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1、The Myth of Sisyphus西西弗斯神话故事The gods had condemned Sisyphus to ceaselessly rolling a rock to the top of a mountain, whence (he stone would fall back of ils own weight. They had thought with some reason that there is no more dreadful punishment than futile and hopeless labor.众神判决，西西弗斯要把一块巨石推到山顶上，然而巨石
2、却会因为自身太重滚回原位, 于是西西弗斯只得永无止境地做这件事。因为出于某种理由，他们认为，徒劳无望的劳动是 最可怕的惩罚。If one believes Homer, Sisyphus was the wisest and most prudent of mortals. According to another tradition, however, he was disposed to practice the profession of highwayman. I see no contradiction in (his. Opinions differ as to the reaso
3、ns why he became the futile laborer of (he underworld.如果我们采信荷马的故事，那么西西弗斯无疑就是最聪明、最谨慎的凡人了。然而，从 另个传说来看，他更像是拦路抢劫的强盗。我认为这并不矛盾。而至于他被囚于冥界、徒 劳无益地推着巨石的原因，却是众说纷纭。To begin with, he is accused of a certain levity in regard to the gods. He stole their secrets. Aegina, the daughter of Aesopus, was carried off by
4、Jupiter. The father was shocked by that disappearance and complained to Sisyphus. He, who knew of the abduction, offered (o tell about i( on condition that Aesopus would give water to the citadel of Corinth.首先，西西弗斯被指控对众神不恭敬。他窃取了众神的秘密。朱庇特拐走了阿索普斯的 女儿艾吉娜。对于女儿的失踪，阿索普斯既吃惊又愤怒，于是找西西弗斯来诉苦。西西弗斯 知道了这起诱拐案后，承诺只
5、要阿索普斯向科林斯的城堡供水，就把这件神的丑闻宣扬出去。To the celestial thunderbolts he prefeiTed the benediction of water. He was punished for this in the underworld. Homer tells us also that Sisyphus had put Death in chains. Pluto could not endure the sight of his deserted, silent empire. He dispatched the god of war who li
6、berated Death from the hands of her conqueror.他不在乎神王的雷电之罚，只要能弄到水源就可以了。他因此在冥界受到了惩罚。荷马 还告诉我们，西西弗斯曾用锁链把死神锁起来。冥王布鲁托无法忍受自己的帝国荒凉寂静的 景象。他派遣战神将死神从西西弗斯那里救了回来。It is said also that Sisyphus, being near to death, rashly wanted to test his wifes love. He ordered her to cast his unburied body into the middle of t
7、he public square. Sisyphus woke up in the underworld. And there, annoyed by an obedience so contrary to human love, he obtained from Pluto permission to return to earth in order to chastise his wife.还有传说称，西西弗斯在临死前，有失考虑地想试探妻子对自己的感情。他命令妻子不 要把他下葬，而要把他的尸体扔到公共广场中央。西西弗斯在阴间醒来后，发现妻子真的把 他的尸体扔在了广场上。虽然妻子是在遵从他的
8、遗命，但是他仍然很恼怒，认为妻子并不爱 他，于是他请求冥王让他返回人间，惩罚妻子。冥王同意了。But when he had seen again the face of this world, enjoyed water and sun, warm stones and the sea, he no longer wanted to go back to the infernal darkness. Recalls, signs of anger, warnings were of no avail. Many years more, he lived facing the curve of
9、 the gulf, the sparkling sea, and the smiles of earth. A decree of (he gods was necessary. Mercury came and seized the impudent man by the collar and, snatching him from his joys, led him forcibly back to the underworld where his rock was ready for him.但当他再次看到人间，畅饮着甘甜的清水，沐浴着明媚的阳光，触摸着温暖的石头，泛 舟辽阔的大海时，
