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1、Unit 1 Electronic Devices Lesson 1 VLSI Technology电子信息工程专业英语教程任治刚 主编电子工业出版社电子工业出版社Lesson 1 VLSI Technology BackgroundsText tour Language in useVocabulary Structure Reading/writing techniques11/19/20222电子信息工程专业英语教程TerminologyTransistor vs.vacuum tubeConductivity&semiconductor Miniaturization,IC,LSI,V
2、LSITimeline of Electronic Technology EvolutionCompany Information Bell Laboratories Texas Instruments Intel CorporationBackgrounds11/19/20223电子信息工程专业英语教程Terminology 11/19/20224电子信息工程专业英语教程真空管是一种内部气体全部或部分抽空的电子管，从而使电子在不受或少受气体分子的干扰下运动。Transistor vs.vacuum tube The vacuum tube is an electron tube from w
3、hich all or most of the gas has been removed,permitting electrons to move with no or low interaction with any remaining gas molecules.11/19/20225电子信息工程专业英语教程A transistor is a device that conducts a variable amount of electricity through it,depending on how much electricity is input to it.In other wo
4、rds,it is a digital switch.However,unlike the vacuum tube,it is solid state.晶体管是一种依据输入电量大小而传导可变电量的器件。换言之，晶体管是一种数字开关。然而，和真空管不同，晶体管是“固态”的。Transistor vs.vacuum tube 11/19/20226电子信息工程专业英语教程Solid state means that it doesnt change its physical form as it switches.There are no moving parts in a transistor.
5、“固态”的意思是当晶体管切换状态时，它的物理形式不发生变化。晶体管中不存在可以移动的部分。Transistor vs.vacuum tube 11/19/20227电子信息工程专业英语教程Compared to the vacuum tube,transistors were much smaller,faster,and cheaper to manufacture.They were also far more reliable and used much less power.Transistor vs.vacuum tube 和真空管相比，晶体管尺寸小得多，速度快得多，生产成本低得多，
6、性能更加可靠，功耗也少得多。11/19/20228电子信息工程专业英语教程While most materials either insulate from electrical flow(air,glass,wood)or conduct electricity readily(metals,water),there are some that only conduct electricity a small amount,or only under certain conditions.These are called semiconductors.大多数材料要么对电流绝缘（如空气、玻璃、
7、木头），要么很容易传导电流（如金属、水溶液），但也有一些材料只传导少量电流，或者只在特定条件下传导电流。这些材料被称作半导体。Conductivity&semiconductor 11/19/20229电子信息工程专业英语教程The most commonly used semiconductor is of course silicon.最常用的半导体材料当然是硅了。Conductivity&semiconductor 11/19/202210电子信息工程专业英语教程Miniaturization means the reduction in size of components and c
8、ircuits for increasing package density and reducing power dissipation and signal propagation delays.微型化是指减少元件和电路的几何尺寸,从而增加封装密度、降低功耗、减少信号传播延迟。Miniaturization,IC,LSI,VLSI 11/19/202211电子信息工程专业英语教程The integrated circuit is a group of transistors manufactured from a single piece of material and connected
9、 together internally,without extra wiring.Integrated circuits are also called ICs or chips.集成电路就是一组用单片材料制造的，内部互联的（无外部连线）晶体管。集成电路也叫IC或者芯片。Miniaturization,IC,LSI,VLSI 11/19/202212电子信息工程专业英语教程LSI：Large-scale Integration大规模集成(电路)Large-scale integration(LSI)came to refer to the creation of integrated cir
10、cuits that had previously been made from multiple discrete components.VLSI：Very Large-scale Integration 超大规模集成(电路)VLSI circuits can contain millions of transistors.Miniaturization,IC,LSI,VLSI 11/19/202213电子信息工程专业英语教程Timeline of Electronic Technology Evolution11/19/202214电子信息工程专业英语教程1900s:The Vacuum
11、Tube.1905:First electronic diode vacuum tube is built by English physicist J.Ambrose Fleming,allowing the change of alternating current into a direct one-way signal.1906:First electronic triode vacuum tube is built by American electrical engineer Lee De Forest,allowing signals to be controlled and a
12、mplified.Technology of electronics is born.Late 1940s:The Transistor.1947:The point-contact bipolar transistor is invented by Bell Labs Bardeen,Shockley,and Brattain.1951:Junction field-effect transistor(JFET)is invented.1952:Single-crystal silicon is fabricated.1954:Oxide masking process is develop
