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1、Electronic commerce Electronic commerce, or the electronics trade, or the electronic business is regarded as a new kind of rising business model which will bring about profound influence on social economy. And it can be said as the important function in the social development of the world-wide locat
2、ions. It represents the current of the world trade in late of 21 centuries.1). What is the electronic commerce?Electronic commerce point is through the teleportation method to carry on the business datas exchange with the numerical form and on-line business activity.Usually, electronic commerce can
3、be divided into dichotomous layers:The first is a low level electronic commerce, namely electronic business intelligence report, the electronic bargain and electronics contract.The second one is a high electronic commerce, including all kinds of business activities which ask for helping Internets be
4、 engaged ins, from searching the customer, the business negotiation, order, on-line payment,the electronics invoice, going to the electronics to pay customs duties, the electronics pay tax, all of these are engaged in the Internet.The electronic commerce means that all trades with the realization el
5、ectronical.It has the following characteristics: Fair freedom, the is efficiently, globalization of , the conjecture of turn, interaction of , independence, humanization service.Making use of the electronic commerce, customer and provider can contact in the global scope mutually closely and convenie
6、ntly. As a result the customers can find out their satisfy demanding ideals to provide the goods to the company from each corner in the world. The electronic commerce will change the environment that the business enterprise competes mutually, lower under the residing in the market structure of tradi
7、tion is high not of cost. trade the cost low and easy to entered persons market and governments to encourage to use Internet( tax-free) to activate the electronic commerce, push its start 伊 to start to develop then and quickly. Predict according to the expert, to 2000, the whole world electronic com
8、merce will attain the scale of USD 300,000,000,000.But it has already exceeded this scale.For insuring the safety of the electronic commerce, should build up the electronics certificate center. The numerical ID card uses to the definite evidence body.The numerical ID card issues to entrust to the th
9、ird square, namely an authorization machineThe organ carry out, it includes the holder to identify the information( name, address, the contact method, the ID card serial number), both parties pooling key of secret , term of validity, password and the authorization organizations to identify informati
10、on etc.Make use of the numerical ID card, trade the both parties and can insure to identify another one squares body, and definite evidence another the information that a square send out has not yet to change.2). the influence that the electronic commerce may produceCompared with the traditional bus
11、iness, the electronic commerce has the following advantage:* Overlay the scope wide:A network system that combines Internet, intranet( the area net of the bureau of the business enterprise inner part) and extranet( the business enterprise exterior network)s make buyer, selling party, manufactory and
12、 it cooperate colleague can in the world of scope contact and deliver the business intelligence report and documents expediently mutually.* The function is well-found: In the electronic commerce, different from the customer of different layer can carry out bargain target of different category, for e
13、xample, release the business intelligence report, on-line negotiation, the electronics payment and build up virtual market and on-line bank etc.s.* Usage the convenience is vivid: According to Internet, the electronic commerce is free from the restrict that the specialized data exchanges the agreeme
14、nt.Can use personal calculator of any type, at in the world any location, carry on the bargain expediently on the calculator screen.* The cost is low:Make use of the electronic commerce, the expenditure that can cut down to used for expenses and international trips that employs the employee, the mai
15、ntenance warehouse and shop front and mail consumedly. The expenses that uses Internet is very low.The electronic commerce will bring about important influence on social economy:* The electronic commerce will change the people the behavior method that adopt habitually in the business activity. Pass
