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1、科技论文英文摘要的写作ppt课件 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望概 述意义意义:纵向传播纵向传播;横向交流横向交流现实现实:付出与目的并非一致；锻炼，供人学习误人子弟付出与目的并非一致；锻炼，供人学习误人子弟难度难度:非易事非易事,但非不能但非不能;3000;3000词汇词汇;基本语感基本语感;英语思维英语思维要点要点:(1):(1)内容的完整性内容的完整性;(2);(2)数据跟文中数据跟文中/中文是否一致中文是否一致;(3);(3)内容可以不跟中
2、文全对应内容可以不跟中文全对应,应比中文更详细应比中文更详细;(4);(4)主主谓一致谓一致:常识常识,但错误不少见但错误不少见;(5);(5)时态时态:简单简单,但有时也但有时也很难掌握很难掌握;(6);(6)语态语态:有讲究有讲究,但基本不限但基本不限;(7);(7)人称人称:可一可一可三可三;(8);(8)词法词法:重点重点;(9);(9)语法语法:基本基本;(10);(10)句法句法:转换转换七绝终审之一洋洋洒洒二十万，字字句句过我筛。正体斜体需审定，大写小写亦仲裁。之二常遇新语需释义，遍翻辞书哪有迹？光盘检索千百次，头脑析分定无歧！出差今日去北京，明天返广州，虽只住一晚，电脑也同路。
3、成都会议蓉城十月是金秋，百万客房一无留，车水马龙奔九寨，孤家寡人回广州。蝶恋花三亚行伫立危楼阳光媚。鹤落鹤飞，银羽熠熠辉。人说海南山水美，天涯海角游人醉。今到三亚赴一会。扬我学报，风景又何味？会后旧朋结新友，足不出屋也无悔。垂钓忙里偷闲应郊游，临置渔具钓花都。人在池旁心系刊，一叠文稿不离手。七律周日加班有感鞠躬尽瘁创品牌，不在本土在海外。寒暑有假不曾度，昼夜各吃一中餐。周日伏案逾八时，累极背项疼难耐。摇头晃脑再一程，有怨无悔图心安。国庆长假赋长假又七天，人皆议景点；友人频来电，问可来游园？“学报十期在编，写作课次层迭，保先自评三千，交稿近在眼前。”科技日新月异，新语屡见不鲜，英文修改何其难，长
4、词短句须慎选。终日埋头电脑前，常为一词觅三天。鼠标手，职业颈，荧屏眼。蚁影游动，字里行间，困睡沙发，饥餐素面。一旦模棱定一可，喝口凉水嘴也甜。诸君疑问何所求？我为名刊当总编！（虽苦尤荣，乐在其中）20051006网址：邮箱：PubMed:www.ncbi.nil.nih.gov提纲1.1.摘要的类型摘要的类型 2.2.英文摘要与中文摘要的区别英文摘要与中文摘要的区别3.3.摘要常用词和句型摘要常用词和句型4.4.摘要的语态和人称摘要的语态和人称5.5.摘要的时态摘要的时态6.6.摘要常用表达和几个摘要常用表达和几个/组高频词辨析组高频词辨析7.7.虚词的用法虚词的用法8.8.副词的用法副词的用
5、法9.9.关于关于ChinglishChinglish10.10.修辞修辞11.11.分词、合成词有关问题分词、合成词有关问题12.12.名词的特殊用法及名词的数名词的特殊用法及名词的数1、摘要的类型、摘要的类型1.1评论性摘要评论性摘要(Criticalabstract)1.2说明性摘要说明性摘要(Descriptiveabstract)1.3资料性摘要资料性摘要(Informativeabstract)1.4资料资料-指示性摘要指示性摘要(Informative-indicativeabstract)1.5结构式摘要结构式摘要(Structuredabstract)1.1评论性摘要不常用评
6、论性摘要不常用,可见于综述可见于综述,内容上侧重内容上侧重于评价于评价/论理论理.ABSTRACT:Acutetubulointerstitialnephritis(ATIN)isacommondisordercharacterizedbyaspectrumofclinicalmanifestationsrangingfromasymptomaticurinaryabnormalitiestoacuteoliguricrenalfailure.Tubulardysfunctionoutofproportiontothedegreeofrenalfailureisanimportantcluet
7、othediagnosis.Thisreviewdescribesitspathogenesis,pathophysiology,diagnosis,differentialdiagnosisandtherapy,emphasizingthedrug-inducedformofATIN.1.2说明性摘要说明性摘要又又称称指指示示性性或或通通报报性性摘摘要要(Indicativeabstract)：说说明明文文章章的的内内容容范范围围，只只是是简简单单地地报报道道研研究究主主题题，泛泛泛泛而而谈谈，不不涉涉及及具具体体内内容容。一一般般只只一一到到三三句句话话，多多见见于于临临床床医学论文。医学
8、论文。ExampleThesurvivalratesofaseriesofpatientswithunstableanginatreatedsurgicallyandmedicallyarecompared.1.3资料性摘要资料性摘要:详细、具体，重要观点和数据详细、具体，重要观点和数据Postoperative bleeding is usually attributed to stress ulcer;however,occult preoperative lesions could also be responsible(背背 景景).Todetermine their frequenc