10、他再也不想回到地狱的无尽黑暗里去了。对于冥神的召唤、愤怒征兆和 警告，他都置之不理。他在人间又生活了好多年，而且他居住的地方面朝着蜿蜒的海湾、波 光粼粼的大海还有富饶的大地。但诸神的旨意是逃不过的。墨丘利来了，抓住这个无耻之徒 的衣领，把他从安乐窝中揪了出来，然后打入冥界，在那里已经为他准备好了一块石头。You have already grasped that Sisyphus is the absurd hero. He is, as much through his passions as through his torture. His scorn of (he gods, his h
11、atred of death, and his passion fbr life won him that unspeakable that cannot be described in words, usually because it is so bad penalty in which the whole being is exerted towards accomplishing nothing. This is the price that must be paid for the passions of (his earth.现在你已经明白了，西西弗斯就是个荒诞的英雄。他做事的时候
12、有多冲动，所受的折磨 就有多严酷。他蔑视诸神，憎恨死亡，对生命充满激情，于是就要承受那种难以言喻(无法 用语言描述)的惩罚。因为这是一种非常恶毒的惩罚，受到惩罚的西西弗斯将会一事无成。 这就是他要为留在人间的冲动所必须付出的代价。Nothing is told us about Sisyphus in the underworld. Myths are made fbr the imagination to breathe life into them. As fbr this myth, one sees merely the whole effort of a body straining
13、 to raise the huge stone, to roll it and push it up a slope a hundred times over; one sees the face screwed up, the cheek tight against the stone, the shoulder bracing the clay-covcrcd mass, the foot wedging it, the fresh start with arms outstretched, the wholly human security of two earth-clotted h
14、ands.故事中没有告诉我们任何西西弗斯在地狱里的情况。神话故事的生命源于想象。在这个 神话里，人们看到的只是西西弗斯拼尽全身力气举起巨石，无数次地把它滚上山坡；人们看 到他面容扭曲，脸颊紧贴着满是泥土的石头，肩扛、脚挤，终于把石头滚上山顶，但只要胳 膊一松，巨石就会滚落，一切又要从头开始。他能依靠的只有一双沾满泥土的手。At the very end of his long effort measured by skyless space and time without depth, (he purpose is achieved. Then Sisyphus watches the st
15、one rush down in a few moments towards that lower world whence he will have to push it up again towards (he summit. He goes back down to the plain.西西弗斯的苦役称得上无穷无尽，不知过了多久之后，他总算到了山顶，几乎触摸到了 天空，才终于实现了自己的目标。然后他只能眼睁睁地看着石头往下滚，很快就滚到了山脚 下，于是他不得不再次回到山脚平原，重新把巨石推向山顶。It is during that return, (hat pause, that Sis
16、yphus interests me. A face that toils so close to stones is already stone itself! I see that man going back down with a heavy yet measured step towards the torment of which he will never know the end. That hour like a breathing-space which returns as surely as his sufTering, that is the hour of cons
17、ciousness. At each of those moments when he leaves (he heights and gradually sinks towards the lairs of the gods, he is superior to his fate. He is stronger than his rock.西西弗斯受到的这种徒劳的反复折磨引起了我的兴趣。他的脸在艰辛的努力中紧贴着巨 石，也可以说他脸已经变成了坚硬的石头！我看到他拖着沉重而均匀的脚步走向那无尽的苦 难。这个时候西西弗斯的意识是清醒的，就像一个喘息的机会，与他的痛苦一样不断重:复。 每次他走下山顶
18、，慢慢走向神祇们的盘踞之所，都说明他并未屈服于自己的命运。他的意志 比那块巨石还要坚强。If this myth is tragic, that is because its hero is conscious. Where would his torture be, indeed, if at every step the hope of succeeding upheld him? The workman of today works every day in his life at the same casks and this fate is no less absurd. But i
19、t is tragic only at the rare moments when it becomes conscious. Sisyphus, proletarian of the gods, powerless and rebellious, knows the whole extent of his wretched condition; it is what he thinks of during his descent. The lucidity that was to constitute his torture at the same time crowns his victo
