .some 多用于确定句, any 多用于疑问句和否定句.One should lear n to think of others.Have you any bookmarks. No, I don have any bookmarks. I have some questi ons to ask.2) some 可用于疑问句中,表示希望得到确定的答复,或者表示建议,恳求等.Would you like some banan as.Could you give me some mon ey.3) some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时,some 表示某个, any 表示任何一
4、个.I have read this article in some magaz ine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some 和数词连用表示 大约”, any 可与比较级连用表示程度.There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today.2. each 禾口 every:each 强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every 强调整体,所指的数必需是三个或三个以上.Each stude nt has a pocket dict ion a
5、ry. / Each of us has a dict ion ary. / We each have a dicti on ary. Every stude nt has strong and weak poin ts. / Every one of us has stro ng and weak poin ts.3. none 禾口 no ：no 等于 not any ,作定语. none 作主语或宾语,代替不行数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以.There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the b
6、ottle. None. None of the stude nts are is afraid of difficulties.4. other 禾口 another:可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_1) other 泛指 另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,the other 特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others .如：He held a book in one hand and his no tes in the other.Two
7、stude nts in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) an other 指 又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others ,泛指 别的人或事”女口：I don like this shirt, please show me another one.The trousers are too long, please give me ano ther pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all 和 both
8、, neither和 either可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_all 表示不行数名词时,其谓语动词用单数.both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neitherAll of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四.形容词和副词I.形容词：1.形容词的位置：
9、1形容词作定语通常前置,但在以下情形后置：none.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_1修饰 some, any, every, no bod等构成的复合不定代词时禾口y, thing, onen obody abse nt, everyth ing possible2以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最咼级或only 修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only pers on awake4和空间、时
10、间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with2） 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的次序 :代词数词性状形容词冠词 前 冠词 指示代的 形容词词 不定代词序数 词 基数 词性质状态大小长短外形新旧 温度颜色材料国籍 产的质的代词全部格名词all bothsuchthe a this ano theryoursec on dbeautif ullarge short one fourn extgood poorsquaren
11、ewcoolblackyellowChin eseLondonsilkstone可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_3 复合形容词的构成 :1形容词+名词+edkin d-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-lov ing3形容词+现在分词ordin ary-look ing8名词+过去分词sno w-covered4副词+现在分词hard-work ing9数词+名词+edthree-eggedII. 副词5副词+过去分词n ewly-built10数词+名词twen ty-year可编辑资料 - -
12、- 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_副词的分类 :1时间副词的点副soon, now, early, fin ally, once,recen tly5频度副词here, n earby, outside, upwards,always, often, frequently, seldom, n ever可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_2词above6疑问副词how, where, whe n, why可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_方式副3词程度副hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly,really7连接副词almost, n earl
13、y, very, fairly,how, whe n, where, why, whether, however, mea nwhile可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_4词quite, rather8关系副词whe n, where, whyIII. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级.比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er 和-est , 多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和 most .1. 同级比较经经常用 as as 以及 not soasas如： I am not so good a player as you are.2
14、. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal .3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“ the more the more 句型.如： The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思.如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larg
15、er than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.6. 表示 最高程度 的形容词没有最高级和比较级.如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect.五.介词I.介词分类：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_1 简洁介词about, across, after, aga in st, among, around, at, below, bey ond, duri ng, in, on可编辑资料 -
16、- - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_2 合成介词in side,in to,on to, out of, outside, throughout, upon, with in, without可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_3 短语介词accord ing to, because of, i nstead of, up to, due to, owing to, tha nks to4 双重介词from among, from beh ind, from un der, till after, i n betwee n可编辑资料 -
