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1、语法专题：定语从句基本概念：定语从句：在主从复合句中像形容词一样起修饰或限定作用的句子。Eg: Students who are interested in English may attend the lecture. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的是先行词。先行词可以是一个词、短语、或是整个句子。 John passed the exam, which made his parents happy.Students who are interested in English may attend the lecture.关系词： 引导定语从句的词是关系词。分为关系代词和关系副词。定语从句的种类：
2、 1. 限制性定语从句：通常与主句紧密相连，译为“的”如果去掉整个句子所表达的意思就不完整了。Eg: This is the book that I want to read. 2. 非限制性定语从句：在结构上通常与主句用逗号隔开，如果去掉的话不影响主句的意思。Eg: The book, whose cover is very beautiful, belongs to him.关系词的作用：1. 引导定语从句，连接主从句。 2. 指代先行词。 3. 在定语从句中充当成分。 关系代词：主、宾、表、定。 关系副词：状关系词先行词从句成分例 句备 注关系代 词who人主、宾Do you know
3、the man who is talking with your mother?The boy (who) you are taking care of is my brother.who，whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that，whowhose + n. = the + n. of whom =of whom the n.如指物用whichEg: I saw a tree whose leaves were black. I sat next to a girl whose name was Marry.whom人宾
4、语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人或物定语（的）I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my desk mate. that人或物主，宾，表（不用于非限和介词后）A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see
5、very much.which物主，宾，表The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人或物主，宾He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略，常用于the same as, such as, as as, soas 结构中关系副 词when时间时间状语I will never forge
6、t the day when we met there.可用prep. + whichwhere地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用prep.+ whichwhy原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for which考点解析： 只能用that做关系词的情况：(1) 限制性定语从句中，当先行词被强调，如被any, every, each, few, little, no, some, the only, the very等修饰。Eg: He is the on
7、ly man that I want to see.(2) 先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything, everything时； He told me everything that he knows.(3) 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级所修饰抑或先行词本身就是形容词最高级、序数词时。Eg: This is the most interesting book that I have read. This is the first book that he has read.(4) 先行词既有人又有物时。Eg: W
8、e talked about the persons and things that we remembered. (5) 当句中已有who, which时，为避免重复. Eg： Who is the man that is making a speech? （6）先行词在主句中作表语，关系词在从句中作表语时。Eg: Marry is no longer the girl that she used to be. 只能用which做关系词的情况：(1) 引导非限制性定语从句，指前面的某事物或前面的整个主句并在句中做主、宾语时。Eg: He had failed in the exam, whi
9、ch made his father angry. (2) 在介词后面，用which指代事物。 This is the room in which my father lived last year. (3) 当先行词本身是that 时。Eg: What is that which is flying in the sky?由as引导的定语从句的几种常见情况： (1) as引导非限制性定语从句，说明整个主句的内容，和which引导定语从句代替整个句子的区别是：which不能放在句首，而as则可以在句首、句中，as有“正如”、“就象”之意，而which则没有此意。Eg: They won the
10、 game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. (2）当先行词前有the same，such修饰时，或在 “so / asas”结构中，表示“那样以致”，后用关系代词as引导限制性定语从句。Eg: He is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. (3) 在suchas结构中，as为关系
11、代词，替代先行词，引导的是定语从句；在suchthat结构中，that为连词，引导的是一个完整的结果状语从句。Eg: Thats the same tool as I used last week.（同类工具，不是同一把）Thats the same tool that I used last week. (同一把) 定语从句中的主谓一致：(1) 关系词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的单复数由先行词决定。Eg: The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. The students who are in Grade 3 are go
12、ing to climb the hill tomorrow. (2）当先行词为one of the +复数名词时，定从的谓动用复数动词； 当先行词为the (only)one of the +复数名词时，定从的谓动用单数动词。 Eg: He is the only one of the students that is never late .他是学生中唯一从不迟到的学生。 He isone of the students thatare never late .他是从不迟到的学生之一。 关系副词相关考点：(1) 当先行词为situation, case, point, job, condi
