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1、few、a few、little、a little 的区别和联系：few/a few 用来修饰可数名词，few 表示否定意义，没有，几乎没有；a few表示有肯定意思，有几个。例如：He has few friends here,he feels lonely.他这里没朋友，他感觉寂寞。There are a few eggs in the basket.篮子里有几个鸡蛋。little/a little 用来修饰不可数名词，little 表示否定意思，没有，几乎没有。a little 表示肯定意思，有一点儿。例如：There is little ink in my bottle,can you
2、 give me a little ink?我的瓶子里没有墨水了，你能给我点儿墨水吗？问1.My father has many books,but he has_ English books.A.little B.a little C.few D.a few Answer2.The twins can speak only _ French.A.a few B.few C.little D.a little Answer析1.few 与 little 作形容词用，都表示“几乎没有”，相当于一个否定词。具体区别：(1)few 后面跟复数可数名词。e.g.few books few studen
3、ts(2)little 后面跟单数不可数名词。e.g.little water little foode.g.He has few friends.他没有几个朋友。They has little money.他们没有什麽钱2.a few 与 a little 都表示肯定的意思，指“有一点，有一些”。具体区别：(1)a few 后加可数名词复数（2）a little 后加不可数名词单数。e.g.Im going to buy a few bananas.I can speak only a little Chinese.3.a little 与 little 也可以用作副词，表示“有点”“稍稍”
4、表示“很少”e.g.-Can you speak English?-Yes,but only a little.This book is a little more difficult than that one.（可修饰形容词比较级）She slept little last night.昨天晚上，她没有怎么睡觉。very 与 muchvery 与 much 表示“很”，“非常”。不能用 very 来作修饰词,只能用 much 来作修饰词very 用于修饰形容词或副词的原级;much用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级，修饰动词要用much或 very much.She said she was m
5、uch better than before.她说她比过去好多了。I like English very much.我非常喜欢英语。so与 suchso与 such表示“如此”，“这么”，“那么”1)so修饰形容词或副词，such修饰名词，但名词前可以有形容词定语。I can t be here so early.我不能这么早到这儿。I ve never seen such fine drawings.我从未见过如此精美的图画。2)so修饰的形容词后可以有一个单数可数名词，其结构是 so+adj.+a/an+n.试比较：She is so good a girl.She is such a g
6、ood girl3)如果可数名词复数前有many,few或不可数名词前有 much,little 等表示数量多少的形容词时，用so而不用 such。I m afraid that hell forget it if he misses so many lessons.我担心的是，如果他耽误这么多的课程他会忘掉的。Miss Zhao got so little money a month.赵老师每月只领这么少的钱。4)“so+助动词+主语”表示前面的陈述也适用于后者，意为“也一样”。People in England eat a lot of potatoes.So do we.too,also
7、与 eithertoo,also与 either 表示“也(不)”We also have eleven players in a team.注意，too 有时也用于否定疑问句中，但表示肯定语气。Cant you see Ive got teeth,too?ago与 beforeago与 before,表示“在以前”ago 表示以现在为起点的“以前”，before 指在过去或将来的某时刻“以前”或泛指“以前”。When did you have a meeting?Three days ago.Mr Smith said that John had told him all about his
8、 past three weeks before.enjoy 能否用于现在进行时？表示心理状态的词语一般都不用现在进行时，这个词和love,like 差不多。next to 与 nearnext to 有一个次序的含义在内，并且是单线型的near只是表示附近，不远，范围可大，可小，并且是辐射型的e.g.：she lives next to my door.她住在我隔壁。（房间有次序的朝一个方向挨着）She lives near my house.她住在我家附近。（可能是我的邻居，可能不是，因为范围稍大一些）street.road.avenueroad,street 与 avenue都有路的意思
9、，但是它们各自的含义和范围有所不同，1 Street街,街道 主要是指村落或都市中两边有房屋的街道或马路2 Road路,道路 常指城市或乡村之间可供车辆或行人通过的宽阔而又平坦的大路，这种路两旁有无房屋皆可。2 Avenue通道,大街，林荫路在英国指通往乡村住宅，两旁栽树的小路。在美国主要指宽阔而繁华的林荫大街，两旁有着华丽的住宅或林立的建筑物。在加拿大，street多是在老城区，road 和 avenue多是在后来扩展的地区，比如 Torontodowntown 以外地区，road是南北向，avenue是东西向。pretty、beautiful与 good-lookinghandsome也是