9、y and nature,we prospectively examined 72patients(目目的的)endoscopicallypriortomajorelectiveoperations.EntrycriteriaincludedaplannedstayintheSurgicalIntensiveCareUnit,2days,andanegativehistory,physicalexamination,andstoolguaiac(愈愈伤伤木木脂脂，一一种种检检便便潜潜血血试试剂剂).Gastric and duodenal mucosae werescoredseparatel
10、y,usinga0-to7-pointscale.Scoresweregradednegative(0),hyperemia(1),gastroduodenitis(2-5),mucosal erosions(6),andulcers(7)(方方法法).Erosionsorulcerswerefoundin14%ofpatientsandgastroduodenitisisanadditional10%.Wefoundthatnoneofthe27riskfactors or any combination of factors tested correlated with ulcers,er
11、osoins,orgastroduodenitis(结结果果).Thus,patientswithasymptomaticgastroduodenal erosions or ulcerations could not be identifiedpreoperatively,except by endoscopy(结结论论).Until the significance ofthese lesions as cause of postoperative bleeding is determined,werecommendedroutinepostoperativegastricpHtitrat
12、ionwithantacidsforpatientsundergoingmajorelectiveoperations(建议建议).1.4资料资料-指示性摘要指示性摘要:内容更完整内容更完整,多了一条提示多了一条提示Therelationshipbetweendepression（抑抑郁郁症症）andstressors（应应激激）andtherelationshipbetweendepressioninchildrenanddepressionintheirparentswereinvestigated.（概概括括或或提提示示性性语语言言）Depressedchildrenaged7-11ye
13、ars(n=20)werecomparedwithclinicalnon-depressedchildren(n=88)andnormalchildren(n=55).Children,mothersandfathersinthe three groups were tested.Measures included theChildrensDepressionInventory,RecentLifeEventsScale,StressorScaleandBeckDepressionInventory.Thefindingsshowed thatchildrenandmothersinthede
14、pressedgroupreported more stressors than other children and othermotherswhilefathersofchildreninthedepressedgroupdidnot report more stressors.The findings also showed thatmothers of depressed children were more depressed thanmothersofnormalchildrenwhiletherewerenodifferencesbetweenthescoresoffathers
15、inthethreegroups.1.5结构式摘要结构式摘要(structuredabstract)BACKGROUND:Hypothyroidism is a common condition that isfrequentlyirreversibleandrequireslifelongthyroidreplacementtherapy.OBJECTIVE:To assess the incidence and factors that can predictreversibility of hypothyroidism caused by Hashimotos thyroiditis.M
16、ETHODS:We studied 79 patients in whom Hashimotos thyroiditiswas diagnosed according to suggestive cytologic features and/or thepresence of thyroid antibodies(antimicrosomal antibody titer,or=1:1600;antiglobulinantibodytiter,or=1:400).RESULTS:Afterwithdrawaloflevothyroxinetreatment,thyroidbloodtestss
17、howedthatthe degree of hypothyroidism worsened in 20 patients,remainedunchangedin40,andimprovedin19.Ninepatients(11.4%)didshownormalizationofthethyroidbloodtest.CONCLUSIONS:Ourresultsconfirmthat hypothyroidismcaused by Hashimotosthyroiditisis notalwayspermanent.Thepresenceofalargergoiterandhighthyro
