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1、Module 4Sandstorms in AsiaGrammar第一页，共61页。Teaching Aims 要求理解要求理解“动词不定式动词不定式”的各种形式表示时的各种形式表示时间间(shjin)和语态的概念，以及和语态的概念，以及“动词不定式动词不定式”的特殊情况，的特殊情况，即即but 后动词不定式不带后动词不定式不带to 的的用法。用法。第二页，共61页。动词动词不定式不定式定定义义结结构构时态时态和和语态语态省略省略句法功能句法功能第三页，共61页。|一一.定义：定义：|不定式属于不定式属于(shy)非限定词，也称非谓语动非限定词，也称非谓语动词。词。|二二.构成：构成：1.to
2、+v.（原形（原形(yunxng)），），2.否定式：否定式：not to+v.（原形（原形(yunxng)）第四页，共61页。3.动词不定式前有时可加某些疑问词如：who,what,which,when,where,how,why等，构成(guchng)一种特殊的不定式短语，在句中充当一定的4.成分如:5.I dont know what to do next.6.The problem is when to start 7.第五页，共61页。Its time for you to get up.Its very kind of you to do so.4.4.不定式的复合结构不定式的复合
3、结构有时为了说明不定式的动作是谁做的，可以有时为了说明不定式的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加在不定式前加for/of sb.for/of sb.引起的短语，构成引起的短语，构成for for/of sb /of sb to to do sth.do sth.结构，其中的结构，其中的sb.sb.是不定式发是不定式发出出(fch)(fch)者即逻辑主语。者即逻辑主语。第六页，共61页。Find out the sentences from the text that contain the infinitive：1.Scientists have tried many ways to solve
4、this problem.2.A mass campaign has been started to help to solve it.3.The wind is strong enough to move sand dunes.4.To have been caught in a sandstorm was a terrible experience.5.There was nothing to be done.6.Sandstorms in China appear to have increased in recent years as a result of“desertificati
5、on”.第七页，共61页。7.The thick dust makes it difficult to see.8.Weather experts advise people not to go out.9.To be cycling in a sandstorm is frightening.10.Its difficult to breathe.11.So if you want to go out,youd better wear a mask.12.To prevent it coming nearer,the government is planting trees.13and pl
6、ans to continue planting for the next five years.第八页，共61页。三三.句法功能句法功能(gngnng)：不定式在句中可充当除了谓语以外的不定式在句中可充当除了谓语以外的任何句子成分任何句子成分第九页，共61页。动动词词(dngc)不不定定式式To do that sort of thing is foolish.I want to see you this evening.All you have to do is to finish it quickly.We found a house to live in.She came here t
7、o study English.I warned the patient not to drink cold water after the operation.主语主语(zhy(zhy)宾语宾语(bny(bny)表语表语定语定语状语状语宾补宾补第十页，共61页。1.作主语作主语(zhy):2.动词不定式作主语动词不定式作主语(zhy)时，常用时，常用it 作形式主语作形式主语(zhy)，而真正的主语，而真正的主语(zhy)动词不定式后置。动词不定式后置。e.g.3.To give up smoking is right.4.It is right to give up smoking.第十一
8、页，共61页。【即学即练】【即学即练】1）如今掌握一门外语真的很重要。如今掌握一门外语真的很重要。To master a foreign language is really important nowadays.2）放弃放弃(fngq)吸烟是对的。吸烟是对的。To give up smoking is right.第十二页，共61页。3）_ with him is a great pleasure.A.To talk B.Talk C.Talked D.To talking【解析】选【解析】选A。本题考查。本题考查(koch)动词不定式作主语的情况动词不定式作主语的情况,动词不定式作主语动词
9、不定式作主语,谓语动词用单数形式谓语动词用单数形式,其他三项都不能其他三项都不能用来作主语。用来作主语。句意句意:跟他聊天是件很快乐的事。跟他聊天是件很快乐的事。第十三页，共61页。2.作宾语作宾语:He wanted to go.作宾语时如果作宾语时如果(rgu)还带有宾语补足语还带有宾语补足语,往往往往把不定式放在宾语补足语之后把不定式放在宾语补足语之后,而用而用it 作形式宾语。作形式宾语。e.g.I find it interesting to study English.第十四页，共61页。通常只能接不定式作宾语的动词：通常只能接不定式作宾语的动词：agree(同意同意)；offer
10、(提出提出)；intend，plan(打算，计划打算，计划)；demand，ask(要求要求)；promise(答应答应)；help(帮忙帮忙)；prepare(准备准备)；decide(决定决定)；refuse(拒绝拒绝(jju)；dare(敢于敢于)；choose(选择选择)；wish，hope，want，expect(希望，想要希望，想要)；fail；（不能；忘记）；（不能；忘记）；pretend(假装假装)；manage(设法设法)；determine（决心）。（决心）。口诀：口诀：同意提出做计划，同意提出做计划，要求答应来帮忙。要求答应来帮忙。准备决定遭拒绝准备决定遭拒绝(jju)，
11、敢于选择有希望。敢于选择有希望。不能做到莫假装，不能做到莫假装，设法做成决心坚。设法做成决心坚。第十五页，共61页。【即学即练】【即学即练】1）Fred 没有没有(mi yu)钱，所以他决定找一份工作。钱，所以他决定找一份工作。Fred didnt have any money,so he decided to look for a job.2）他答应不告诉任何人这事。他答应不告诉任何人这事。He promised not to tell anyone about it.第十六页，共61页。3）I didnt _ it until you had explained how.A.manage
