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1、1/50Nucleic acids:the information carrierInformation for making proteins is stored in nucleic acids.ProteinsNucleic acids(mainly DNA)2/50Chapter 2 Nucleic acids2.1 Properties of a Genetic Material2.2 Nucleic Acids and DNA structure2.3 DNA as the Genetic Material2.4 DNA in the Cell2.5 RNA(Ribonucleic
2、 Acid)2.6 Experiments2.1 遗传物质的性质遗传物质的性质2.2 核酸与核酸与DNA结构结构2.3 DNA作为遗传物质作为遗传物质2.4 细胞中的细胞中的DNA2.5 RNA（核糖核酸）（核糖核酸）2.6 实验研究实验研究3/502.1 Properties of a Genetic Material1.It must be able to hold information for how to make proteins.2.It must be stable.3.It must have some capacity for change.4.It must be abl
3、e to be copied.1.它必须能够保持如它必须能够保持如何生产蛋白质的信何生产蛋白质的信息。息。2.它必须是稳定的。它必须是稳定的。3.它必须具有容忍变它必须具有容忍变化的能力。化的能力。4.它必须能够被复制。它必须能够被复制。1.It must be able to hold information for how to make proteins 1它必须能够保持如何生产蛋白质的信息它必须能够保持如何生产蛋白质的信息5/502.It must be stable /2它必须是稳定的它必须是稳定的Lizard:1,000,000 B.C.Lizard:2008 A.D.No cha
4、nge!6/50It must be stable /它必须是稳定的它必须是稳定的Age:15 Age:45 Age:75 No change!No change!7/503.It must have some capacity for change3它必须具有容忍变化的能力它必须具有容忍变化的能力8/50It must have some capacity for change它必须具有容忍变化的能力它必须具有容忍变化的能力MUTAtiOn9/504.It must be able to be copied4它必须能够被复制它必须能够被复制10/502.2 Nucleic Acids and
5、 DNA structure2.2 核酸与核酸与DNA结构结构11/502.2.1 Nucleotides/2.2.1 核苷酸核苷酸Nucleotides are composed of three parts:1)a nitrogenous base,2)a sugar,and 3)a triphosphate.N-glycosidic bond12/501)Nitrogenous base /含氮碱基含氮碱基13/502)Sugar /糖糖No oxygen here!14/50Ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides核糖核苷酸核糖核苷酸 与与 脱氧
6、脱氧核糖核苷酸核糖核苷酸15/503)Triphosphate/三磷酸三磷酸16/502.2.2 General Structure of Nucleic Acids2.2.2 核酸的一般结构核酸的一般结构deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)ribonucleic acid(RNA)17/50Phosphodiester bond /磷酸二酯磷酸二酯键键Three prime end and five prime end三一撇末端三一撇末端 与与 五一撇末端五一撇末端19/50Sugar-phosphate backbone/糖糖-磷酸骨架磷酸骨架Negativecharges
7、20/50Nucleosome /核小体核小体Chapter 721/502.2.3 Structure of DNA /2.2.3 DNA的结构的结构Double-stranded DNAHydrogen bonds 22/50Base pair /碱基对碱基对Complementary base pairs23/50Antiparallel DNA strands反向平行的反向平行的DNA链链24/50The DNA double Helix /DNA双螺旋双螺旋MinorgrooveMajorgroove2 nanometers1 turn=10 bases=3.4 nanometers
8、Base stacking25/50Denaturation of DNA /DNA变性变性26/50Light absorbance by DNADNA对光的吸收对光的吸收=260nm=260nmssDNAdsDNA27/50Now showingMacromolecules Nucleic AcidsFile:biophoto7 Life Macromoleculs Nucleic Acids(3)28/502.3 DNA as the Genetic Material2.3 DNA作为遗传物质作为遗传物质StoreinformationStableAllowmutationEasyrep
9、lication29/501.Storing information /保存信息保存信息30/502.Stability /稳定性稳定性2)Covalentbonds arevery strong4)Doublehelix3)Manyhydrogenbonds1)Bases areprotected31/503.Allowing mutation /允许突变允许突变Chapter 932/50Allowing mutation /允许突变允许突变Attack!33/50Allowing mutation /允许突变允许突变Evolution34/504.Easy replication /容易
10、复制容易复制35/502.4 DNA in the Cell2.4 细胞中的细胞中的DNA36/50Prokaryotic Chromosome /原核生物的染色体原核生物的染色体37/50Eukaryotic chromosomes /真核生物染色体真核生物染色体Nucleus38/502.5 RNA(Ribonucleic Acid)2.5 RNA（核糖核酸）（核糖核酸）RNADNARNA is less stable than DNARNA不如不如DNA稳定稳定40/50RNA is usually in a single-stranded form.RNA通常以单链的形式存在通常以单链
11、的形式存在41/50RNA as the genetic materialRNA用作遗传物质用作遗传物质Single-strandedRNA42/50RNA is also importantRNA也很重要也很重要43/502.6 Experiments /实验研究实验研究Conclusion from studies in 19th century:Chromosomes carry the genetic material!But what is a chromosome made of?44/50Chromosome /染色体染色体They found that the chromoso
12、me is:60%protein40%DNAWhich one is the genetic material?45/50The transformation experiment /转化实验转化实验46/50The Hershey-Chase experiment47/50What is injected?/注射的是什么？注射的是什么？Only DNA is injected!48/50How did they know?/他们是怎么知道的？他们是怎么知道的？49/50How did they know?/他们是怎么知道的他们是怎么知道的50/50DNA was the genetic materialDNA是遗传物质是遗传物质DNAProtein