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1、研08overallstructureofthethesis Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望1.Writing a research proposal 2.Writing a research paper3.Getting your research paper publishedChapter VIII Overall Structure of the Thesis 1.Writing a research proposal Chapter VI
2、II Overall Structure of the Thesis 1.Writing a research proposal a.Preamble/introductionb.The problemc.Objectives of the studyd.Hypothesis to be testede.Study designf.The settingg.Measurement proceduresh.Ethical issuesi.Samplingj.Analysis of datak.Structure of the reportl.Problems and limitations m.
3、appendix1)Contents of a research proposal2)Structure of the research proposalIntroduction:depending on the scope of your proposal,the introduction will contain a number of sub-sections.background to the studythe significance of the study/aims and significance of the studythe statement of the problem
4、research questions and hypothesesdefinitions1.Writing a research proposal 2)Structure of the research proposalLiterature review:the literature review provides the rationale for your research topic.It should give an overview of the current research on the topic area.It should identify a gap in the re
5、search.This is important because it shows why your topic is important.The literature review should also review relevant methodologies,which show how your research is to be done.1.Writing a research proposal 2)Structure of the research proposalResearch design/methodology:this section will include a n
6、umber of subsections.It should describe the type of study you propose to do as well as how you propose to do it.You need to describe your participants/subjects,your data collection procedure and method of data analysis,as well as the limitations of your project.1.Writing a research proposal 2)Struct
7、ure of the research proposalProposed timeframe:provide a brief timeline for your projectExpected outcomes:what you hope to achieveReferences:a full list of all references cited in your proposal.You may also include a description of any pilot studies which have been undertaken.It may also be advisabl
8、e to include a section on your theoretical orientation.If your research involves human participants you may need to include a section on ethical considerations.1.Writing a research proposal 3)Sample short research proposalThe requirements for research proposals will vary for different disciplines,bu
9、t the elements in this example are fairly generic.Research proposal 1.Writing a research proposal Title:A case study of the political implications of deregulation of Telecommunications in Australia in 1987-1992.The title identifies and introduces the topic.Literature Review:The political implication
10、s of deregulation in regard to telecommunications policy formation has been reported on in a number of other countries.In Britain,Jones and Brownford(1989)conducted a study into the process of deregulation under the Thatcher Government.This study suggested that a lack of public participation held a
11、number of important consequences for the deregulation process.Briefly,these were that effective and organised lobby groups were found to exert a degree of influence on the process,but were unable to effect lasting changes in the Thatcher Governments plans to deregulate the telecommunications industr
12、y and that it was found that the political rhetoric of the key players had little consistency with the actual process of deregulation.In Sweden,Percy(1990)offered a historical review of the telecommunications industry and compared this history with Britains.It was found that both countries had adopt
13、ed the approach of deregulating the industry based on economic rationalist ideology.This approach,in both countries,included a lack of public consultation.The literature review gives a overview of the current research on the topic area and provides the rationale for the research question/topic.It is
14、 brief and remains focused on the thesis topic.Literature Review:Two case-studies of the deregulation of the telecommunications industries in France and Belgium was the topic of an important paper by Wooten,Trivett and Hampton(1993).By studying the correlation of political,economic and industry theo
15、ry models,they argued that industry models and pressure from the business communities had a strong impact on the outcomes of deregulation and the public attitudes towards this process.Theimpact of deregulation on the structure and future of the telecommunications industry was the subject of a study
16、by Merten and Skillen(1995)in New Zealand.This paper found that pressure from lobby groups influenced the Governments decisions on the deregulation process.It was found that these decisions adversely affected the capacity of the telecommunications industry to compete effectively on an international
17、level.The deregulation process in New Zealand was also shown to have adversely affected the quality of services available to the local market.Most of the studies cited in this literature review relate to the aims and objectives of the thesis.This is one way to keep this type of literature review bri
18、ef:maintain the focus on the thesis topic.In the thesis itself,much more detail would be provided.None of these issues have been investigated within the Australian context.The need for a comprehensive investigation into the deregulation process and its possible outcomes becomes increasingly importan
19、t as the liberal Government moves towards deregulation and the partial sale of Telstra.The aims of this study are to provide a historical overview of the telecommunications industry in Australia,to analyse the Governments reasons for deregulating the industry and,in light of the above,provide commen
20、ts on the future role of telecommunications in Australia.These first two sentences introduce a gap in previous research.This is important because it shows why your proposed research is worth doing.This last sentence introduces the aims of the study.By introducing this after pointing out the gap in r
21、esearch,the writer is showing how the thesis will fill this gap in knowledge.Scope:The case study will primarily focus on the Australian political arena and telecommunications industry,however where relevant and necessary an analysis of international events and circumstances pertaining to the Austra
22、lian situation will be made.This introduces the scope of study,identifying what the research will and will not cover.AIMS/OBJECTIVES:The project will aim to achieve the following objectives:1.An investigation into the deregulation of telecommunications in Australia from an historical perspective.2.A
23、n analysis of these findings with the benefit of hindsight,observe the political nuances unique to the case study,and accordingly interpret the processes that led to and ultimately influenced the Governments actions during the 1987-1992 period.A conclusion will also be provided on the basis of this
24、analysis as to the future role of telecommunications in Australia 3.The preparation of a report outlining the findings in(1)and the conclusions reached in(2).Clearly stated aims and objectives are provided and they are numbered.Areas to investigate:An investigation conducted into the following areas
25、 will made to fulfill the objectives detailed above.1.The policies and assumptions that led the Government towards industry deregulation.2.The political rhetoric touted by key players during reform.3.The main lobby groups that participated in the deregulation process and the premise from which these