13、ed.11/19/202215电子信息工程专业英语教程Late 1950s:Key IC discoveries.1958:First silicon integrated circuit is built by Texas Instruments Jack Kilby.1959:Planar process to distribute transistors on silicon,with passive oxide layers to protect junctions,is developed by Fairchild Semiconductors Noyce and Moore.A m
14、odern version of this process is used today.1960s:Small Scale Integration(SSI),up to 20 gates per chip.1960:Metal-Oxide-Silicon(MOS)transistor is invented.1962:Transistor-transistor Logic(TTL)is developed.1963:Complementary Metal Oxide Silicon(CMOS)is invented.Late 1960s:Medium Scale Integration(MSI
15、),20-200 gates per chip.1968:MOS memory circuits are introduced.11/19/202216电子信息工程专业英语教程1970s:Large Scale Integration(LSI),200-5000 gates per chip.1970:8-bit MOS calculator chips are introduced,7 micrometer chip geometries.1971:16-bit Microprocessors are introduced.1980s:Very Large Scale Integration
16、(VLSI),over 5000 gates per chip.1981:Very High Speed Integration(VHSIC),tens of thousands of gates per chip,1.5 micrometer chip geometries.1984:0.5 micrometer chip geometries.11/19/202217电子信息工程专业英语教程Company Information 11/19/202218电子信息工程专业英语教程AT&T Bell Laboratories,Inc.,byname Bell Labs,the longtime
17、 research and development arm of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company(AT&T).It now serves the same function in Lucent Technologies Inc.,which was spun off from AT&T in 1996.Headquarters for the laboratories are in Murray Hill,N.J.Bell Laboratories 11/19/202219电子信息工程专业英语教程Texas Instruments In
18、corporated(TI)is an American manufacturer of calculators,microprocessors,and digital signal processors with its headquarters in Dallas,Texas.Texas Instruments11/19/202220电子信息工程专业英语教程Intel Corporation is an American manufacturer of semiconductor computer circuits.Besides microprocessors,the company m
19、akes microcontrollers(single-chip computers),memory chips,computer modules and boards,network and conferencing products,and parallel supercomputers.The company was founded in 1968 by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore.Its headquarters are in Santa Clara,California.Intel Corporation11/19/202221电子信息工程专业英语教
20、程Outline Transistor and vacuum tube(para.1,2)Transistors and ICs(para.3)Semiconductors and ICs(para.4,5)Miniaturization:from LSI to VLSI(para.6,7,8,9)Text tour11/19/202222电子信息工程专业英语教程Invented by Bell Lab in 1948A digital switch A solid state device Advantages over vacuum tube in size,speed,price and
21、 power consumption etc.,Transistor and vacuum tube11/19/202223电子信息工程专业英语教程Originally,Like other discrete devices,Invention of integrated circuit Integrated circuit vs.discrete circuit Integrated circuit=IC=chipTransistors and ICs11/19/202224电子信息工程专业英语教程Semiconductors:a special material Conduct elect
22、ricity Silicon:the most commonly used semiconductor Transistors created on ICs First IC in history invented by TI in 1959Semiconductors and ICs 11/19/202225电子信息工程专业英语教程Miniaturization:the key to IC tech.LSI:hundreds of transistors VLSI:millions of transistors The first VLSI microprocessor:Intel 4004
23、 introduced in 1971 Miniaturization:from LSI to VLSIIntel 400411/19/202226电子信息工程专业英语教程Vocabulary device，conduct，discrete，manipulate，component，implementStructureIt takes(took,will take)time toReading/writing techniques 给事物下定义的方法利用主语或表语从句进行强调Language in use11/19/202227电子信息工程专业英语教程Vocabulary11/19/20222
24、8电子信息工程专业英语教程A contrivance or an invention serving a particular purpose,especially a machine used to perform one or more relatively simple tasks.设备；仪器；器件；装置A technique or means.技术，方法,A plan or scheme,especially a malign one.策略；诡计；谋略 A decorative design,figure,or pattern,as one used in embroidery.纹章；
25、图案device in dictionary 11/19/202229电子信息工程专业英语教程device in text1.The transistor was originally a single,discrete device,which you could place individually into a circuit much like any other.最早的晶体管是分立器件。和其他分立器件一样，你可以单独地把它放置在某个电路中。2.These devices typically contained hundreds of transistors.这些器件通常包含几百个晶体