20、ry. There is no fate that cannot be surmounted by scorn.如果这个神话是个悲剧，那便是因为其中的主角清楚地知道自己的结局。确实，如果他 每迈出一步都能看到成功的希望，那么他所受的苦刑又算得了什么呢？今天的工人终其一 生，每天都在做着同样的工作，这种命运也同样荒谬。但是，只有在人们认识到自己的这种 处境时，人生才算得上是悲剧，但这种情况非常罕见。西西弗斯是诸神中的无产者，明明没 有力量对抗，但却偏偏充满叛逆之心，他完全清楚自己所处的悲惨境地：在堕入地狱时，他 想到的正是这悲惨的境地。他的头脑清醒，这对他来说是一种折磨，但又是他胜利的标志。 无
21、论命运如何不幸，只要你不把它当回事，它就不叫事。If (he descent is thus sometimes performed in sorrow, it can also lake place in joy. The word is not too much. Again I fancy Sisyphus returning towards his rock, and the sorrow was in the beginning. When the images of earth cling too tightly (o memory, when (he call of happin
22、ess becomes too insistent, it happens that melancholy rises in mans heart: this is the rocks victory, this is the rock itself.下山时的心情可能是痛苦的，但也可能是满怀喜悦的。这么说并不过分。我再次想象西 西弗斯朝巨石走去，一开始他确实感到悲伤。他无法忘记人间的景象，也无法无视幸福那无 法抵挡的召唤，于是他的心中涌起了惆怅：这就是岩石的胜利，这就是岩石本身。The boundless grief is too heavy to bear. These arc our ni
23、ghts of Gethsemane. But crushing (ruths perish from being acknowledged. Thus Oedipus at the outset obeys fate without knowing it. But from the moment he knows, his tragedy begins. Yet at the same moment, blind and desperate, he realizes that the only bond linking him to the world is the cool hand of
24、 a girl.无尽的悲哀沉重得让人难以承受。这就是我们的蒙难夜。但是事实令人绝望，一旦知晓， 就只能接受。因此，俄狄浦斯刚开始毫无发觉，就顺从了命运。但从他知道真相的那一刻起， 他的悲剧就开始了。然而与此同时，失明而绝望的俄狄浦斯意识到，连接他和世界的唯一纽 带是一个女孩冰凉的手。Then a tremendous remark tings out: Despite so many ordeals my advanced age and the nobility of my soul make me conclude that all is well. Sophocles* Oedipus,
25、 like Dostoievskys Kirilov, thus gives the recipe for the absurd victory. Ancient wisdom confirms modem heroism.然后，一种影响极大的言论冒了出来：尽管经历了那么多的磨难，但我经历的绵长岁月 和我高贵的灵魂让我觉得一切都很好。索福克勒斯的俄狄浦斯和陀思妥耶夫斯基的基 里洛夫一样，都提出了这种荒谬的精神胜利法。古人的智慧证实了现代的英雄主义。One docs not discover the absurd without being tempted to write a manual o
26、f happiness. What! by such narrow ways.?1 There is but one world, however. Happiness and the absurd are two sons of the same earth. They are inseparable. It would be a mistake to say that happiness necessarily springs from the absurd discovery. It happens as well (hat the feeling of the absurd sprin
27、gs from happiness.如果人们没有因此想要写一本幸福指南，就不会发现这种精神胜利法的荒津之处。“什 么！用这么狭隘的方式？ ”然而，只有一个世界。幸福和荒诞是同一个地球的两个儿子。它 们是不可分割的。如果说幸福必然来源于荒谬的发现，那就错了，因为荒谬的感情也很可能 源于幸福。I conclude that all is well, says Oedipus, and that remark is sacred. It echoes in the wild and limited universe of man. It teaches that all is not, has no
28、t been, exhausted. It drives out of this world a god who had come into it with dissatisfaction and a preference for futile sufferings. It makes of fate a human matter, which must be settled among men.All Sisyphus silent joy is contained therein. His fate belongs to him. His rock is his thing. “我觉得一切