16、the network, the people can enter the virtual store of person, browsing every where, choose their interested in thing, and enjoy various on-line service. On the other hand, companys house can pass the network and the consumer contacts, deciding to purchase the product( category and quantity) to comb
17、ine the close book.The government organ can carry on the electronics invitation to bid and government purchases through a network.* The core of the electronic commerce is a person.It is a social system.The on-line store changed the peoples daily life method, full body now the consumer is in independ
18、ent power in the bargain.* The electronic commerce change business enterprise produces the way of the product.Pass the network, the manufactory direct understanding market need, and arrange the production according to the demand of the consumer.* The electronic commerce raised the trade efficiency b
19、iggest, can remove in the center link;The biggest limit lowers the sale cost.Produce the arrangement can carry out the small batch quantity adds the species diverse, but zero stockss become realistic.* The electronic commerce calls the bank service reform.Be like the on-line bank, on-line cash card
20、and credit card, on-line close book, electronics invoice, the electronics cashs- hour of the consumer purchase any further need not actual cash- these new the concept will become realistic.* The electronic commerce will change the government behavior.So-called on-line government, an on-line administ
21、ration management organization is exertive the important function of the social outlet, keep order and fair, fish for and smash on-line cheat.3). the present condition of the flourishing and national electronic commerce90s in 20 centuries middle, Internet experiences the development of explode the t
22、ype, the tiny machine enters ten thousand of persons thousand, the calculator network has already become peoples daily life in the necessary part.People the in hopes of calculator network brings more advantages and convenience.The electronic commerce emerge with the tide of the times.At flourishing
23、nation, actual applied policy of the government well timed establishment push electronic commerce, occupy the predominant position in newly a competition of scope of world. The electronic commerce of the United States controls the trade of world.Currently, there are 60,000,000 customers of Internet
24、in the United States.98% buys the manager above on-line look for the target.According to the estimate of, to 2002, of the American business enterprise pass the value that the electronic commerce completes the trading post to involve and will have 6.1% an of GDP wealth the covariance enunciation of t
25、he magazine,500 strong companies in world all open the on-line business of exhibition.The IBM accepts the persons 25%( about USD 20,000,000,000) to have something to do with electronic commerce.Had the electronic commerce luckily, make the IBM save the expenditure of USD 250,000,000 in 1999.4). the
26、development of the Chinese electronic commerceThe development of the Chinese government and civil electronic commerce begins from 1993.Today, the electronic commerce has already been apply in foreign trade, maritime customs, finance and business realm.Peking and Shanghai has already built up the nat
27、ive electronic commerce frame.Some electronic commerce Web addresses have already openned to the on-line shopping and on-line close book.Though do all these effort, China open the company of the exhibition electronic commerce to suffer the loss in one business of C( the B department points the busin
28、ess, C the department points the consumer) of one to of its Bosomed Chinese experts love this shopping habit that attributes to the Chinese- Chinese consumer the amateur that the shopping sees as a kind of interesting; They enjoy to pass to enjoy and compare the merchandise and haggle to the expensi
29、ve fun; But all these will start disappear from the on-line shopping. Other experts cant practice the business this phenomenon attributes to the society in the widespread and existent doubt attitude 11 banks with each other because of frightened its rival pulls to walk customer; The bank has to pull
30、 to the walk customer; The cash card cant make widely available because the bank does not believe the common people; But the common people do not like the on-line shopping etc. Because of the belief of the on-line store.Why?The reason lies in on-line and society in many affairs that are all deceitfu