26、管。11/19/202230电子信息工程专业英语教程ComponentPart EquipmentInventiondevice in use 11/19/202231电子信息工程专业英语教程To direct the course of;manage or control.指挥指引的路线；管理或控制To lead or guide.领导或引导Conduct an orchestra 指挥交响乐队To serve as a medium for conveying;transmit:传导,作为传送的载体；传输：Some metals conduct heat.某些金属导热To comport(
27、oneself)in a specified way:行为，举止She conducted herself stoically in her time of grief.她悲伤时，表现出奇的冷静conduct in dictionary 11/19/202232电子信息工程专业英语教程conduct in text While most materials either insulate from electrical flow(air,glass,wood)or conduct electricity readily(metals,water),there are some that onl
28、y conduct electricity a small amount,or only under certain conditions.These are called semiconductors.大多数材料要么对电流绝缘（如空气、玻璃、木头），要么很容易传导电流（如金属、水溶液），但也有一些材料只传导少量电流，或者只在特定条件下传导电流。这些材料被称作半导体。11/19/202233电子信息工程专业英语教程Copper conducts electricity better than other materials.铜导电比其它材料好。Metal is a good conductor
29、 of electricity.金属是很好的导电体。Wood is a poor conductor of sound.木头是声音的不良导体。The semiconductor is a material whose resistivity is between that of conductors and insulators,and whose resistivity can sometimes be changed by light,an electric field or a magnetic field.半导体是一种电阻率介于导体与绝缘体之间的材料,其电阻率有时会受光、电场或磁场的影
30、响而变化。conduct in use 11/19/202234电子信息工程专业英语教程Constituting a separate thing;distinct.分立的Consisting of unconnected distinct parts.不连续的Defined for a finite set of values;not continuous.离散的discrete in dictionary 11/19/202235电子信息工程专业英语教程Large-scale integration(LSI)came to refer to the creation of integrat
31、ed circuits that had previously been made from multiple discrete components.大规模集成是指将先前多个分立部件构成的电路集成化。discrete in text11/19/202236电子信息工程专业英语教程Discrete,Integrateddiscrete circuit 分立电路integrated circuit 集成电路Discrete,continuous Discrete-time signals,continuous-time signalsDiscrete-time system,continuous
32、-time systemDTFT:Discrete Time Fourier Transform,离散时间傅里叶变换DFT:Discrete Fourier Transform,离散傅里叶变换DCT:Discrete Cosine Transform,离散余弦变换DWT:Discrete Wavelet Transform,离散小波变换discrete in use11/19/202237电子信息工程专业英语教程To operate or control by skilled use of the hands;handle：操作She manipulated the lights to get
33、 just the effect she wanted.她熟练地操作着灯光，以达到她想要的效果To influence or manage shrewdly or deviously:影响，控制：He manipulated public opinion in his favor.他巧妙地使公众舆论倒向他To tamper with or falsify for personal gain:操纵tried to manipulate stock prices.试图操纵股票价格manipulate in dictionary 11/19/202238电子信息工程专业英语教程By careful
34、chemical composition and arrangement,it is possible to create a very small transistor directly on a layer of silicon,using various technologies to manipulate the material into the correct form.These transistors are small,fast and reliable,and use relatively little power.通过精心的化学合成和处理，运用各种材料处理技术可以在硅层上
35、直接构造极小的晶体管。这样的晶体管体积小、速度快、功能可靠，耗能也比较少。manipulate in text 11/19/202239电子信息工程专业英语教程Manipulate,exploit,maneuverThe central meaning shared by these verbs is to influence,manage,use,or control to ones advantage by artful or indirect means.manipulates people into helping him;操纵着人们去帮助他；exploiting her friend
36、s;利用她的朋友；maneuvering to gain an edge over their corporate competitors.策划使他们能比他们共同的对手领先一步manipulate in use11/19/202240电子信息工程专业英语教程A constituent element,as of a system.成分，系统的组成要素A part of a mechanical or electrical complex.零件component in dictionary 11/19/202241电子信息工程专业英语教程Originally,the functions perf
37、ormed by a processor were implemented using several different logic chips.Intel was the first company to incorporate all of these logic components into a single chip.处理器完成的功能最早是由几个不同的逻辑芯片实现的。英特尔公司率先将所有这些部件集成到单个芯片中。component in text 11/19/202242电子信息工程专业英语教程One of the essential,functioning parts of a