18、tropinlevels at the time of diagnosis,associated with a familialincidence ofthyroid disease,may be related to an increased incidence ofhypothyroidismremission.2、英文摘要与中文摘要的区别、英文摘要与中文摘要的区别2 21 1 独立摘要和随文摘要独立摘要和随文摘要22内容的详简度内外有别内容的详简度内外有别2 21 1独立摘要和随文摘要独立摘要和随文摘要独立摘要独立摘要指用于检索性刊物如指用于检索性刊物如Excepta MedicaExc
19、epta Medica、Index MedicusIndex Medicus、Chemical AbstractsChemical Abstracts、Biological AbstractsBiological Abstracts、Engineering Engineering IndexIndex等及大型国际会议的论文摘要汇编，等及大型国际会议的论文摘要汇编，此外还有一些文摘杂志。此外还有一些文摘杂志。随文摘要随文摘要指一般期刊内与正文同存的摘要。指一般期刊内与正文同存的摘要。22内容的详简度内外有别内容的详简度内外有别中文摘要详细介绍国外经验；英文摘要重点描述国内特色；总的来说英文摘要应
20、比中文摘要更全面反映全文主旨。3、摘要常用词和句型、摘要常用词和句型31表达目的的常用词和句型或结构表达目的的常用词和句型或结构32表达方法的句型表达方法的句型33表达结果的句型表达结果的句型34表达结论的句型表达结论的句型3 31 1 表达目的的常用词和句型或结构表达目的的常用词和句型或结构3.1.1 3.1.1 摘要中表示摘要中表示“目的目的”常用词的用常用词的用法法3.1.1.13.1.1.1用用于于表表示示“目目的的”的的常常用用名名词词（字顺）（字顺）AimA.名词用法名词用法B.动词用法动词用法AttemptA.名词用法名词用法B.动词用法动词用法A名词用法名词用法Theaimof
21、thisinvestigation/study/thepresentstudywasto.Ouraimisto.determinewhetheraclinicallyrelevantpositiveinotropiceffect（增强收缩力作用增强收缩力作用）canbedemonstratedinhumans.establishanobjective,easy-to-usetechniquetoevaluate.Theaimsofthisstudywere:1)to.；and2)to.B动词用法动词用法a.主动态后接动词不定式主动态后接动词不定式Thisstudyaimedto./Weaime
22、dto./Thisstudyaimsto.b.主主动态后接介词动态后接介词at动名词动名词This research aimed at identifying.c.被被 动动 态态 后后 接接 介介 词词 at 动动 名名 词词This study was aimed at document-ing.AttemptA名词用法名词用法Anattemptwasmadeto./Anattempthasbeenmadeto./Anattemptwasundertakento.Thepresentstudyisanattempttoreplicateearlierevidencethat.Forthis
23、reason,anattemptwasundertakenfor.尝试干.Inanattempttoextendthisfinding,threeexperimentswereconducted.Inafirstattempttoelucidateitsfunction,weexamined.B动词用法动词用法Inthisstudyweattemptto.Theauthorsattempttoevaluatethedegree.GoalA major goal is prevention ofacceleration-induced loss of con-sciousness.Thegoal
24、ofthisinvestigationwasto.Goal一词的含义、用法及其句式跟名词aim完全一样，例句从略。Intend想要，旨在想要，旨在(人作主语用主动态，事物作主语用被动态)Thisreport/paperisintendedto.Inbriefthearticleisintendedto.Thisthree-groupdesign/Thisstudywasintendedto.In this study,we intended to test thehypothesisthat,.Itisintendedtoremindthereader.Intent意图，目的意图，目的(不太常
25、用不太常用)Theintentofthestudywasto.Objective（常用作标题或项目词）（常用作标题或项目词）TheobjectiveofthisstudywastoevaluateObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusion(s)PurposePurpose的用法同aim，不复举例。但在forthepurpose(of)这一固定结构中，一般不用aim替换其中的purpose。如：.isdescribedforthepurposeof.3.1.1.23.1.1.2目的目的句句中的常用动词中的常用动词(多用被动态多用被动态)Carryout执行The retr