10、要和它们相区别开的beautiful 意为“美丽的，漂亮的”（giving pleasure or delight to the mind or sense），指给人以极大的愉快，几乎达到理想的美，指人时仅用于女性和小孩；pretty 漂亮的，可爱的“”（esp.of a woman,a child,on a small fine thing,pleasing ornice to look at,listen to,etc）,多指女性，小孩或小而漂亮的东西，并不表示完美无缺的意思，而着重表示“可爱”；handsome“漂亮的，英俊的”（esp.of man）good-looking,of at
11、tractive appearance,（esp.of woman）attractive with a firm,large appearancerather than a delicateone），形容男性指“容貌端庄、英俊”，形容女性时指“健美”；good-looking 好看的，漂亮的“”（attractive）,泛指容貌美，多指男性，有时也指女性。otherother表示泛指，意为“另外的、别的、其它的”。常与复数名词或不可数名词连用。如果其前有the，this，some，any，each，every，no，one 以及形容词性物主代词时，其后就可接单数名词。注意下面 other的几种
12、变形：others：它是 other的复数形式，表示泛指，意为“别的人或物”，但不指全部。如：Many students are playing on the playground Some are playing football；others areplaying basketballthe other：表示两者中的另外一个。可单独使用，也可后接单数名词。如：The oldman has two sons One is a worker，the other is a teacher 但如果 the other后接复数名词或者 the other本身用复数形式(the others)，都可表
13、示其余的全部。如：We shall do some cleaning this afternoon Group One will clean the wall GroupTwo will clean the windowsThe other students will sweep the floor 不可数名词作复数表种类时，谓语动词用法不可数名词既然用来表示种类，实际上已经变成可数名词了，谓语当然用复数了。These fishes are the ones that I have never seen.这些鱼种我从未见过。during the day 和 in the dayduring t
14、he day morning,evening(在)白天 早上,晚上The sun gives us light during the day.太阳在白天给我们阳光。In the day在这一天里I hang about in the day.我整天无所事事。keepkeep一词含有“保持”之意，其用法和结构较为复杂。现将其常见的结构和用法归纳如下：（一）、keep 作及物动词，意为“使 保持（某种状态）”、“使得”时，常用于以下几种结构：1.keep+宾语（由人或物充当）形容词。e.g.Keep your hands clean.手要保持干净。2.keep宾语副词。e.g.What have
15、kept you awa for so long?什么事使你离开这么久？3.keep宾语 v-ing。e.g.Im sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。4.keep宾语 v-ed。e.g.Keep the door clsed.让门关着。5.keep宾语介词短语。e.g.Dont keep your hands in your pockets.不要把手插在口袋里。（二）、keep作及物动词，后接名词作宾语，构成动宾结构，意为“保存”、“保留”、“记（日记等）”、“经营（商店等）”、“遵守（诺言等）”之意。e.g.I keep a diary in
16、English.我用英文记日记。She keeps a bllkstore.她经营一家书店。Keep your word,please.请遵守你的诺言。（三）、keep 作系动词，其后直接跟形容词、副词或介词短语作表语，构成系表结构，意为“保持某一状态”。如：Please keep quiet.请保持安静。（四）、keep后接动名词和宾语，表示连续不断地做某事。e.g.The baby keeps crying all night.那个婴儿哭了一夜。turnturn 的用法归纳如下1.turn(n.)顺序,轮流1）.Its ones turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事Its your
17、 turn to make a decision.2）.take ones turn to do sth.=do sth.in turn=do sth.by turns 轮流做某事The nurses attended the patient in turn/by turns.=The nurses took turns to attendthe patient.2.turn(vi.)转动,转向,翻转turn right/left=turn to the right/leftturn to sth./sb.(for help)turn to page 843.turn(link-v.)变得，成
18、为turn green/yellow 变绿/黄了Ten years later，he turned teacher.turn 的固定词组:1.turn against 背叛：Nobody will turn against his country.2.turn down 关小/拒绝：He turned down my suggestion without hesitation.3.turn from side to side 把身体转来转去：The naughty boy turned from side toside while answering questions in class.4.