26、 groups exerted political pressure.Pressure is broadly identified as originating from the telecommunications industry,business community,and the international circuit.4.The events that took placeduring 1987-1991 with political,economic,and industry theory models.5.The history of telecommunications i
27、n Australia to draw reference for support.Here the student has listed the areas within the topic that will be investigated.These are the issues and topics the student has identifies as necessary to investigate in order to fulfill the aims and objectives.They could become potential chapter headings i
28、n the thesis.Implications:The immediate implications of the reform process are readily observable in the telecommunications sector and concern the structure of the industry.The present regulation and legislation regarding the industry will affect the future direction of telecommunications in Austral
29、ia and also the ability with which Australian communications can compete overseas.The decisions made by the Government will directly affect industry policy.This section attempts to identify the implications of carrying out the research.It answers the question of how the research findings may impact
30、on the topic and the field.Project Plan:The plan for this project is provided on the basis that it is a general guide to direction.Due to the nature of the research some information may be difficult to obtain on schedule and allowance for this needs to be made.This plan is also subject to change on
31、re-evaluation.Stage 1:Construct a history of the events that took place from 1987-1991,and obtain an understanding of the political and industry changes since the destruction of the Post Master Generals Department.Conduct and complete reviews of relevant literature.Stage 2:Analyse and prepare the in
32、formation gathered in stage 1 for interpretation.Stage 3:Put forward an interpretation of the politics of deregulation of telecommunications in AustraliaStage 4:Prepare report for final submission.This section shows what the student is going to do and how the student intends to approach the topic.Th
33、ese stages could be mapped out on a timeline and provide a map of activities and research for the student.Note how the student points out that this plan could change.Methodology:Relevant documents will be obtained from Government Departments such as the Department of Transport and Communications(DOT
34、AC),and the Department of Industry Technology and Commerce(DITAC).Parliamentary papers and Acts will also be studied.Information will also be obtained from AUSTEL and the Telecommunications Industry Development Agency(TIDA).Further material will come from publications released by the key lobby group
35、s.A review will also be made of events according to the reports in the press and published media.Literature concerning the explanation of political,economic and industry using models and theories will be examined.Note:Plan has been compiled subject to future change.This section,although titled Metho
36、dology,is really a list of the sources that will be used in the research.2.Writing a research paperChapter VIII Overall Structure of the Thesis Abstracts1)Descriptive AbstractsTopic Specification:WHAT the research is about?Purpose Statement:WHY the research was done?Methodology and Data:HOW the rese
37、arch was done?Abstract 2)Informative Abstracts Topic Specification:WHAT the research is about?Background Information:WHAT question the research is answering or what gap in previous research the present research fills?Purpose Statement:WHY the research was done?Methodology and Data:HOW the research w
38、as done?Results/Findings:WHAT the research found?Implications/Conclusions:WHY the results are significant,WHAT the implications are?Other Considerations1)Purpose and scopeThe main purpose of an introductory chapter is to introduce your research and your thesis;However,the scope of the introduction c
39、an vary significantly according to the nature of your study and your discipline area.Traditionally the introductory chapter functions to introduce the research in detail and establish the validity of the research by showing that the previous research in the field contains a gap in knowledge that wil
40、l be filled by your research.Chapter I Introduction 2)FunctionEstablish the field of your researchSummarize and review the previous research in the fieldPrepare for your research by showing a gap in the previous research or raising questions based on,or prompted by,previous researchIntroduce your re
41、search in detail and state the purpose or aim of your researchOutline the whole thesisNot all introductions will fulfill all of the functions suggested above;Some disciplines will typically include an outline of the thesis in the introduction,while others may not.Chapter I Introduction The introduct
42、ion provides a logical progression of information from the general to the specific.These movements in the text introduce the reader to the general field,then summarize relevant previous research in a specific field in a way that allows the gap in the field to be identified.This gap prepares for and
43、provides a rationale for the research presented in the thesis.These movements can be represented by the following diagram:4)Summary:Introduction generally includes:Background:Tell what is behind the problem and why it is needed.Purpose:tell what you hope to do with the study.Theoretical Foundation/C
44、onceptual Foundation:describe briefly the theory.Significance:Why is your study important?What impact could it make?Who might be affected?What change in society or perceptions or actions might come from this study?Scope:How wide ranging are the results?Hypotheses or Research Questions:It is good to
45、give these in the first Chapter and repeat again in Chapter III and then the answer or respond to them in Chapter IV.Generally hypotheses are used in Quantitative studies and research questions in Qualitative studies.In a mixed model,you may have both.Definition of Terms:the terms,as they will be us
46、ed in the study,help clarify the meaning for the reader.Structure of the thesis.Your literature review needs to look at several important aspects.1)It should give research,which utilizes the same design or methodology you will be using.For example,if you are using a survey,try to show how similar st
47、udies utilized surveys,what to look for,how they are designed,validated,found reliable and finally how they were interpreted.Chapter II Literature Review2)Demonstrate that you have examined a great deal of relevant research concerning your project.Look at them critically,both those that support your
48、 basic ideas and those that refute them.These should be rather current studies,journal articles within the last two or three years.You can include some older studies to show you have looked at a wide range of studies.Chapter II Literature Review3)The literature review is a fine place to develop your
49、 theoretical underpinnings,again giving fairly current sources to substantiate your use of this theoretical and conceptual background.4)Use primary sources as much as possible.When using secondary sources,make certain you identify them.5)End the chapter with a brief summary of what was covered,its i
50、mportance to the overall study and lead us into the Methodology section(Chapter III).Chapter II Literature Review1)Contents The methods chapter tells your reader how you carried out the research that was needed to answer your research questions.The methods section/chapter functions to explain:WHEN t