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1、精品_精品资料_的理信息系统考试试题1. 什么是的理信息系统.它与的图数据库有什么异同.与的理信息的关系是什么.2. 通过课程的学习,你对的图投影与的图比例尺之间的关系有什么新的熟悉？3. What are the development periods, status quo and the most urgent key problems to be solved inGIS.4. How Geo-Spatial Information describe the true word in digital form.5. Describe metadata conception, types
2、 and its function.6. Illustrate the characteristics of GIS spatial Database and its basic organizing pattern.7. Describe metadata and its types and function.答案： 1. 什么是的理信息系统 .它与的图数据库有什么异同.与的理信息的关系是什么 .的理信息系统简称为GIS.关于它准确的全称,多数人认为是 Geographical Information System,也有人认为是 Geo-Information System.不同领域、不同专
3、业对GIS 的懂得不同,目前没有完全统一的被普遍接受的定义：1） 美国学者 Parker 认为“GIS是一种存贮、分析和显示空间与非空间数据的信息技 术”.2）加拿大的 Roger Tomlinson认为“GIS是全方位分析和操作的理数据的数字系统 ”. 3）Goodchild 把 GIS 定义为 “采集、存贮、治理、分析和显示有关的理现象信息的综合系统 ”. 4）Burrough 认为“GIS是属于从现实世界中采集、储备、提取、转换和显示空间数据的一组有力的工具”. 5）俄罗斯学者也把GIS定义为 “一种解决各种复杂的的理相关问题, 以及具有内部联系的工具集合”.6）美国国家的理信息与分析中
4、心给出的定义：“GIS为了猎取、储备、检索、分析 和显示空间定位数据而建立的运算机化的数据库治理系统”. 7）英国训练部认 为： “GIS是一种猎取、储备、检索、操作、分析和显示的球空间数据的运算机系统”.这些定义,有的侧重于GIS 的技术内涵,有的就强调GIS 的应用功能.本人倾向认为： 的理信息系统应当是在运算机硬、软件系统支持下, 对整个或部分的球表层（包括大气层）空间中的有关的理分布数据进行采集、储存、治理、 运算、分析、显示和描述的技术系统.的理信息系统处理、治理的对象是多种的 理空间实体数据及其关系,包括空间定位数据、图形数据、遥感图像数据、属性 数据等,用于分析和处理在肯定的理区
5、域内分布的各种现象和过程,解决复杂的规划、决策和治理问题. 的图数据库可以从两个方面来懂得：一是把它看作是软件系统,即“的图数据库治理系统” .一是把它看作是的图信息的载体数字的图.的图数据库使的图信息表现为结构化的数据集合,可以为多个部门使用, 从而扩大了其使用范畴, 削减了大量的不必要的用于重复猎取数据而消耗的人力物力.另一方面, 的图数据库中的信息 （的图数据） 可以能以多种方式进行处理, 为不同的应用供应决策依据. 的理信息系统与的图数据库的共同点在于：都有的图编辑、输出、查询、检索功能,的图数据库也是GIS 的重要组成部分,为综 合图形和属性进行深层次的空间分析供应帮助决策信息.本质
6、区分在于： 的图数据库侧重于数据的查询、 分类及自动符号化等, 强调数据显示、 治理而非数据分析,的理信息系统不仅实现了的理空间信息的采集、储存、治理,更重要的在于 其空间分析功能. 的理信息是有关的理实体的性质、特点和运动状态的表征和一切有用的学问, 它是对表达的理特点与的理现象之间关系的的理数据的说明.的理数据就是各种的理特点和现象间关系的符号化表示,包括空间位置、 属性特点准时域特点三部分. 的理信息是的理信息系统赖以进行空间分析的数据基础和理论基础2. 通过课程的学习,你对的图投影与的图比例尺之间的关系有什么新的熟悉？一 概念阐述：（ 1）的图投影：就是把的球椭球面上的点、线即经纬线
7、投影在可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_平面图纸上.它是讨论把的球椭球风光上的经纬网根据肯定的数学法就转绘到平 面上的方法及其变形问题. 的图投影的方法有几何法和解析法. 几何法是以平面、圆柱面、圆锥面为承影面,将曲面（的球椭球面）转绘到平面（的图）上的一种古老方法, 这种直观的透视投影方法有很大的局限性.解析法是确定球面上的的理坐标与平面上对应点的直角坐标之间的函数关系.将的球椭球面上的点投影到平面上, 必定会产生变形, 这是由于椭球面是一个不行展的曲面所打算的.在的球面上肯定间隔的经差和纬差构成经纬网,相邻两条纬线件的很多网格具有相同 的外形和大小.但投影到平面后, 往往产生
8、明显的差异, 这就是投影变形导致的.这种变形表现在外形和大小上发生了变形,实质上,就是由投影产生了长度变形、面积变形、角度变形.（ 2）的图的比例尺,是指的图上某线段的长度与实的相应线段的水平长度之比. 其表现形式有数字比例尺、文字比例尺和图解比例尺. 的图上的比例尺又分为主比例尺和局部比例尺.在运算的图投影或制作的图时,将的球椭球按肯定比率缩小而表示在平面上,这个比率称为的图的主比例尺,或称一般比例尺.的图上除保持主比例尺的点或线以外其他部分的比例尺称为局部比例尺.局部比例尺的变化比较复杂,它们依投影种类、投影性质的不同,经常是 随着线段的方向和位置而变化的,对于某些需要在图上进行量测的的图
9、,便要采用肯定的方式设法表示出该图的局部比例尺.二两者的关系：的图投影的选取打算于的图的应用及其比例尺大小,例如,墨卡托投影适用于海图,其面积变形 随着纬度的增高而加大, 但其方向变形很小. 横轴墨卡托投影的面积变形随着距中心经线的距离的加大而增大,适用于制作不同的国家的图. 等角投影常用于航海图、风向图、洋流图等.现在世界各国的势图采纳此类投影比较多.等积投影 用于绘制经济的区图和某些自然的图.对于大多数数学的图和小比例尺一般的图来说,应优先考虑等积的要求.的理区域,诸如国家、水域和的理分类的区（植 被、人口、气候等）相对分布范畴,明显是非常重要的内容.任意投影常用作数学的图, 以及要求沿某
10、一主方向保持距离正确的的图.常用作世界的图的投影有墨卡托投影、 高尔投影、摩尔威特投影、 等差分纬线多圆锥投影、 格灵顿投影、桑森投影、乌尔马耶夫投影等.3. What are the development periods, status quo and the most urgent key problems to be solved in GISA.nswer：1The development course of GIS ：The phase of GIS appearance:In 1963,Canada survey scientist R.F.Tomlinson firstly p
11、ut forward the term of GIS, and builds the first GIS in the world- CGIS that is used tomanage natural resources. The phase of GIS consolidation:In 1970s, Due to the effect of computer hardware and software technology development, GIS technology is developed to the practical direction. Some advanced
12、countries successively built many professional LMIS and GIS. Meanwhile, GIS software market is very active.The government, commercial company and university began to pay attention to GIS technology and GIS become a domain that attracts everyone.The phase of GISpopularization and application:In 1980s
13、, With the improvement of ratio of capability and price of figure workstation and PC, Computers and spatial information system are widely applied. GIS application began to change from the spatial data management tospatial decision analysis with the development of GIS software and hardware. In 1990s,
14、With the building of geography information industry and the popularization of digital information product in the world, GIS goes into a large number ofhouseholds and becomes a assistant and tool of peoples life, study and work.2Critical questions must be solved in the future:Methodology of GIS desig