29、还不错，”俄狄浦斯这句话被奉为神音,在人类狂野和有限的宇宙中回响。 它告诉我们，一切都不会耗尽，也从未曾耗尽。它把这个带来不满和徒劳痛苦的神赶出了这 个世界。它让人类掌握了命运，必须由人来解决。西西弗所有无声的快乐都包含在这句话中。他的命运属于自己。他的石头是他命运的一 局部。Likewise, the absurd man, when he contemplates his torment, silences all the idols. In the universe suddenly restored to its silence, the myriad wondering little
30、 voices of (he earth rise up. Unconscious, secret calls, invitations from all the faces, they are the necessary reverse and price of victory. There is no sun without shadow, and it is essential (o know (he night.同样地，当这个行为荒唐的人因自己所受的折磨陷入沉思时，所有的神明都不发一言。 在突然恢复寂静的宇宙中，地球上无数充满好奇的微弱声音响了起来,无意识的无声呼唤， 来自所有人的邀请
31、，它们都是获得胜利的过程中不可防止的挫折和代价。有太阳就必然有阴 影，我们必须直面黑夜。The absurd man says yes and his effort will henceforth be unceasing. If there is a personal fate, there is no higher destiny or at least there is but one which he concludes is inevitable and despicable. For (he rest, he knows himself to be the master of hi
32、s days.这个荒唐的男人对此必会首肯，而他从此之后将受到永无休止的折磨。如果存在个人命 运，那就不会有更高一等的命运。或者即使有更高一等的命运，也只是个人认为不可防止而 且可鄙的命运。除了这些，他知道自己可以主宰自己的命运。At that subtle moment when man glances backward over his life, Sisyphus returning towards his rock, in that slight pivoting, he contemplates that series of unrelated actions which become
33、s his fate, created by him, combined under his memorys eye and soon scaled by his death. Thus, convinced of ihe wholly human origin of all that is human, a blind man eager to see who knows that the night has no end, he is still on the go. The rock is still rolling.在那个微妙的时刻，西西弗斯一边回顾自己的一生，一边走回到了他的石头跟前
34、，在那 个微缺乏道的原地转身中，他思忖着自己那系列不相关的举动，这成为了他的命运，由他 自己创造的命运。这些举动在他的记忆中合而为一，并很快就随着他的死亡盖棺定论。因此， 他确信人的命运完全是人自己的因果。一个渴望看到光明的盲人，即使知道黑夜没有尽头， 也不会放弃这个信念。石头仍然在滚动。I leave Sisyphus al the fool of the mountain! One always finds ones burden again. Bui Sisyphus teaches the higher fidelity that negates the gods and raises
35、 rocks. He, too, concludes that all is well. This universe henceforth without a master seems to him neither sterile nor futile. Each atom of that stone, each mineral flake of that night-filled mountain, in itself forms a world. The struggle itself towards the heights is enough to fill a mans heart.
36、One must imagine Sisyphus happy.我把西西弗斯留在山脚下！人总是一次又一次地给自己找到负担。但西西弗斯教导人们 要忠诚于更高层次的存在，否认众神，举起石头。他也总结道，一切都很好。在他看来，从 此之后，这个没有主宰的宇宙，既不贫瘠，也不会让人徒劳无功。那块石头的每一个原子， 那座黑夜笼罩的山中的每一片矿物，本身就都能构成一个世界。朝向高处攀爬的努力本身就 足以让一个人的心灵感到充实。我们必须想象西西弗斯是快乐的。应柴要从胚胎瓶起The boundless grief is too heavy to bear. These are our nights of Get
37、hsemane. But crushing truths perish from being acknowledged. Thus Oedipus at the outset obeys fate without knowing it. But from the moment he knows, his tragedy begins. Yet at the same moment, blind and desperate, he realizes that the only bond linking him to the world is the cool hand of a girl.无尽哀伤，何从释怀.如是长夜，正是吾人之伶仃洋，风波亭.不过，虽然真相太过沉重，只 要昂首正视之，无不烟消云散.起初，俄狄浦斯顺服命运之安排而懵然不知.待其得知真相， 方是其人生悲剧之发端.但在同一时刻，虽双目不复能视，一心绝望苍凉，却也得以觉悟：自 己与尘世殊隔，唯有一童女冰凉之手相牵，维系二者.