19、turn in 上交：The child picked up a purse on the way and turned it in to thepoliceman.5.turn.into.(使）成为：The farmers are turning waste land into rice fields.6.turn off 关(水源、煤气、电灯等)/避开(问题等)：Turn off the light when youleave the room.7.turn on 打开(水、煤气、电灯、无线电等)/对 发怒：turn on the radio；turn the gun on sb.8.tu
20、rn out 结果是/证明是/生产出：The weather yesterday turned out(to be)fine.；The factory turned out more products than they had expected.9.turn over(使)打翻/翻身/翻动/翻耕(土地)/转危为安：The man turnedover and went to sleep again when the telephone rang.10.turn up 开大/出现/找到/证明是(=turn out to be)：The meeting isbeginning，but he ha
21、s not turned up.He might have been lost.as作连词的用法1.as.as的用法as.as意为和一样，表示同级的比较。使用时要注意第一个as为副词，第二个 as为连词。其基本结构为：as+adj./adv.+as。例如：(1)This film is as interesting as that one.这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。(2)Your pen writes as smoothly as mine.你的钢笔书写起来和我的一样流畅。其否定式为 not as/so+adj./adv.+as。例如：This dictionary is not as/so
22、 useful as you think.这本字典不如你想象的那样有用。若有修饰成分，如 twice,three times,half,a quarter等，则须置于第一个 as之前。例如：Your bag is twice as expensive as mine.你的袋子比我的贵一倍。as.as的常见句型：(1)as.as possiblePlease answer my question as soon as possible.请尽快回答我的问题。(2)as.as usual/beforeShe looks as pretty as before.她看起来和以前一样漂亮。(3)as lo
23、ng as.(引导条件状语从句)It took us as long as three years to carry out the plan.我们花了长达三年的时间才完成这项计划。(4)as far asHe walked as far as the railway station yesterday evening.昨天傍晚，他一直散步到火车站。(5)as well asShe cooks as well as her mother does.她烧菜烧得跟她母亲一样好。一些带有 as.as结构的常见短语归纳：as busy as a bee 像蜜蜂一样忙碌as easy as ABC 像
24、ABC 一样容易as deep as a well 像井一样深as light as a feather像羽毛一样轻2.as用作连词引导时间状语从句as 与 when，while 都是引导时间状语从句的从属连词，含义都是当的时候。但它们有区别：用 when 时，从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生，也可以先于主句的动作发生；用while 时，从句的动作为一过程，主句动作与从句动作同时进行或在从句动作过程中发生；用as时，主句和从句的动作同时发生，具有延续的含义。例如：(1)It was snowing when he arrived at the construction site.他到达工地时
25、，天正在下雪。(2)He was watching TV while his mother was cooking.他母亲做饭时他在看电视。(3)You will grow wiser as you grow older.你会随着年龄的增长而越来越聪明。3.as用作连词引导原因状语从句as，because，since都可以表示因果关系，连接原因状语从句，含义是 因为，由于，但它们有区别：because表示的语气最强；as一般放在句首，语气较弱，较口语化；since 常常用在书面语中，表示多为对方已知的、或稍加分析便可得知的原因，有时可译作 既然。例如：(1)He will succeed be
26、cause he is in earnest.他一定会成功，因为他很认真。(2)Since you are s o sure of it he”ll believe you.既然你对此如此有把握，他会相信你的。(3)As rain has fallen,the air is cooler.因为下过雨，空气比较清爽。4.as作连词引导让步状语从句as与 although(或 though)，however(或 no matter how)等都可以引导让步状语从句，含义是 虽然，尽管，但它们有区别：although 语气稍正式些，可放在句首，也可放在句中，主句中不能再用but，但可以用 yet；a
27、s所表示的语气较强，引导的让步状语从句用倒装语序；however 引导让步状语从句时，它的后面可跟形容词或副词，也要用倒装语序。例如：(1)Although he is quite old,he still jogs every day.他虽然年纪相当大，仍然每天慢跑。(2)Strange as it may seem,nobody was injured in the accident.这次意外虽然显得令人不可思议，却没有人受伤。(3)However hard he may try,he will not attain his goal.无论他怎样努力也达不到目标。as作关系代词的用法关系代
28、词 as 引导定语从句时，既可以单独使用，也可以与其他词连用，其用法要比 that 和 which 更为复杂。1.as引导定语从句与其他词连用用于 the same.as 结构中This is the same book as I read last week.这本书和我上周读的那本是一样的。用于 such.as结构中I don”t like such books ashe recommends.我不喜欢他推荐的那些书。用于 so+adj.+a/an+n.(单数)+as 结构中I am not so strong a man as I was.我已经没有从前那么强壮了。2.as单独引导定语从句
29、as单独引导定语从句时，先行词可以是一个词，也可以是一个句子或短语。例如：(1)She is late,as is often the case.她迟到了，这是经常的事。(先行词是整个主句)(2)To shut your eyes to facts,as many of you do,is foolish.对事实视而不见-你们好多人都是如此的愚蠢。(先行词是不定式短语)as作介词的用法as作介词，意思是 作为，以身份。例如：He came to China as a tourist five years ago.他五年前以游客的身份来过中国。as作副词的用法to the same degree or amount;equally 相同地，同样地。例如：They don”have as many airplanes.他们没有同样多的飞机。too much 与 much tootoo much后加名词加不可数名词.可数用 too manye.g.too much peoplemuch too 后加形容词e.g.much too fatt