17、- - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_5分词转化成的介词considering （ 就而论） ,including可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_6形容词转化成的 介词 like, un like, n ear, n ext, oppositeII. 常用介词区分 :1 表示时间的 in, on, atat 表示片刻的时间, in 表示一段的时间, on 总是与日子有关since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和元成时连用, from 指从可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_2 表示时间的 si nee, from时间的某一点开头可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料
18、_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_3 表示时间的 in, after表示的理位置的 in, on,4 toin 指在一段时间之后, after 表示某一详细时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中in 表示在某范畴内, on 指与什么毗邻, to 指在某环境范畴之 外可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_表示“在上”的 on,5 inon 只表示在某物的表面上, in 表示占去某物 部分可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_表示“穿过”的6through, across表示关于 的 about,7onthrough 表示从内部通过, 与 in 有关, across
19、 表示在表面上通 过,与on 有关about 指涉及到, on 指特的论述可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_8 between 与 among 的区另Ubesides 与 except 的区between 表示在两者之间,among 用于二者或二者以上的中间besides 指“除了仍有再加上”, except 指“除了,减去什 么”,不放可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_9 别在句首10 表示用 的 in, withwith 表示详细的工具, in 表示材料,方式,方法,度里,单位,语言,声音as 意为 作为,以位置或
20、身份,like 为 象一样,指可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_11 as 与 like 的区分情形相像可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_12 i n 与 into 区分in 通常表示位置（静态）, into 表示动向,不表示目的的或位置六. 动词I.动词的时态：1.动 词 的 时 态 一 共 有16种 , 以ask为 例 , 将 其 各 种 时 态 的 构 成 形 式 列 表 如 下 :现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/is/are aski ngwas/were a
21、ski ngshall/will be aski ngshould/would be ask ing完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_完成进 行have/has bee naski nghad been ask ingshall/will have bee n ask ingshould/would have bee n aski ng可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区分：可编辑资料 - - - 欢
22、迎下载精品_精品资料_1） 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能 同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词.简言之,利用过去,说明现在.如：I have already read the novel writte n by the world-famous writer.（已经看过,且明白这本书的内容）2） 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”, “了”等词.简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在.如：I read the novel last mon th.（只说明上个月看
23、了,不涉及现在是否记住）I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关）3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区分：两者都可以表示“从过去开头始终连续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作始终在进行,即动作的连续性时,就多用现在完成进行时.一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时.I have read that book.我读过那本书了.I have bee n readi ng that book all the morning.我早上始终在读那本书.4. 一般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句可编辑
24、资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_will/shall+动词1原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten n ext year.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_be going to+动词2原形含有“准备,方案,即将”做某事,或表示很有可能要发生某事It going to clear up. were going to have a party toni ght.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_be + doing进行时3表示
25、将来go, come, start, move, leave,arrive 等词可用进仃时表示按方案即将发生的动作He is moving to the south. Are they leavi ng for Europe.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_be about to +动4词原形表示支配或方案中的立刻就要发生的动作, 后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave whe n the bell rang.The meet ing is about to close.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_
26、精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_5 be to +动词原形表示按方案进行或征求对方看法Were to meet at the school gate at noon.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_6 一般现在时表示将 来时刻表上或日程支配上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将来The meet ing starts at five oclock.The pla ne leaves at ten thisevening.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_II.动词的被动语态 :常用被动语 态
27、构成常用被动语 态构成1一般现在时am/is/are asked6过去进行时was/were being asked2一般过去时was/were asked7现在完成时have/has bee n asked3一般将来时shall/will be asked8过去完成时had bee n asked4过去将来时should/would be asked9将来完成时will/would have bee n可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_asked可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_5现在进行时am/is/are being asked10含有情态动 词的can/mu
28、st/may be asked可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_被动语态的否疋式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not ,短语动词的被动态不行漏掉其中介副词.固定结构begoi ng to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态.如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was madefun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.汉语有一类句子不显现主语,