38、subsystem or equipment,possibly a self-contained element,or a combination of parts,assemblies,attachments,or accessories.子系统或设备的基本组成部分或功能部件之中的一个。它可以是一种独立的元件,也可以是若干部件、装配件或附件的组合。Hardware or software that is part of a functional unit.属于某一操作装置的组成部分的硬件或软件。In software engineering,a basic part of a system
39、or program.For example,the scheduler or supervisor of an operating system.在软件工程中,系统或程序的基本部分。例如,操作系统中的调度程序或管理程序。component in use11/19/202243电子信息工程专业英语教程chrominance signal component彩色色度信号分量circuit component电路元件component in use11/19/202244电子信息工程专业英语教程A tool or an instrument used in doing work:工具，器械：a g
40、ardening implement.园艺工具An article used to outfit or equip.装备，家具A means of achieving an end;an instrument or agent.媒介，手段To put into practical effect;carry out:使生效；执行：implement the new procedures.实施新的程序To supply with implements.向提供工具implement in dictionary 11/19/202245电子信息工程专业英语教程More transistors(swit
41、ches)were required in order to implement more complicated functions.为了实现更复杂的功能，就需要更多的晶体管（数字开关）。implement in text 11/19/202246电子信息工程专业英语教程implement instrument tool appliance 都含“工具”的意思。implement指“在工作中任何有用或必需的器械”,尤指“较简单的农田或园艺工具”,如:new types of farm implements 新式农具。instrument 指“用于精细工作或科学技术的工具”,如:surgica
42、l instruments 外科器械。tool 多指“手工操作的简单工具“,如:tools for carpenters 木工工具。appliance 指“工具”、“器具”、“器械”、“电气用具”,如:an appliance for opening tin cans 开马口铁罐头的器具。implement in use11/19/202247电子信息工程专业英语教程Implementation 实现，实施In system development,the realization of a system design in hardware,software,or both.在系统开发过程中,
43、用硬件、软件或其两者对一个系统设计的具体实现。implement in use11/19/202248电子信息工程专业英语教程Implementation 实现，实施The several steps concerned in installing and starting successful operation of computer systems.The steps include feasibility studies,applications studies,equipment selection,system analysis,design of proposed new sys
44、tem,physical location of equipment,operation analysis,and critical review.与计算机系统的安装和开始成功运行相联系的若干步骤。这些步骤包括:可行性论证、应用研究、设备选择、系统分析、所建议的新系统的设计、设备安装场地的选择、运行分析及系统评价。implement in use11/19/202249电子信息工程专业英语教程Implementation 实现The fourth process of the five processes in software engineering,that is,the entire p
45、rocess of writing programs in a specific programming language,debugging the programs on a machine to get correct executable programs according to the results of the design.软件工程的五道工序中的第四道工序,即根据设计的结果用一定的编程语言写出程序,在机器上进行调试,以得到正确的可执行的程序的过程。implement in use11/19/202250电子信息工程专业英语教程Structure11/19/202251电子信息
46、工程专业英语教程After the invention of the integrated circuit,it took very little time to realize the tremendous benefits of miniaturizing and integrating larger numbers of transistors into the same integrated circuit.集成电路发明后不久，人们很快很快就意识到了小型化和将大量晶体管集成到同一块集成电路的巨大好处。It takes(took,will take)time to 11/19/20225
47、2电子信息工程专业英语教程Reading/writing techniques11/19/202253电子信息工程专业英语教程给事物下定义的方法给事物下定义的方法In short,a transistor is a device that conducts a variable amount of electricity through it,depending on how much electricity is input to it.In other words,it is a digital switch.However,unlike the vacuum tube,it is sol
48、id state.This means that it doesnt change its physical form as it switches.There are no moving parts in a transistor.11/19/202254电子信息工程专业英语教程利用主语或表语从句进行强调利用主语或表语从句进行强调The transistor is what started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion.此句可译为：晶体管（的发明）启动了现代计算机工业的蓬勃发展进程。本句采用what 引导的从句
49、做表语，是一种对主语“the transistor”进行强调的表达方式。其意思相当于：The transistor started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion.11/19/202255电子信息工程专业英语教程利用主语或表语从句进行强调利用主语或表语从句进行强调What allowed the creation of modern processors was the invention of the integrated circuit,which is a group of transistors manufactured from a single piece of material and connected together internally,without extra wiring.此句可译为：集成电路的发明为现代处理器的诞生创造了条件；集成电路是单片材料制造的一组内部互联的（无额外连线）晶体管。本句采用what 引导的从句做主语，是对表语“the invention of the integrated circuit”的强调。11/19/202256电子信息工程专业英语教程