26、ospective study/An experimentalstudy/An investigation was carried out toevaluate.Wecarriedoutthisstudytodetermine.Conduct引 导，实 施，进 行 A(.)study/survey/An experiment wasconducted to evaluate/establish/investigate.Perform执行vt;进行viThisstudywasperformedtodetermine.Undertake从事，着手做Humanstudieshavebeenunder
27、takentotestthisthesis.Design设计Thisstudy/Thepresentstudy/Ourstudywasdesignedto.Wealsodesignedanin vitrostudyto.Develop研制，创立method(s).was/weredevelopedto(动词不定式)/for(名词或动名词).Anon-linethermosprayliquidchromatography/massspectrometrymethodwasdevelopedto.Twomethodsweredevelopedtodisplace.Wehavealsodevelop
28、edmethodsfortheanalysisof.Formulation/drug/strategy/protocol/recipe3.1.2 3.1.2 结构式摘要中表示目的常见不定结构式摘要中表示目的常见不定式结构式结构 ToanalyzewhetherpatientswithRAhaveanintrinsicdefect（先天性缺陷）in T cell proliferation andsurvival,.为了分析.Toascertain/assess/characterize/clarify/compare/construct/describe/determine/distingui
29、sh/elaborate/elucidate/establish/estimate/evaluate/examine/explore/expose/help/identify/investigate/isolate/provide/report/study/test/understandTovalidatecriteriapredicting.为了验证预测.的标准3.2 3.2 表达方法的句型表达方法的句型 3.2.1using/byusing分句+主动态主句Usingarabbitmodelofpneumococcalmeningitis,wecompared.and.3.2.2using/
30、byusing分句+被动态主句Byusingamultivariateriskalgorithm,56.5%ofDownsyndromecasescouldbedetectedwitha5.3%false-positiverate.3.2.3被动态被动态using/byusing/by/with引出的状语引出的状语The diagnoses were established usingAmericanCollegeofRheumatologycriteria.Themechanismof.wasstudiedbyusingasetof.PCR products were detected by
31、 gelelectrophoresisanddot-blothybridization.Inthisprospectivestudy,142patientswithearlyRAweretreatedactivelywith.3.2.4叙述方法最常涉及的几个动词(carryout、conduct、perform、do、make、develop;receive、undergo;had等)及其句型Hyperthermia was carried out using a novelwater-filtered,infrared-Aradiationtechnique.Aprospectivestud
32、ywasdonein76subjectswhounderwent.Clinical evaluations were made on the 14patients including 4 with pharyngitis,7 withtonsillitis,.Allpatientsreceivedsatisfactoryanesthesiaforoperation.patientsunderwentoperationsandtherewerenooperativedeaths.Amongthe62survivors,18hadanotheroperation.3.2.5 3.2.5 表达分组的
33、句型表达分组的句型be(randomly)divided/allocated/assignedcategorized/classified/grouped/separated(in)to.groups.berandomizedinto.groups.be(randomly)into.groups,basedon.Thegroupswereasfollows.(例句见第一军医大学学报例句见第一军医大学学报2002，11：66970)3 32 26 6 有关各种检查的句型有关各种检查的句型 Blood sugar（项目）was examined in 50patients（对象）.Fiftypat
34、ients（对象）wereexaminedforbloodsugar（项目）by（手段）at2and24hafteradmission.写“检查”句的时候，注意for的用法：检查病 人 的 x可 以 说：The x（对 象）wasexaminedby.也可以说：Thepatientwasexaminedforx（项目）by.3 32 26 6 有关各种检查的句型有关各种检查的句型 Each tooth was sectioned and examinedfor dye penetration under a stereomicro-scope(x60magnification).注意在描述用显