29、在英语中一般可用被动结构表示.如：It is believed thatIt is gen erally con sidered thatIt is said thatIt is well known that注 It must be poin ted out that 意 It is supposed that事 It is reported that项 It must be admitted thatIt is hoped that下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：The window wants/n eeds/requires repairi ng. The book is worth r
30、eadi ng twice.The door won shut. / The play wontact. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, en ter, reach, become, ben efit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit,fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, b
31、reak out, come about, agree with, keep up with, con sist of, have on, 1 ose heart等等七. 情态动词I.情态动词基本用法 :情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_can才能（体力,智力,技能）答应或许可（口语中常用）可能性（表猜can not / cannot/can doCan do .Yes, can. No, ca n .可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_could测,用于否定句 或疑问句中）couldn do可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料
32、_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_may可以（问句中表示恳求）可能,或许（表估计） 希望（用于倒装句may not doMay do . Yes, may.No, mustn t/can .可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_中）mightmight not doMight do .可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Yes, might No, might not.must必需,应当（表主观要求）想必（确定句中表估计）确定, must not/mustndoMust do . Yes, must.No, neednt/don have to.have
33、to只好,不得不（客观的必需,态人称变化）有时 don have to doDo have to do.Yes, do. No, don .ought to应当（表示义务责任,口语中多用 shouldought not to/ought ndo to Ought to do . Yes, ought.No,oughtn .将要,会用于一三人称征求对方看法用于shall三人称表示许诺、叩胁等令、警告、威shall not/shandoShall do .Yes, shall. No, shan .should应当,应当（表义务责任）（含有批评意味）本该shouldno t/should n do
34、Shoulddo.will意愿,决心恳求,建议,用在冋句中较委婉will not/won dowould 比wouldwould no t/would nWill do . Yes, will.do No, wont.dare敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）dare not/darendoDare do .Yes, dare. No, daren .n eed需必需（常用于否定句和疑问句中）need not/needndoNeed do .Yes, must. No, n eed nt.usednot/usedn t/usen to dodidn use to doused to过去经常（现在已不
35、再）Used to do . Yes, used.No, usedn .Did use to do. Yes, did.No, didn .可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_II. 情态动词 must, may, might, could, can表示估计：以 must 为例. must + do （ be ） 是估计现在存在的一般状态进行.must + be doing估计可能正在进行的事情 ;+have done是估计可能已经发生过的事情.1. must 确定,肯定”语气强,只用于确定句中.He must be a man from America. / He must be
36、 talking with his friend./ He must have already arrived2. may 和 might “或许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握.可用于确定句和否定句.He may not be at home. / They might have fini shed their task.3. can 和 could “可能”, could 表示可疑的可能性,不及can 语气强,用于确定、否定、疑问句中.The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so
37、near.（估计某事原来可能发生,但实际上没有发生）mustthere.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Can he be in the office now. No, he can be there, for I saw him in the library just no w.语气很强, 常用于疑问句和否定句中 III. 情态动词留意点：1. can 和 be able to: 都可以表示才能.但 be able to 可以表达 某事最终胜利”,而 can 无法表达此意. Be able to 有更多的时态.另外,两者不能重叠使用.2. used to 禾口 would:u
38、sed to 表示过去经常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would 只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在.3. need 和 dare 作情态动词和实义动词的区分：两者作情态动词经常用于否定句和疑问句.其形式为：neednt/daren do ;Need/dare do .做实义动词时可用于确定句,否定句和疑问句.其形式为：n eed needs/needed/daredares/dared to do, dontdoesn /didn need/dare to do八.非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：构成非谓语形式特点和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构to do不定式to be doing
39、 tohave doneto be doneto have bee n donefor sb. to dosth.具出名词,副词和形容词的作在句中做主、宾、定、表和状用语现在分 doi ng havibeing done having bee n done在非谓词ng done分词语前加not具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去done分词动名词doi ng having donebeing done having bee n donesbs doi ng具出名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较 :情形常用动词只接不疋式做兵的动词语hope, want
40、, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, man age, agree,afford, determ ine, promise, happe nmind, miss, enjoy, imag ine, practise, suggest, fini sh, escape, excuse,appreciate, admit, preve nt, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, con sider只接动名词做宾 语的动词或短语can help, feel like, succeed in
41、, be fond of, object to, get down to, be en gaged in, in sist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tiredof, look forward to, devote on eself to, be worth, be busy, pay atte nti on to, stick to两者begi n, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue详细的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为 接不定式多指意义基本相同可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可都need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,右接不疋式就以应用被动形式）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_意义相反stop to do停止手中事,去做另一件事stop doing停止正在做的事可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_意义不同remember/forget/regretto do （指动作尚未发生）remember/forg