12、to do B.managed to do C.manage to have done D.manage doing【解析】选【解析】选A。句意：直到。句意：直到(zhdo)你解释了如何去做我才能做你解释了如何去做我才能做成功。成功。manage 后面用后面用to do 形式作宾语。形式作宾语。第十七页，共61页。3.作宾语(bny)补足语：在感官，使役动词后做宾语(bny)补足语时,不定式省略 to;但在被动语态中to不能省略 e.g.：He made me do the work with him.I was made to do the work with him.第十八页，共61页。不
13、定式作宾语补足语省略不定式作宾语补足语省略to 的情况有下列口诀：的情况有下列口诀：feel（一感）（一感）hear,listen to（二听）（二听）make,have,let（三让）（三让）see,watch,notice,observe（四看）（四看）help(半帮助半帮助)。但是这些。但是这些句子如果变成被动句子如果变成被动(bidng)结构时结构时,就必须带上就必须带上to。e.g.：I often hear him sing the song.He is often heard to sing the song.The teacher made me answer the ques
14、tion.I was made to answer the question by the teacher.第十九页，共61页。【即学即练】【即学即练】1）她叫我待在这儿。）她叫我待在这儿。She asked me to stay here.2）我看见他进过那个）我看见他进过那个(n ge)房间房间 I saw him enter that room.第二十页，共61页。3）The government calls on us _ our production.A.increased B.increasing C.increase D.to increase【解析】选【解析】选D。句意。句意:
15、政府号召我们政府号召我们(w men)增加生产。增加生产。本题考查动词不定式作宾语补足语本题考查动词不定式作宾语补足语,通常用及物动词和一通常用及物动词和一些动词短语之后。如些动词短语之后。如:want sb.to do,wish sb.to do,ask sb.to do。第二十一页，共61页。4.作定语：作定语：不定式及其短语作定语只能放在所修饰词的后面不定式及其短语作定语只能放在所修饰词的后面,Have you got any questions to ask?当作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词当作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词或代词(d
16、ic)是不定式动作的地点、工具等时是不定式动作的地点、工具等时,不定式后面必须不定式后面必须有相应的介词。有相应的介词。He is looking for a room to live in.第二十二页，共61页。1）At last,they found a house _.A.to leave his things with B.to leave his things in C.leaving his things in D.leaving his things【解析】选【解析】选B。句意。句意:最后最后(zuhu)他们终于找到了一间可他们终于找到了一间可以存放东西的屋子。当动词不定式所修饰
17、的名词或代词是不以存放东西的屋子。当动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式的地点定式的地点,工具等时、不定式后面应有必要的介词。工具等时、不定式后面应有必要的介词。【即学即练】【即学即练】第二十三页，共61页。Do you have anything to say?2）你有什么你有什么(shn me)要说的吗要说的吗?3）Betty是第一个知道是第一个知道(zh do)这真相的人。这真相的人。Betty was the first person to know the truth.第二十四页，共61页。He spoke loudly(so as/in order)to be heard.They
18、 jumped with joy to hear the news.He is too young to join the army.目的目的(md)状语状语.原因原因(yunyn)状语状语.结果结果(ji gu)状语状语To look at him,you would like him.条件状语条件状语5.作状语：表示目的作状语：表示目的,原因原因,结果或条件。结果或条件。e.g.：第二十五页，共61页。6.作表语：作表语：e.g.:My job is to help the patient.【点津】【点津】主语主语,表语都是不定式表语都是不定式,前者前者(qin zh)为条件为条件,后后者
19、为目的或结果。者为目的或结果。To learn a language is to use it.第二十六页，共61页。【即学即练】【即学即练】1）我的工作我的工作(gngzu)是教英语。是教英语。My job is to teach English.2）眼见为实。）眼见为实。To see is to believe.第二十七页，共61页。3）My chief purpose is _ the difficulties of the matter.A.pointing out B.to be pointed C.pointed D.to point out【解析】选【解析】选D。句意。句意:我的
20、主要目的是指出问题的难处。我的主要目的是指出问题的难处。考查动考查动词词(dngc)不定式作表语的情况。不定式作表语的情况。point out 是是“指出指出”的意思。的意思。第二十八页，共61页。四、不定式的时态四、不定式的时态(sh ti)和语态和语态 1.不定式的一般形式：不定式的一般形式：to+v.（原形）（原形）表示的动作通常与谓语的动作表示的动作通常与谓语的动作(状态状态)同同时时(或几乎同时或几乎同时)发生发生,或是在它之后发或是在它之后发生。生。e.g.I saw him go out I plan to attend the meeting.(同时同时(tngsh)）.(之后
21、之后(zhhu)）第二十九页，共61页。2.进行式：进行式：to be v.-ing如果谓语表示的动作如果谓语表示的动作(dngzu)发生时发生时,不定式表示的不定式表示的动作动作(dngzu)正在进行正在进行,这时要用进行时。这时要用进行时。e.g.I am very glad to be working with you.They seem to be talking about something important.(不定式的动作不定式的动作(dngzu)与谓语动词的动作与谓语动词的动作(dngzu)同时发生的）同时发生的）第三十页，共61页。3.完成式：完成式：to have+v.(