15、n and realization;Functions of GIS;Management and operations of multi-media GIS;Deep可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_process of geographical information in GIS;Visual and VR technology of spatial information. The information islands and the information sharing problems4. How geo-spatial information describe
16、the true world in digital form.Answer:We subdivide the true world, the earths surface into meaningful entities orobjects that can be characterized. Each accident that happens on the true world can be digitized. The geometrical entities of geo-spatial include several primitive types suchas point, lin
17、e, polygon, surface, volume and so on. The model of the earth, in this way, can be represented in a spatial database.The digital representation of geographicalinformation is usually in two ways: vector and raster.Vector Data Structure is based on MA Mathematic Analysis, which uses point, line and ar
18、row to describe geographicalentities in a coordinate. So Vector Data Structure is in order. Concretely speaking, Vector Data Structures are based on elemental points, whose locations are known to arbitrary precision. Many computer graphics and computer-aided-design systems use vector-like models as
19、their internal data organization, using primitives such as points,lines and circles.Since the geo-spatial is so complex, that vector data structure cat n represent it in detail and clearly. We think of using raster data structure.Raster data structure is based on LALiner Math Analysis. In a raster s
20、tructure, a value for the parameter of interest-elevation in meters above datum, land use class form a specifiedlist, plant biomass in grams per square meter, and so forth is developed for every cell in a array over space. This kind of data structure is intuitive, we might imagine a survey team dete
21、rmining elevations at regular distances along lines of constantlatitude.5. Describe metadata and its types and functioAnn. swer:When you look through a map,you may understand something on it,no matter which country this map was made in,but you can never understand anything from a spatial data.You ne
22、ed a kind of datato tell you something about it,that is metadata.Till now,there is no exact definitionabout it,it is generally considered as such data that used to illustrate other datas.To better understand metadata and use metadata,we classify it into servaltypes.According to its content,it is cla
23、ssified into three types:Scientific research metadata,which helps users to get data from all kinds of sources and other relatedinformation;Assess metadata,which is used to assess the use of data;Model metadata,used to describe the data model.According to the object it describes,it is classified into
24、 other three types:Data layer metada,to describe each data in data assembly;Attribute metadata,related to attribute data;Entity metada,to describe the whole data assembly.According to its function in the system,it is classified into twotypes:system level metadata,to realize the file-system character
25、s or to manage the datainformation in the file system;Application-level metadata,which helps users to search,estimate,visit and manage data as well as some other information related todata users.According to its function,it is classified into two types:Illustration metadata ,specially serves when us
26、ers use data:Control metadata,used to control the operate process of a computer.The main function of metadata include five aspects:The first one is to help the data produced unit to efficientlly manage and maintain spatialdata,to establish data documentation,and to ensure the understanding of data.S
27、econd,the metadata will provide the data-produced unit with lots of information about data storage,data classification,data content,data quality,data clearing house,datasale and so on,so as to be convenient for users to search and reach spatial data.Thethird one is to provide methods or ways of sear
28、ching data through the Interner,and assitant information about data exchange and transportation.The forth one is to help users to understand data,so as to make correct judgement about shether the data could meet their needs.The last one is to provide some information that is helpful for users可编辑资料 -
