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1、实用英语实用英语U2TextBU2TextBPre-reading TaskPre-reading TaskText-related InformationText-related InformationPre-reading ActivityPre-reading Activity Furthermore,Furthermore,most most of of the the responsible responsible contributions contributions to to the the debate debate have have been been written w
2、ritten in in such such highly highly technical technical terms terms as as to to be be incomprehensible incomprehensible to to the the laylay reader.reader.We We believe believe there there is is a a need need for for an an impartial impartial and and dispassionate dispassionate analysisanalysis of
3、of the the issuesissues involved involved in in language the public can understand.language the public can understand.2 2 While While every every effort effort should should be be made made to to develop develop the the more promising natural sources as quickly as possible,more promising natural sou
4、rces as quickly as possible,we we believe believe it it will will be be virtually virtually impossible impossible for for any any of of them them to to make make a a significantsignificant contribution contribution to to the the energy energy gap before the beginning of the next century.gap before t
5、he beginning of the next century.While-Reading TaskWhile-Reading Task3 3 If If the the world world is is not not to to face face a a substantial substantial fall fall in in living living standards standards with with a a very very real real risk risk of of civil civil upheaval upheaval if if not not
6、 war war there there is is no no alternative alternative but but to to rely rely on on a a major major contribution contribution of of energy energy from from nuclear nuclear sources.sources.However,However,as as it it is is,there there are are genuine genuine anxieties anxieties which which must mu
7、st be be answered answered objectively.objectively.These These fall fall under under the the following following broad headings:broad headings:(I)(I)The The long-term long-term effects effects of of the the low low level level radiation radiation to to which which workers workers in in the the plant
8、s plants and and the the public public may may be be exposedexposed;(II)(II)the the possibility possibility of of a a“run“run away”away”leading leading to to an an atomic atomic explosion;explosion;(III)the disposal of radioactive waste.(III)the disposal of radioactive waste.While-Reading TaskWhile-
9、Reading Task4 4 We will deal with these We will deal with these in turnin turn.5 5 1 1 Acceptable Acceptable limits limits of of radiation:radiation:The The long-term long-term effect effect of of low low doses doses of of radiation radiation is is a a particularly particularly difficult difficult s
10、ubject subject since since medical medical experts experts disagree disagree on on the the interpretation of such statistical evidence as is interpretation of such statistical evidence as is availableavailable.However,However,two two facts facts emergeemerge which which seem seem to to us us signifi
11、cant:significant:(a)(a)there there is is no no evidence evidence that that the the incidence incidence of of cancer cancer or or other other diseases diseases among among the the work-force work-force of of the the United United Kingdom Kingdom nuclear nuclear plants plants is is higher higher than
12、than the the national national average.average.(b)(b)the the average average exposure exposure of of the the public public to to radiation radiation as as a a result result of of nuclear nuclear power power is is only only a a minute minute fraction fraction(0.2(0.2 per per cent)cent)of of the the r
13、adiation radiation from from other other sources sources mainly natural.mainly natural.While-Reading TaskWhile-Reading Task6 6 2 2 The The worst worst conceivable conceivable accident:accident:It It must must be be accepted accepted that that no no process process or or mechanism mechanism can can b
14、e be 100 100 per per cent cent safe.safe.However,However,under under no no circumstancescircumstances could could a a thermal thermal power power reactor reactor of of any any type type explode explode like like an an atomic atomic bomb.bomb.The The worst worst that that could could happen happen in
15、 in the the improbable improbable event event ofof a a whole whole series series of of unlikely unlikely incidents incidents happening happening together,together,would would be be an an escape escape of of radioactivity radioactivity to to the the surrounding atmosphere.surrounding atmosphere.7 7 I
16、t It has has been been calculatedcalculated by by Professor Professor Rasmussen,Rasmussen,of of the the Massachusetts Massachusetts Institute Institute of of Technology,Technology,that that the the chances chances of of such such an an accident accident causing causing 100 100 deaths deaths for for
17、a a group group of of 100 100 power plants would be one incident in 100 000 years.power plants would be one incident in 100 000 years.While-Reading TaskWhile-Reading TaskWhile-Reading TaskWhile-Reading Task8 8 3 3 The The disposal disposal of of radioactive radioactive waste.waste.The The spent spen
