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1、一、冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?Sorr
2、y, wrong number. There isnt_ Mr. Smith here.A. 不填 B. a C. the D. oneThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷锋）6用于固定词组中a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a
3、 girl as you can wish to meet.9用于抽象名词具体化的名词前success(抽象名词)a success(具体化) 成功的人或事a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的事a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识II. 定冠词的用法1表示某一类人或物In many places in China, _ bicycle is still _ popular means of transportation.A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. th
4、e; the2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door?4用于演奏乐器play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”（对比上文的不定冠词用法5）Could you tell me the way to _ Johnsons, please?Sorry, we dont have _
5、Johnson here in the village. A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; /7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s(二十世纪九十年代)1
6、1用于表示度量单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词He patted me on the shoulder.III. 不用冠词（又名零冠词）的用法1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sund
7、ay, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通方式的名词前We went right round to the west coast by _ sea instead of driving across _ continent.A. the; the B.不填；the C. the; 不填D. 不填；不填7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife,
8、knife and fork, day and night8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.II. 名词的数规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表规 则例 词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clot
9、hes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料
10、), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, s
11、tory-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 主谓一致规则情 况举 例语法一致原则以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。His father is working on the farm.To study English well is not easy.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.W
12、hat he said is very important for us all.由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。what I bought were three English books.What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.由连接词and或bothand连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every
13、 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。.Lucy and Lily are twinsThe writer and artist has come.Every student and every teach is in the classroom.Many a boy and many a girl likes it.No boy and no girl likes it.Each
14、of us has a new book. Is everyone here today?Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。None of the sugar was left.None of us has (have) been to America.在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Those who want t
15、o go please write their names on the blackboard.He is one of my friends who are working hard.He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式T
16、he police are looking for the lost child.The cattle are eating grass in the field.His family has moved to the south .(他的一家)His family are watching TV.（他的家人）Class four is on the third floor.（四班）Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生）由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ th
17、e rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。There are a lot of people in the classroom.Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.50 percent of the students in our class are girls.此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。A numbe
18、r of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.The number of pages in this book is three hundred.在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures.Such is the result. Such are the facts.Between the two hills stands a monument.逻辑意义一致原则What, who, which, any, m
19、ore, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。Which is your bag? Which are your bags?Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen?All can be done has been done. All is going well.All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing.表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。Thirty minutes is
20、 enough for the work.Twenty pounds is too dear.如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式Forty kilos of water are used every day.若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。The United States is smaller than China.“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。One and a half appl
21、es is left on the table.一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。I dont think physics is easy to study.trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of
22、 等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓语动词用单数。My glasses are broken.The pair of shoes under the bed is his.“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。The old are taken good care of there.The beautiful gives pleasure to all.就近/远一致原则当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一
23、致,即就近一致。Either the teacher or the students are our friends.Neither he nor they are wholly right.Neither they nor he is wholly right.Is neither he nor they wholly right?there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the room.There is a desk and
24、 two chairs in the room.主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.A woman with a baby was on the bus.Nobody
25、but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She, like you and Tom, is very tall.The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.No one except my teachers knows anything about it.II. 不定代词用法注意点类 别区 别例 句one, some，any和itone可以泛指人或者事（东西），其复数为onesWeve been looking at the houses but havent found _ we
26、 like yet.A.one B.ones C.it D.themCars do cause us some health problems in fact far more serious _ than mobile phones do.A.one B.ones C.it D.thosesome可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等Your coffee smells great! Its from MexicoWould you like _?A.it B.some C.this D.1ittlesome 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何
27、一个I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?_way as you please.A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Eitherone指同类中的一个，it指代同一种类的东西。此外it还可以作形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调句型中。There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borr
28、ow ?No, Id rather buy in the bookstore.A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;itsome多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句Theres _cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get _.A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.a little,some D.a little,anyWe had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for _
29、.A.none B.either C.any D.eachHe doesnt have _ furniture in his room -just an old desk.A. any B. many C. some D. mucheach和everyeach强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上Each student has a pocket dictionary.Each (of us) has a dictionary. = We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and
30、weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.none和nono等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.other和anotherother泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other da
31、y, every otherweek, someother reason, no other way,the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the othersBoth sides have accused of breaking the contract.A. another B. the other C. neither D. eachTwo students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”We had a picni
32、c last term and it was a lot of fun，so lets have _ one this monthAthe other Bsome Canother DotherThe trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.either和neither前者意思为：两者都（两者中任何一方都）；后者意思为：两者都Do you want tea or coffee? _, I really don
33、t mind.A. none B. neither C. either D. allIt was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _ of the parents spoke the language.A. none B. neither C. both D. each四、形容词和副词I. 形容词1.形容词的位置：形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况下后置1修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible2
34、以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等作定语时后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with7enough修饰名词时可以前置也可以后置，但修饰形容词或
35、副词时要后置_to take his adventure course will certainly learn alot of useful skills.(NMET2000)A.Brave enough students B.Enough breave studentsC.Students brave enough D.Students enough brave注意：多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。规则：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）
36、+ color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。This _ girl is Lindas cousin. (05北京卷)A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty SpanishIII. 形容词和副词的比较等级形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。项 目例 句同级比较时常常用 asas以及not so(a
37、s)asShe is as tall as her mother.I am not as/ so good a player as you are.双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级 （+ than）”的结构表示。要注意题干中将比较的另一方阴藏起来的情况。This picture is more beautiful than that one.I have never seen such a more interesting film (than this one).表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级 + than”的结构表示This room is less beautif
38、ul than that one.表示一方随另一方变化时用“the morethe more”句型The harder you work, the more progress you will make用比较级来表达最高级的意思I have never spent a more worrying day.我从来没有度过这样令人烦恼的一天。（意为：我度过了最为令人烦恼的一天。）倍数的表达表达法一：A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.The new building is four times the size
39、(the height)of the old one.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）/这座新楼比那座旧楼大（高）三倍。表达法二：A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍。表达法三：A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们
40、的学校大三倍。用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.注意：1. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal；2. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect，superior,junior等。七、非谓语动词非谓语动词的语法功能所能充当的成分主语表语宾语宾语补足语定语状语V-ing形式现在分词动名词不定式（to do）过去分词(don
41、e)注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分generally speaking一般说来；frankly speaking坦白地说；judging from/by.根据来判断；considering./taking.into consideration考虑到；to tell you the truth说实话；seeing.考虑到；supposing假设，如果；providing如果；given考虑到，鉴于；provided that如果非谓语动词的形式变化非谓语形式构成时态语态复合结构否定式主动被动不定式一般式to doto be donefor sb. to do sth.或of sb
42、. to do sth.在“to”前加not或never进行式to have doneto have been done完成式to be doing/完成进行式to have been doing/动名词一般式doingbeing donesb.或sbs doing作主语要用sbs doing在前加not特别注意复合结构的否定式：sbs not doingsbs not having done完成式having donehaving been done现在分词与动名词变化形式相同在前加not非谓语语法功能的比较做宾语的非谓语动词比较情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词hope, want, of
43、fer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resistfeel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to两者都可以意义基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, conti