13、tion等表示情况、方面的模糊化、抽象化的地方并且从句中缺少状语时，常用where引导定从。Eg:Can you think of a situation where we can use this word correctly?After graduation she reached a point in her career where she needed decide what to do.(2) the way 做定语从句的先行词时，如果定从中少状语，用that、in which或来引导定语从句。如果少宾语用that 、which 或。如少主语用that 、which。 Eg: I
14、do not like the way that / in which / he spoke to me. The way (that / which )he told us is useful.关系副词= 介词 + 关系代词(Prep. + which/whom)： We could expect good decisions from you. We thought you were such a person.=We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions. . You were to buy
15、dog food with the money. The money is gone. =The money with which you were to buy dog food is gone.How to choose the right prepositions Examples: 1. He will never forget the day on which he failed in the exam2. This is the hero of whom we are proud. He is the man on whom I think you can depend 3. Ai
16、r, without which man cant live, is really importantConclusion：1、_.He will never forget the day _ which he failed in the exam.Now the Internet is a popular channel (渠道）_ the public voice their opinions and show their strength.A. at which B. at that C. through which D. through that2、_. This is the her
17、o _ whom we are proud He is the man _ whom I think you can depend 1).Is this the book _ _ you spent 10 yuan? 2). Is this the book _ _ you paid 10 yuan?3). He gave me some reference books _ _ I am not very familiar. 3. _.Air, _ which man cant live, is really importantMr. Tom is the boss of us, _ _ I
18、am working. 1. 1949 was the year _ which the P.R.C. was founded.2. It is a famous school _ which he graduated 3 years ago.3. That was the pen _ which he wrote the letter. 4. Do you remember the day _ which we met the first time?5. The sun gives us heat and light, _ which we cant live.注意：在短语动词中介词不能提前
19、,如：look for, look after, take care of等 I saw the watch which you are looking for ?The old man whom I am looking after is better .基本结构的拓展 1. 名词+介词+关系代词 This is the teacher whose daughter is a famous doctor. =This is the teacher _ is a famous doctor.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase（花瓶）, _ was
20、 very reasonable（合理的）. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose 2. 数词+介词+关系代词(含基数词，序数词，分数和百分数） We have three foreign teachers, _are from Canada. (其中的两个） The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _ are sold abroad. A. of which B. which of C. of
21、them D. of that 3. 代词+介词+关系代词（代词有all, both, none, neither, either, some, any等） The old woman has two sons, _ are teachers.（两个都是） Last week, two persons came to see the house, _wanted to buy it.A. both of they B. both of whom C. both of them D. all of whom 4. 形容词最高级/比较级+介词+关系代词 China has thousands of
22、 islands, _ is Taiwan Island.（其中最大的） There are two buildings, _ stands nearly a hundred feet high. A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which 5. 介词+关系代词+名词 He spent four years in college, _ he studied medicine.（在那段时间内） 6. 复杂介词+关系代词 常用于该结构的复杂介词有：as a result of,
23、at the back of, because of, by means of, for want of, in front of, in case of, on account of等。Eg：We got to a house at the back of which was a large garden.解题基本步骤：1.判断是否为定语从句；2.找出从句中所缺成分(主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语)从而判断是用关系代词还是关系副词；3.找出先行词(看是人、物或者是其他状语)注：缺主语：从句中谓语动词前没有主语。 缺宾语：1.从句中谓语动词为及物动词，后无宾语时；2.从句中介词后无宾语；3.从句
24、中谓语动词为后可跟双宾语的动词 缺表语：从句中系动词后无表语时； 缺定语：从句中的主语与先行词表所属关系时； 缺状语： 1.被动语态中；2.主系表结构的句子里；3.谓语动词为不及物动词的句子里。既缺先行词，又缺引导词的情况，如：1)Isthisfactory_wevisitedlastyear?2)Isthisthefactory_wevisitedlastyear?A.thatB.whichC.theoneD.what解析：此类题目我们应先将其变为陈述句。1)变后为：Thisfactoryis_wevisitedlastyear。再有其汉语意思“这个工厂是我们去年参观的那一个”。可知1)中缺少先行词，答案中只有项theone这个代词可以充当。故1)答案 C。2)变为陈述句后为：Thisisthefactory_wevisitedlastyear。由此可知此句缺少引导词。切先行词在从句中作宾语，因此答案为A或B。选择引导定语从句的引导词是学习定语从句的难点。巧用以下口决，可化难为易。一看指人还是物，二看介词在何处；三看句中作何用，四看否属特殊。