18、t fuel fuel elements elements from from any any reactor reactor are are highly highly radioactive radioactive and and contain contain fission fission and and other other products products with with half half lives lives ranging fromranging from a few seconds to many thousands of years.a few seconds
19、to many thousands of years.9 9 It It should should be be realized,realized,however,however,that that the the radiation radiation(of(of whatever whatever sort)sort)emitted emitted by by a a particular particular element element is is caused caused by by the the process process of of its its radioacti
20、ve radioactive decay.decay.The The elements elements with with a a high high rate rate of of decay decay(short(short half half lives)lives)therefore therefore emit emit very very intenseintense radiation,radiation,while while those those with with low low rates rates of of decay(long half lives)emit
21、 only low levels.decay(long half lives)emit only low levels.10 10 After After chemical chemical separation,separation,some some of of the the elements elements(uranium(uranium and and plutonium)plutonium)are are recycled recycled for for further further use;use;the the remainder remainder have have
22、to to be be stored stored or or disposed disposed of of in in some some way.way.The The highly highly active active concentrated concentrated wastes wastes in in liquid liquid form form are are at at present present stored stored in in stainless stainless steel steel double-double-walled walled tank
23、s tanks for for additionaladditional safety.safety.There There would would be be obvious obvious advantages advantages from from the the point point of of view view of of long-term long-term storage storage if if the the concentrates concentrates could could be be converted converted toto a a solid,
24、solid,and and a a process process has has been been worked worked out out for for turning turning them them into an insoluble glass.into an insoluble glass.While-Reading TaskWhile-Reading Task1111 There There are are areas areas in in the the earths earths crust crust where where the the natural nat
25、ural levels levels of of radioactivity radioactivity are are already already high,high,and and as as in in so so many many other other instances,instances,the the additional additional radiation radiation due due to to mans mans efforts efforts would would be be insignificant insignificant compared
26、compared with natural sources.with natural sources.While-Reading TaskWhile-Reading Task Nuclear Power:More Advantages Than Risks Nuclear Power:More Advantages Than RisksNuclear Power:Advantages That Outweigh the RisksNuclear Power:Advantages That Outweigh the Risks The different opinions which come
27、from a The different opinions which come from a discussion on the safety of nuclear power.discussion on the safety of nuclear power.The views expressed in the debate on the safety of The views expressed in the debate on the safety of nuclear power have come mainly from the interested nuclear power h
28、ave come mainly from the interested parties.and the various environmental groups on parties.and the various environmental groups on the other.the other.e.g.e.g.The topic aroused an interesting The topic aroused an interesting debatedebate.Truth develops through Truth develops through debatedebate be
29、tween different between different views.views.debate:debate:n.n.a public meeting in which a question is a public meeting in which a question is talked talked over over by by at at least least 2 2 people people or or groups,groups,each expressing a different point of view;each expressing a different
30、point of view;argument or discussion in general argument or discussion in generale.g.e.g.There is urgent need to There is urgent need to debatedebate this issue openly.this issue openly.The subject was hotly The subject was hotly debateddebated.cf.cf.debate:debate:v.v.to argue about(something)in an
31、to argue about(something)in an effort to persuade other people effort to persuade other peoplethe groups that are directly concerned with the groups that are directly concerned with the issue and are likely to be affected by its the issue and are likely to be affected by its resultsresultsthe intere
32、sted parties:the interested parties:groups who are concerned with the protection groups who are concerned with the protection of the environment from pollution,etc.of the environment from pollution,etc.the environmental groups:the environmental groups:So So it it is is not not surprising surprising
33、that that the the public public doesnt doesnt know know who who is is right right because because many many views views in in the the debate debate are are contradictory contradictory and and some some of of them them have have been shocking.been shocking.It It is is not not surprising surprising th
