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1、精品_精品资料_高中英语语法大全词法第 1 章 主谓一样一. 概念:主谓一样是指:1) 语法形式上要一样,即单复数形式与谓语要一样.2) 意义上要一样,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一样.3) 就近原就,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,一般来说,不行数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数.例如:There is much water in the thermos.但当不行数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式.例如:Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.二. 相关学问点精讲1. 并列结构作主语时谓语
2、用复数,例如:Reading and writing are very important.读写很重要.留意: 当主语由 and 连结时,假如它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数, and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词.例如:The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义.典型例题The League secretary and monitorasked to make a speech at the meeting.A. isB. wasC. areD. were答案
3、B.注: 先从时态上考虑.这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A., C.此题易误选 D,由于 The League secretaryand monitor好象是两个人, 但认真辨别, monitor 前没有 the ,在英语中, 当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词.后面的职务用 and 相连.这样此题主语为一个人,所以应选B.2. 主谓一样中的靠近原就1 当 there be句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一样.例如:There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书.There
4、are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩.2)当 either , or , 与 neither , nor ,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一样.假如句子是由 here, there 引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一样.例如:Either you or she is to go.不是你去,就是她去.Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.给你笔、信封和纸.3. 谓语动词与
5、前面的主语一样可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_当主语有 with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一样.例如:The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.老师和一些同学在参观工厂.He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船.4. 谓语需用单数的情形1) 代词 each 以及由 every, some, no, any等构成的复
6、合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each, every时,谓语需用单数.例如:Each of us has a tape-recorder.我们每人都有录音机.There is something wrong with my watch.我的表坏了.2) 当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.天方夜谭是英语爱好者熟识的一本书.3) 表示金钱, 时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体, 谓语一般用单数.例如:Three weeks was allowe
7、d for making the necessary preparations.用三个星期来做预备.Ten yuan is enough.十元够了.5. 指代意义打算谓语的单复数1)代词 what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数打算.例如:All is right.一切顺当.All are present.人都到齐了.2) 集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要依据主语的意思来打算.如 family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后,谓语动词
8、用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体.例如:His family isnt very large.他家成员不多.His family are music lovers.他家个个都是音乐爱好者.但集合名词 people,police,cattle,poultry等在任何情形下都用复数形式.例如:Are there any police around.邻近有警察吗?3) 有些名词,如 variety,number, population,proportion,majority等有时看作单数, 有时看作复数.例如:A number of +名词复数 +复数动词.The nu
9、mber of +名词复数 +单数动词.A number of books have lent out.The majority of the students like English.6. 与后接名词或代词保持一样的情形1) 用 half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与 of 后面的名词 / 代词保持一样.例如:Most of his money is spent on books.他大部分的钱化在书上了.Most of the students are taking an active pa
10、rt in sports.大部分同学积极参与体育运动.2) 用 a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数.例如:A seriesof accidentshas been reported.媒体报道了一连串的事故.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_A pile of lots was set beside the hearth.炉边有一堆木柴.3) 如 many a或 more than one所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式.但由more than ,of作主语时,动词应与其后的名词
11、或代词保持一样.例如:Many a person has read the novel.很多人读过这本书.More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的同学来自这个城市.三. 巩固练习() 1. The number of people invitedfifty, but a number of them absent for different reasons.A. were, wasB. was, wasC. was, wereD. were, were() 2. E-mail, as well as telep
12、hones,an important part in daily communication.A. is playingB. have playedC. are playingD. play() 3.of the land in that districtcovered with trees and grass.A. Two fifth, isB. Two fifth, areC. Two fifths, isD. Two fifths, are() 4. Ten minutesa long time for one who waits.A. seemB. seemsC. seemedD. a
13、re seemed() 5. Eric is the only one of the boys whoa driving license.A. hasB. haveC. is havingD. are having() 6. Joy and Sorrownext-door neighbours.A. isB. areC. wereD. be() 7. In my opinion, some of the newsunbelievable.A. areB. isC. has beenD. have been() 8. Whenthe United Nations founded.A. isB.