29、 - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_to process and convert useful data.6. Illustrate the characteristics of GIS spatial Database and its basic organizing pattern.Answer:Characteristics: 1Traditional database system managesdiscrete,low-correlative numbers and strings.Geographic information data is continuous, and has a
30、 strong spatial relevance.2 Traditional database systemmanages little types of entities, and the spatial relationship among them is usually simple and fixed.The entity type of geographic spatial data is various,among which there is a complex spatial relationship,and some new relationship may come ab
31、out.3 Traditional database system usually stores data recorded of the equal length.Geographic spatial data often includes unfixed-length record,and the data items may be large and complicated,because different spatial object has different coordinate string length.4 Traditional database system only h
32、andles and inquires information ofwords and numbers.Spatial database requires much spatial data operating and inquiring.Basic organizing pattern: Hybrid model:Its basic concept is to use twosub-systems to store and search spatial data and attribute data separately.Attribute data is stored in convent
33、ional RDBMS while geometric data is stored in spatial data manage system.These two sub system are connected by a kind of totem.Whilesearching the object,it is essential to inquire the two sub systems at the same time,thencombine their answers.Considering part of this hybrid model is based on standar
34、d RDBMS,storing and searching data seems to be more effective and reliable.But as the rules of the two sub systems are different from each other,the data stored outsideRDBMS may sometimes lose its meaning.Besides,the qualification of the integrality of data is likely to be destroyed.7. Describe meta
35、data and its types and functio. nAnswer:When you look through a map,you may understand something on it,no matter which country this map was made in,but you can never understand anything from a spatial data.You need a kind of data to tell you something about it,that is metadata.Till now,there is no e
36、xact definition about it,it is generally considered as such data thatused to illustrate other datas.To better understand metadata and use metadata,we classify it into serval types.According to its content,it is classified into threetypes:Scientific research metadata,which helps users to get data fro
37、m all kinds of sources and other related information;Assess metadata,which is used to assess the useof data;Model metadata,used to describe the data model.According to the object it describes,it is classified into other three types:Data layer metada,to describe each data in data assembly;Attribute m
38、etadata,related to attribute data;Entity metada,to describethe whole data assembly.According to its function in the system,it is classified into two types:system level metadata,to realize the file-system characters or to manage thedata information in the file system;Application-level metadata,which
39、helps users tosearch,estimate,visit and manage data as well as some other information related to data users.According to its function,it is classified into two types:Illustrationmetadata ,specially serves when users use data:Control metadata,used to control the operate process of a computer.The main
40、 function of metadata include five aspects:The first one is to help the data produced unit to efficientlly manage and maintain spatial data,to establish data documentation,and to ensure the understanding ofdata.Second,the metadata will provide the data-produced unit with lots of information about da
41、ta storage,data classification,data content,data quality,data clearing house,datasale and so on,so as to be convenient for users to search and reach spatial data.The third one is to provide methods or ways of searching data through the Interner,and assitant information about data exchange and transportation.The forth one is to help users to understand data,so as to make correct judgement about shether the data could可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_meet their needs.The last one is to provide some information that is helpful for users to process and convert useful data.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载