34、erefore therefore that that the the public public is is confused confused by by the the many many contradictory contradictory statements,statements,some of which have been sensational.some of which have been sensational.e.g.e.g.The details of the agreement need more exact The details of the agreemen
35、t need more exact statementstatement.We need further facts to back up our We need further facts to back up our statementsstatements.statement:statement:n.n.1)an expression in words1)an expression in wordse.g.e.g.Do you believe the witnesss Do you believe the witnesss statementstatement?The education
36、al authorities gave out the The educational authorities gave out the following following statementstatement.statement:statement:n.n.2)a written or spoken declaration,2)a written or spoken declaration,esp.of a formal kind esp.of a formal kind .most most of of the the sensible sensible and and reliabl
37、e reliable articles articles for for the the debate debate have have been been written written in in such such highly highly technical technical terms terms that that the the non-professional non-professional reader can not understand them.reader can not understand them.most most of of the the respo
38、nsible responsible contributions contributions to to the the debate debate have have been been written written in in such such highly highly technical technical terms as to be incomprehensible to the lay reader.terms as to be incomprehensible to the lay reader.e.g.e.g.laylay opinion(opinion(外行意见外行意见
39、外行意见外行意见)to the to the laylay mind(mind(对外行人来说对外行人来说对外行人来说对外行人来说)lay:lay:v.v.not trained in or having knowledge of not trained in or having knowledge of a particular profession or branch of a particular profession or branch of learning,such as law or medicine learning,such as law or medicine We We b
40、elieve believe that that it it is is necessary necessary to to have have a a fair fair and and objective objective explanation explanation of of the the problems problems concerned concerned using using no no complicated complicated technical technical language that the public cant understand.langua
41、ge that the public cant understand.We We believe believe there there is is a a need need for for an an impartial impartial and and dispassionate dispassionate analysis analysis of of the the issues issues involved involved in in language the public can understand.language the public can understand.e
42、.g.e.g.The FBI wants a complete The FBI wants a complete analysisanalysis of how the crime of how the crime was committed.was committed.On On analysisanalysis,it gave the following results.,it gave the following results.analysis:analysis:n.n.an examination of something together with an examination o
43、f something together with thoughts and judgments about it thoughts and judgments about ite.g.e.g.That That issueissue must be decided before any other must be decided before any other questions can be dealt with.questions can be dealt with.Whether I go there or not is a debatable Whether I go there
44、or not is a debatable issueissue.issue:issue:n.n.1)a question that arises for discussion 1)a question that arises for discussione.g.e.g.The motor vehicle department handles the The motor vehicle department handles the issueissue of driving licences.of driving licences.The The issueissue of water fro
45、m the cracked pipe grew of water from the cracked pipe grew so serious that we called the dire department.so serious that we called the dire department.issue:issue:n.n.2)the act of coming out2)the act of coming oute.g.e.g.Have you read todays Have you read todays issueissue of“The Times”?of“The Time
46、s”?The last The last issueissue of our weekly paper consisted of our weekly paper consisted of 1 000 copies.of 1 000 copies.issue:issue:n.n.3)something printed3)something printed .we we believe believe it it will will be be almost almost impossible impossible for for any any of of them them to to he
47、lp help to to fill fill to to an an important important degree degree the energy gap.the energy gap.we we believe believe it it will will be be virtually virtually impossible impossible for for any any of of them them to to make make a a significant significant contribution contribution to to the th
48、e energy gap.energy gap.e.g.e.g.Penicillin was an extremely Penicillin was an extremely significantsignificant medical medical discovery.discovery.Does the report give all the Does the report give all the significantsignificant facts of facts of the case?the case?significant:significant:a.a.of notic
49、eable importance or effect of noticeable importance or effect.the only type of energy we can rely on is from .the only type of energy we can rely on is from nuclear sources.nuclear sources.there is no alternative but to rely on a major.there is no alternative but to rely on a major contribution of e
50、nergy from nuclear sources.contribution of energy from nuclear sources.But,in fact,there are real worries.But,in fact,there are real worries.However,as it is,there are genuine anxieties.However,as it is,there are genuine anxieties.e.g.e.g.I thought things would get better,but I thought things would