14、areC. wasD. were() 9. Every possible means.A. has triedB. has been triedC. was triedD. were tried() 10. What she says and doesnothing to do with me.A. wasB. wereC. hasD. have() 11. Therea dictionary and several books on the desk.A. areB. mustC. have beenD. is() 12. Nobodyseen the film. It s a pity.A
15、. but Tom and Jack haveB. except Tom and Jack haveC. but my friends hasD. but I have() 13. No teacher and no studentA. are admittedB. is admitted可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_C. are admittingD. is admitting() 14. All but onehere just now.A. isB. wasC. has beenD. were() 15. When and where to build the new
16、factoryyet.A. is not decidedB. are not decidedC. has not decidedD. have not decided() 16. The writer and singerhere.A. isB. areC. wereD. do() 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutesall that I can spare to talk with you.A. areB. wasC. isD. were() 18. Inthose days John withhisclassmateskeptbusy p
17、reparingfor the exam.A. isB. areC. wasD. were() 19.your clothes. No, minehanging over there.A. Is it, isB. Are these, areC. Is it, areD. Are these, is() 20. The Smiths family, whichrather a large one,very fond of their old houses.A. were, wereB. was, wasC. were, wasD. was, were() 21.What the teacher
18、 andthe students want to saythat either of the countriesbeautiful.A. are, areB. is, isC. are, isD. is, are() 22. He is the only one of the students whoa winner of scholarship for three years.A. isB. areC. have beenD. has been() 23.of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports me
19、etingstheir duty.A. Each, areB. Both, isC. Neither, areD. None, is() 24. What do you think of theof the coat. It s rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop.A. valueB. costC. priceD. use() 25. Are the two answers correct. No, correct.A. no one isB. both are notC. neither isD. either is not
20、() 26.The wind,togetherwithrainand fog,makingsailingdifficult.A. have beenB. was可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_C. /D/ are四. 答案1.C2. A3.C4.B5.A6. B7.B8.C9.B 10.C11.D12.C13.B14.D 15.A16.A 17.C18.C19.B20.D21.B22.D23.B24. C25. C26. B第 2 章 动词的时态一. 概念:时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式, 表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态. 英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的. 英语有
21、16 种时态 , 但中学阶段较常用的有十种: 一般现在时 , 一般过去时 , 一般将来时 , 过去将来时 , 现在进行时 , 过去进行时 , 将来进行时 , 过去完成时 , 英在完成时和现在完成进行时.二. 相关学问点精讲1. 一般现在时的用法1) ) 常常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用.时间状语:every, sometimes,at , on Sunday.例如:I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七点离开家.2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实.例如:The earth moves around the sun.的
22、球绕太阳转动.Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国东部.3) 表示格言或警句.例如:Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败.留意:此用法假如显现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时.例: Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥伦布证明了的球是圆的.4) 现在时刻的状态、才能、性格、个性.例如:I dont want so much.我不要那么多.Ann writes goodEnglish but does not speakwell.安英语写得不错,讲的可不行.比
23、较: Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子.I am doing my homework now.我正在做功课.第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬时动作.其次句中的 now 是进行时的标志, 表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时.2. 一般过去时的用法1) 在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态.例如:时间状语有: yesterday,last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等.例如:Where did you go just now.刚才你上哪儿去了?
24、2) 表示在过去一段时间内,常常性或习惯性的动作.例如:When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是个孩子的时候, 常在公路上踢足球.Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热闹欢迎.3) 句型: It is time for sb. to do sth 到, 时间了 该, 了.例如:可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_It is time for you to
25、 go to bed.你该睡觉了.Itistimethatsb.didsth. 时间已迟了 早该, 了,例如 Itis time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了.would(had) rather sb. did sth.表示 宁愿某人做某事 .例如: Id rather you came tomorrow.仍是明天来吧.4) wish,wonder,think,hope 等用过去时,作摸索性的询问、恳求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在. 例如:I thoughtyou might have some.我以为你想要一些.比较: Christine
26、was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间. ) Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在仍活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州.)Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:现在仍住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)留意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气.1) 动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend等.例如:Did
27、you want anything else.您仍要些什么吗?I wondered if you could help me.能不能帮我一下.2) 情态动词 could, would.例如:Could you lend me your bike.你的自行车,能借用一些吗?3. 一般将来时1) shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替. will在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求看法常常用于其次人称.例如:Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段了?Will you be at home at seven this evening.今晚七点回家好吗?2)
28、be going to +不定式,表示将来.a. 主语的意图,即将做某事.例如:What are you going to do tomorrow.明天准备作什么了?b. 方案,支配要发生的事.例如:The playis going to be producednext month .这出戏下月开播.c. 有迹象要发生的事.例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那乌云,快要下雨了.3) be + 不定式表将来,按方案或正式支配将发生的事.例如:We are to discuss the report next Sat
29、urday.我们下星期六争论这份报告.4) be about to +不定式,意为立刻做某事.例如:He is about to leave for Beijing.他立刻要去北京.留意: be about to do不能与 tomorrow, next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用.4. 一般现在时表将来1) 以下动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或支配好的事情.例如:The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火车明天上午六点开.W