22、p.p.)如果如果(rgu)不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前,就要用就要用完成式。完成式。e.g.Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long.He seems to have seen the film.(不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前）不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前）第三十一页，共61页。4.被动式：被动式：to be+v.(P.P.)当不定式的逻辑当不定式的逻辑(lu j)主语是这个不定式所表示的动主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式一般要用被动形式。e.g.He asked
23、to be sent to work in the countryside.第三十二页，共61页。This book was said to have been translated into many languages.不定式完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词(dngc)所 表示的动作之前发生。5.完成完成(wn chng)被动式：被动式：to+have been+v.(p.p.)第三十三页，共61页。主动主动被动被动一般式一般式完成式完成式进行式进行式-时态时态(sh ti)和语态和语态to doto have doneto be doingto be doneto have been don
24、e 第三十四页，共61页。【即学即练】【即学即练】1）Tom _ when they spoke ill of him.A.happened to be passed B.happened to be passing by C.happened passing by D.happened to passB第三十五页，共61页。2）All the rooms in the house require _.A.being cleaned B.to clean C.to be cleaned D.cleaned 3）The news reporters hurried to the airport,
25、only _the film stars had left.A.to tell B.to be told C.telling D.told BC第三十六页，共61页。五五.不定式的省略不定式的省略1.不定式在介词不定式在介词(jic)but,except,besides,other than 后面时后面时,如果这些介词如果这些介词(jic)之之前有行为动词前有行为动词do(非助动词非助动词)的各种形式时的各种形式时,那么这些介词那么这些介词(jic)后面的不定式不带后面的不定式不带to,否则带否则带to。He can do nothing but wait.He wanted nothing
26、but to play in the park.第三十七页，共61页。She could do nothing but cry.There was nothing for me to do other than wait until the meeting was over.What do you like to do besides swim?I have no choice but wait.I had nothing to do but watch TV.(无事无事(w sh)可做只有做可做只有做)tototototoWhich“to”can be omitted in the foll
27、owing sentences.第三十八页，共61页。2.当句子的谓语动词是当句子的谓语动词是cant,cant help,cant choose 等等结构结构(jigu)时时,but,except,besides后的不定式后的不定式to 也省也省略。略。cant help doing=cant help but do sth.情不自禁做情不自禁做某事，不得不做某事某事，不得不做某事 We cant help but admire his bravery.We cant choose but wait.She is such a lovely girl that I cant help but
28、 love her.第三十九页，共61页。1.I cant help but hope/to hope that they will succeed.2.I cant help but think/to think that it was a mistake.3.I cant chose/choose but do it.4.He does nothing but complaining/complain.Underline the correct answers.第四十页，共61页。3.作简短作简短(jindun)回答或避免不必要的重复时，回答或避免不必要的重复时，动词不定式常常省去动词不定
29、式常常省去to 后面的动词，只保留后面的动词，只保留to。A:Would you like to come to my party?Mary wanted to use my bike,but I asked her not to(use my bike).B:Yes,Id love to(come to your party).Mary想用我的自行车，但我叫她别用。想用我的自行车，但我叫她别用。第四十一页，共61页。AC【即学即练】【即学即练】1）Sandy could do nothing but _ to his teacher that he was wrong.A.admit B.a
30、dmitted C.admitting D.to admit 2）The students did nothing except _ all day long.A.played B.playing C.play D.to play第四十二页，共61页。3）How did you spend your weekend,Joan?I didnt find anything interesting for me _ some washing instead of my mother.A.but did B.but do C.but doing D.but to do D第四十三页，共61页。Put
31、the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive forms.1.It is frightening _(walk)in the road in a sandstorm.I hope I reach home soon.2.Experts hope _(learn)more about the movement of sandstorms.to walk to learn 第四十四页，共61页。3.Id like _(tell)about the situation before now.4.The work needs _(complete)
32、by the end of the week.5.My father was out of the city when the sandstorm came.He was very glad _(miss)it.to have missed to be told to be completed第四十五页，共61页。to be finished To see 6.The building has _ (finish)by the end of the year.7._(see)a real sandstorm is very frightening.第四十六页，共61页。【即学即练】【即学即练】
