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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 第 1 页 共 19 页 2008 年考研英语真题和答案解析 Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be
2、 more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway.He is that 2 bird,a scientist who works independently 3 any institution.He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actual
3、ly infections,which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he,however,might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do.Together with another two scientists,he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others,but explains the proces
4、s that has brought this about.The group in 8 are a particular people originated from central Europe.The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test,9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100,and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West,as the 12 of
5、 their elites,including several world-renowned scientists,13.They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases,such as breast cancer.These facts,14,have previously been thought unrelated.The former has been 15 to social effects,such as a strong tradition of 16 educ
6、ation.The latter was seen 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 第 2 页 共 19 页 as a(an)17 of genetic isolation.Dr.Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18.His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolut
7、ionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.1.A selected B prepared C obliged D pleased 2.A unique B particular C special D rare 3.A of B with C in D against 4.A subsequently B presently C previously D lately 5.A Only B So C Even D Hence 6.A thought B sight C cost D risk 7.A advi
8、ses B suggests C protests D objects 8.A progress B fact C need D question 9.A attaining B scoring C reaching D calculating 10.A normal B common C mean D total 11.A unconsciously B disproportionately C indefinitely D unaccountably 12.A missions B fortunes C interests D careers 13.A affirm B witness C
9、 observe D approve 14.A moreover B therefore C however D meanwhile 15.A given up B got over C carried on D put down 16.A assessing B supervising C administering D valuing 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 第 3 页 共 19 页 17.A development B origin C consequence D ins
10、trument 18.A linked B integrated C woven D combined 19.A limited B subjected C converted D directed 20.A paradoxical B incompatible C inevitable D continuous Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.M
11、ark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1 While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life,women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to me
12、n,”according to Dr.Yehuda,chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response,causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.
13、In several of the studies,when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(the female reproductive organs)removed,their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals,are her increased“opportunities”for stress.“It s not necessarily that wom
14、en dont cope as well.Its just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr.Yehuda.“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens,”she observes,“its just that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr.Yehuda notes a
15、nother difference between the sexes.“I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.The kinds of interpersonal violence that women ar
16、e exposed to tend to be in domestic situations,by,unfortunately,parents or other family members,and they tend not to be one-shot deals.The wear-and-tear that comes from these 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 第 4 页 共 19 页 longer relationships can be quite devasta
17、ting.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son,but was determined to finish college.“I struggled a lot to get the college degree.I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape,to go to school,and get ahead and do better.”Later,her marriage ended and she became a single moth
18、er.“Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager,have a job,pay the rent,pay the car payment,and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations,with few brea
19、ks,and feeling the strain.Alvarez s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?A Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.B Women
20、 are still suffering much stress caused by men.C Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.D Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr.Yehudas research suggests that women A need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.B have limited capacity for tolera
21、ting stress.C are more capable of avoiding stress.D are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph 4,the stress women confront tends to be A domestic and temporary.B irregular and violent.C durable and frequent.D trivial and random.24.The sentence“I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line 6,Par
22、a.5)shows that A Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.B Alvarezs salary barely covered her household expenses.C Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.D Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联
23、系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 第 5 页 共 19 页 A Strain of Stress:No Way Out?B Responses to Stress:Gender Difference C Stress Analysis:What Chemicals Say D Gender Inequality:Women Under Stress Text 2 It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory w
24、ould submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with t
25、he journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it is making
26、access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publ
27、ishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part,upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big
28、business.In America,the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7 billion and$11 billion.The International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than 1.2 m
29、illion articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some 75%of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the reports authors.There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscr
30、ibers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author(or his employer)to pay for the paper to be published.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations such as universitie
31、s or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 第 6 页 共 19 页 as delayed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first si
32、x months,before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph,the author discusses A the background information of journal editing.B the publication ro
33、utine of laboratory reports.C the relations of authors with journal publishers.D the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?A It criticizes government-funded research.B It introduces an effective means of publication.C It upsets profit-making
34、journal publishers.D It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text,online publication is significant in that A it provides an easier access to scientific results.B it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.C it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.D it f
35、acilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model,the author of a paper is required to A cover the cost of its publication.B subscribe to the journal publishing it.C allow other online journals to use it freely.D complete the peer-review before submission.3
36、0.Which of the following best summarizes the text?A The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.B A new mode of publication is emerging.C Authors welcome the new channel for publication.D Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3 In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only th
37、ree players in the National Basketball Association(NBA)listed at over seven feet.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 第 7 页 共 19 页 If he had played last season,however,he would have been one of 42.The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramaticall
38、y over the years,and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger,longer frames.The trend in sports,though,may be obscuring an unrecognized reality:Americans have generally stopped growing.Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 year
39、s ago,todays people especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S.for many generations apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they arent likely to get any taller.“In the general population today,at this genetic,environmental level,weve pretty much gone as far as we can g
40、o,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University.In the case of NBA players,their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth,which rarely continues beyond the age of 20,demands calories and
41、nutrients notably,protein to feed expanding tissues.At the start of the 20th century,under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way.But as diet and health improved,children and adolescents have,on average,increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years,a pattern known as the
42、secular trend in height.Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,average height 59 for men,54 for women hasnt really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking,there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.During childbirth,larger babies have more difficulty passing through
43、 the birth canal.Moreover,even though humans have been upright for millions of years,our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.“There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the indi
44、vidual organism,”says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change,but dont expect this to happen soon.Claire C.Gordon,senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick,Mass.,ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits with
45、out alteration.She says that,unlike those for basketball,the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time.And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment,Gordon says that by and large,“you could use todays data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt
46、 Chamberlain is cited as an example to A illustrate the change of height of NBA players.B show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 第 8 页 共 19 页 C compare different generations of NBA players.D assess the achievements of famo
47、us NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?A Genetic modification.B Natural environment.C Living standards.D Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?A Non-Americans add to the average height of th
48、e nation.B Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.C Americans are the tallest on average in the world.D Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future A the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.B the design of mil
49、itary uniforms will remain unchanged.C genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.D the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that A the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.B human height is becoming even more predictable.C Ame
50、ricans have reached their genetic growth limit.D the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4 In 1784,five years before he became president of the United States,George Washington,52,was nearly toothless.So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw having extracted them from the