30、hen does the bus star. It stars in ten minutes.汽车什么时候开?特别钟后.2) 以 here, there等开头的倒装句,表示动作正在进行.例如:可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.车来了.There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.铃响了.3) 在时间或条件句中.例如:When Bill comes(不是 will come) , ask him to wait for me.比尔来后,让他等我.Ill write
31、 to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里,就写信给你.4) 在动词 hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中.例如:I hope they have a nice time next week.我期望他们下星期玩得高兴.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.离开房间前,务必把窗户关了.5. 用现在进行时表示将来以下动词 come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可
32、以表示将来.例如:Im leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了.Are you staying here till next week.你会在这儿呆到下周吗?6. 现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在仍存在. 也可表示连续到现在的动作或状态.其构成:have ( has) + 过去分词.7. 比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯表达过去的事情,强调动作.现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响.2) 一般过去常常与详细的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用, 或无时间状语.一般
33、过去时的时间状语:yesterday,lastweek, ago, in1980,in October,just now 等,皆为详细的时间状语.现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语.共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently,lately等.3) 现在完成时可表示连续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是连续性的, 如 live,t
34、each, learn, work, study, know.一般过去常常用的非连续性动词有come, go, leave,start,die,finish,become, get married等.例如:I saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了)I have seen this film.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)Why did you get up so early.(强调起床的动作已发生过了)Who hasnt handed in his paper.(强调有卷子未交,疑为不公正竞争) He has been in the League
35、for three years.(在团内的状态可连续) He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可连续)句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时.(错) Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.(对) Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.8. 用于现在完成时的句型可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_1) It is the
36、 first / second time. that, 结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时.例如:It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次拜访这城市.This is the first time( that ) Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌.留意: It was the third time that the boy had been late.2) This is +形容词最高级 +that , 结构,that从句要用现在完成时.例如:This is the best film that Ive
37、( ever ) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影.9. 过去完成时1) 概念:表示过去的过去-|-|-|-其构成是 had + 过去分词构成.那时以前那时现在2) 用法a. 在 told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句.例如:She said ( that )she had never been to Paris.她告知我她曾去过巴黎.b. 状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先, 用过去完成时.发生在后,用一般过去时.例如:When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到达时,小偷
38、们早就跑了.c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等, 用过去完成时表示 原本, ,未能, .例如:We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.那时我们期望你能来,但是你没有来.3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as.例如:He said that he had learned some English before.他说过他以前学过一些英语.By the time he wa
39、s twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开头自己谋生.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.汤姆扫兴了,由于他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了.10. 用一般过去时代替过去完成时1)两个动作如按次序发生,又不强调先后,或用then , and, but等连词时,多用一般过去时.例如:When she saw the mouse, she screamed.她看到老鼠,就叫了起来.
40、My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了.2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时.如第一个动作需要如干时间完成,用过去完成时.例如:When I heard the news, I was very excited.3)表达历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时.例如:Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.11. 将来完成时1) 构成 will have done可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_2) 概念a. 状态完成:表示某
41、事连续到将来某一时为止始终有的状态.例如:They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了.b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的体会.例如:You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此时,你已经到达上海了12 现在进行时现在进行时的基本用法:a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情.例如:We are waiting for you.我们正在等你.b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在
42、进行.例如:Mr. Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说. (说话时并未在写, 只处于写作的状态. )c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等.例如:The leaves are turning red.叶子在变红.Its getting warmer and warmer.天越来越热了.d. 与 always, constantly, forever等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或连续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观颜色.例如:You are always changing your
43、 mind.你老是转变想法.13. 过去进行时1) 概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作.2) 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景.一个长动作连续的时候,另一个短动作发生.3) 常用的时间状语有thismorning,the whole morning,allday yesterday,from nineto ten last evening, when, while等.例如:My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤.It was raining when they
44、left the station.他们离开车站时,正下着雨.When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到达山顶时, 阳光辉煌.14. 将来进行时1) 概念:表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按推测将来会发生的事情.例如:Shell be coming soon.她会很快来的.Ill be meeting him sometime in the future.将来我肯定去见他. 留意:将来进行时不用于表示 意志 ,不能说 Ill be having a talk with her.2)常用的时间状语有soon, tomo
45、rrow,thisevening ,on Sunday, by thistime ,tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等.例如: By this time tomorrow, Ill be lyingon the beach.明天此时,我正躺在海滩上了.15. 一般现在时代替一般将来时When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if,in case( that ) , unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, theyear, immediately等引导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时.例如:He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing.他一到北京,就可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载