33、1）There are five pairs _,but Im at a loss which to buy.A.to be chosen B.to choose from C.to choose D.for choosing B第四十七页，共61页。2）Ive worked with children before,so I know what _ in my new job.A.expected B.to expect C.to be expecting D.expects 3)_ late in the afternoon,Bob turned off the alarm.A.To sl
34、eep B.Sleeping C.Sleep D.Having sleep BA第四十八页，共61页。CC4)With a lot of problems _,the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A.settled B.settling C.to settle D.being settled 5)Her wish is _ a doctor.A.becoming B.become C.to become D.being become 第四十九页，共61页。【达标【达标(d bio)训练】训练】1）Passengers are pe
35、rmitted _ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.（2011天津高考）天津高考）to carry B.carrying C.to be carried D.being carried2）Its important for the figure _ regularly.（2011北京高考）北京高考）to be updated B.to have been updated C.to update D.to have updatedAA第五十页，共61页。3）Simon made a big bamboo box the little s
36、ick bird till it could fly.（2011四川高考四川高考(o ko)）A.keep B.kept C.keeping D.to keep4）Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach to read first.（2011辽宁高考辽宁高考(o ko)）A.what B.who C.how D.whyDC第五十一页，共61页。5）More TV programs,according to government to officials,will be produced peoples concer
37、n over food safety.（2011 重庆重庆(zhn qn)高考）高考）A.to raise B.raising C.to have raised D.having raised6）The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable .（2011 福建高考）福建高考）A.held B.holding C.be held D.to holdAD第五十二页，共61页。7）The ability _ an idea as important a
38、s the idea itself.（2011湖南高考湖南高考(o ko)）expressing B.expressed C.to express D.to cover8）Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _ into small pieces.（2011 安徽高考安徽高考(o ko)）A.break B.breaking C.broken D.to breakCD第五十三页，共61页。9）If they win the final tonight,the team are going to t
39、our around the city _ by their enthusiastic supporters.（2011 浙江浙江(zh jin)高考）高考）being cheered B.be cheered C.to be cheered D.were cheeredC第五十四页，共61页。10）That is the only way we can imagine _ the overuse of water in students bathrooms.（2010上海高考上海高考(o ko)）A.reducing B.to reduce C.reduced D.reduce11）Ther
40、e were many talented actors out there just waiting _.（2010 江西高考江西高考(o ko)）A.to discover B.to be discovered C.discovered D.being discoveredBB第五十五页，共61页。12）I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term.(2010山东山东(shn dn)高高考考)A.completing B.to completeC.completed D.being completed13）The lawyer
41、listened with full attention，_ to miss any point （2010，四川卷），四川卷）Anot trying Btrying notCto try not Dnot to tryBB第五十六页，共61页。14）With Fathers Day around the corner,I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad.(2010 全国全国(qun u)卷卷高考高考)A.buy B.to buy C.buying D.to have bought15）His first
42、book _ next month is based on a true story.(2010 陕西高考陕西高考)A.published B.to be published C.to publish D.being publishedBB第五十七页，共61页。16）We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition.（2010 辽宁高考辽宁高考(o ko)）Afinding Bto find Cfind Dto be found17）Many buildings in the city need repairing,
43、but the one _ first is the library.（2010重庆高考重庆高考(o ko)）A.repaired B.being repairedC.repairing D.to be repairedBD第五十八页，共61页。18）After she completes the project,shell have _.（没什么要担心（没什么要担心(dn xn)的的)(worry)（2010湖北高考）湖北高考）nothing to worry about第五十九页，共61页。Homework复习动词复习动词(dngc)不定式的用不定式的用法。法。第六十页，共61页。Great hopes make great man.远大的希望，造就伟大(wid)的人物。第六十一页，共61页。