31、l, for example the deceitful customer quantity, deceitful interview flowing the covariance, counterfeits the merchandise, forges the diploma, forges the resume, deceitful investment, deceitful rank, appears on market the business enterprise deceitful accept person etc.Thus a comprehensive environmen
32、t will not change in very long time recently.In such environment, it cant be engaged in any business activity.So many operators of ITs electronic commerce of our nations lost the confidence.5). the electronic commerce outlookThough the development is quick and seems to have the bright future. The el
33、ectronic commerce faces a series of actual problems, for example, involving safety, technique, expenses, law system, revenue from tax system, idea, privacy protection, infrastructure etc. problems.However, the electronic commerce has the main current of the new business enterprise of century, and wi
34、ll develop quickly in several years of after time.Some company estimates, until to 2003, the electronic commerce between the developed countries of business enterprises which will have 9% of the business total amount(13, USD 0) above.But in all aspects the online consumes of the electronic commerce
35、,untilto 2002, the sales amount will attain USD 76,300,000,000.But positive such as the experts estimate, the electronic commerce of China will catch up within 10 years in the developed countries.They put forward spending 3 to 5 years to draw up developing the electronic commerce. That of plan, poli
36、cy and regulation, construct huge and solid true at of electronic commerce system, will encourage the specialized talented person, excellent turn the electronic commerce system of some professions and region; Then with 5 to 7 years ,international electronic commerces, making our electronic commerce
37、system become the importance of the international electronic commerce to constitute the part; Making widely available the electronic commerce application, we promote the electronic commerce of the our country to the higher level in the aspects of the study, develops and apply, attains average level
38、of the flourishing nation.电子商务电子商务，或者电子贸易，或者电子商业作为一种新兴的商业模式，将对社会经济产生深远的影响，并且在世界各地的社会发展中发挥重要作用。它代表着21世纪以后世界贸易的潮流。1)何为电子商务？电子商务指的是通过电子传输方式以数字形式进行商务数据交换和在线从事的商业活动。通常，电子商务可以分成两个层次：一是低层次电子商务，即电子商业情报、电子交易和电子契约。二是高层次电子商务，包括借助因特网从事的所有商业活动，从找寻客户，商业谈判，下订单，在线付款，出具电子发票，至电子报关，电子纳税，全都在因特网上进行。电子商务意味着所有贸易交易实现电子化。它有
39、以下特征：公平自由，高效，全球化，虚拟化，互动性，自主，人性化服务。利用电子商务，客户和供货商可以在全球范围相互密切和方便的联系，因而客户能够从世界各个角落找到满足其需求的理想供货商。电子商务将改变企业相互竞争的环境，降低在传统的市场结构中居高不下的成本。交易成本低、便于进人市场和政府鼓励使用因特网（免税）激活了电子商务，推动其起步伊始便迅速发展。据专家预测，到2000年，全世界电子商务将达到3,000亿美元的规模。而它已经超过这一规模。为了确保电子商务的安全，应当建立电子证明中心。数字身份证用来确证身份。数字身份证的发放委托给第三方，即一家授权机构办理，它包括持有人的识别信息（姓名、地址、联
40、系方式、身份证编号）、双方共用的密钥、有效期、密码和授权机构的识别信息等。利用数字身份证，交易双方能够确保识别另一方的身份，并且确证另一方发出的信息未经更改。2)电子商务可能产生的影响与传统商业相比，电子商务具有以下优势：覆盖范围广：一个结合因特网、内联网（企业内部的局域网）和外联网（企业外部网络）的网络系统使买方、卖方、制造商及其合作伙伴能够在世界范围相互联系和方便地传输商业情报和文件。功能齐全：在电子商务中，不同类别和不同层次的用户能够实现不同的交易目标，例如，发布商业情报、在线谈判、电子付款、建立虚拟市场和在线银行等。使用方便灵活：基于因特网，电子商务不受专门数据交换协议的限制。可以使用
41、任何类型的个人计算机，在世界上的任何地点，在计算机屏幕上方便地进行交易。成本低：利用电子商务，能够大大削减用于雇佣员工、维持仓库和店面的费用及国际旅行和邮寄的开支。使用因特网的费用非常低。电子商务将对社会经济产生重大影响：电子商务将改变人们在商业活动中习惯采取的行为方式。通过网络，人们可以进人虚拟商店，四下浏览，挑选他们感兴趣的东西，以及享受各种在线服务。另一方面，商家可以通过网络与消费者联系，决定购买物品（种类和数量）并结账。政府机构能够通过网络进行电子招标和政府采购。电子商务的核心是人。它是一个社会系统。在线商店改变了人们的日常生活方式，充分体现消费者在交易中的自主权。电子商务改变企业生产
42、产品的方式。通过网络，制造商直接了解市场需求，并且按照消费者的需要安排生产。电子商务极大地提高了贸易效率，能够消除中间环节；最大限度降低销售成本。生产安排能够实现“小批量加品种多样”，而“零库存”成为现实。电子商务呼唤银行服务改革。像在线银行、在线现金卡和信用卡、在线结账、电子发票、电子“现金”消费者采购时再也不用实际现金了这些新概念将成为现实。电子商务将改变政府行为。所谓“在线政府”，一个在线行政管理机构发挥着社会渠道的重要作用，维持秩序和公平，探查和粉碎在线欺诈。3)发达国家电子商务的现状20世纪90年代中期，因特网经历爆炸式的发展，微机进人千家万户，计算机网络已经成为人们日常生活中不可或
43、缺的部分。人们期待着计算机网络带来更多的好处和便利。电子商务应运而生。在发达国家，政府适时制定推动电子商务实际应用的政策，在新一轮世界范围的竞争中占据主导地位。美国的电子商务控制着世界贸易。目前，美国有6,000万因特网用户。98以上的采购经理在线寻找目标。据估计，到2002年，美国企业之间通过电子商务完成交易所涉及的价值将占国内生产总值的6.1%a财富杂志的统计表明，世界500强公司都开展在线业务。IBM收人的25%（约200亿美元）与电子商务有关。多亏有了电子商务，使IBM在1999年节省了2.5亿美元的开支。4)中国电子商务的发展中国政府和民间电子商务的开发始于1993年。今天，电子商务
44、已经应用于对外贸易、海关、金融和商业领域。北京和上海已经建立了本地的电子商务框架。一些电子商务网址已经对在线购物和在线结账开放。尽管做出了所有这些努力，但中国开展电子商务的公司在其B一to一C业务（B系指商业，C系指消费者）中蒙受损失。一些中国专家将此归因于中国人的购物习惯中国消费者将购物视为一种有趣的业余爱好；他们享受通过欣赏和比较商品以及讨价还价来花钱的乐趣；但所有这些将会从在线购物开始消失。其他专家将此现象归因于社会中普遍存在的怀疑态度一一银行因害怕其竞争对手拉走客户而不能实行业务互联；现金卡因银行不相信百姓而无法普及；而百姓因不相信在线商店而不喜欢在线购物等等。为什么？原因在于在线和社
45、会中许多事情都是虚假的，例如虚假用户数量、虚假访问流统计、假冒商品、伪造文凭、伪造履历、虚假投资、虚假排名、上市企业虚假收人等。这样一个综合环境在很长时期内不会改变。在这样的环境中，无法从事任何商业活动。许多IT业者对我们国家的电子商务失去了信心。5)电子商务展望尽管发展迅速和似乎前途光明，但电子商务面临一系列实际问题，例如，涉及安全、技术、费用、法律制度、税收制度、观念、隐私保护、基础设施等问题。然而，电子商务是新世纪企业的主流，并且在今后几年将会迅速发展。一些公司预测，到2003年，发达国家企业之间的电子商务将占营业总额（13, 000亿美元）的9以上，而在在线消费电子商务方面，到2002年，营业额将达到763亿美元。而正如专家的预测，中国的电子商务将在10年内赶上中等发达国家。他们提出，花3一5年制定发展电子商务所必须的计划、政策和条例，建设庞大和实实在在的电子商务系统，鼓励专门人才，优化某些行业和地区的电子商务体制；然后用5一7年时间与国际电子商务接轨，使我们的电子商务系统成为国际电子商务的重要组成部分；普及电子商务应用，在研究、发展和应用方面将我国的电子商务提升到较高水平，达到发达国家的平均水平。