35、微镜观察或检查什么的时候，很多人常常用错microscope和microscopy这两个词。正确的用法是：undermicroscope或bymicroscopy/withmicroscope。3.3 3.3 表达结果的句型表达结果的句型331叙述观察或发现了什么叙述观察或发现了什么（1）主动态句：We found(observed,noted,saw,recorded.)that.（2）被动态句：Itwasfound(observed,noted,seen,recorded.)that.332量的量的 或或(1)泛言泛言 或或 The prevalence increased with ag
36、e./CyclicAMPlevelswereincreasedbyNECA.Estrogen replacementtherapy reduced excretionofzinc,.levels rapidly declined in HL-60 cellsfollowing induction of apoptosis by,but weretransiently elevated by two other apoptosis-inducingagents.levelsofgreatlydeclinedwithasubsequentincreaseintheconcentrationof.(
37、2)或或 了多少了多少一般地说，应该用by引出实际增加或减少的数目：Cell number increased by almost50%duringthefirst24-hafterthebeginningoftreatment.Zincexcretiondecreased(by)35%after3monthsand26%after1yearoftreatment.332量的量的 或或(3)从多少从多少 或或 到多少到多少Urinemaximumflowrateandaverageflowrateincreasedsignificantlyfrom.to.and from.to.,respec
38、tively.Residualurinevolumedecreasedsignificantlyfrom.tolessthan.By60minofreperfusion,levelsof6-ketowerereducedtothoseintheIVC.332量的量的 或或(4)跟跟B相比，相比，A 或或 了了Healingtimesofthedonorsitesweresignificantly decreased(as)comparedwithpatients.showedasignificantincreaseincomparisonwithpreviousdeterminations.3
39、32量的量的 或或 There was a/an.associationofAwithB/betweenAandB./.did not demonstrate anassociationofAwith B./.suggestthatAappearstohave noassociationwith B./A.associationwasobserved*betweenAandB./AssociationsbetweenAandBwereassessedwith.A was associatedwith B.同、与、跟：of A with B；之间：betweenAandB.333表示关系的句型表
40、示关系的句型A.correlationwasfound*forAand B/between A and B./No(statisticallysignificant)correlation was found*betweenAandB./Therewasa(no).correlationbetween A and B/among the four./Correlationbetween concentrationsinAand B serumwaspoor./Correlationswerehighest betweenmeasureswithsimilarresponseformats.33
41、3表示关系的句型表示关系的句型A correlated(well*)with B./A be.*correlatedwithB./AbenotcorrelatedtoB.Adid notcorrelatewithB./A.*correlateswithB.Inaddition,therewasasignificantrelationbetweenAandB.跟relation搭配的介词用to、with、betweenand，如：Intralymphocyticsodiumandfreecalciumconcentrations in relation to salt sensitivity i
42、npatientswithessentialhypertension.333表示关系的句型表示关系的句型AmorelikelytoberelatedtoB./Amaybe.*relatedtoB./AwerenotrelatedtoB.Therelationshipbetween AandBhasbeenwellestablishedinhistopathologicalstudies./Norelationship was noted*between A and B./Regressionanalysisshowednorelationshipbetween Aand B./In contr
43、ast,there were highly significantrelationshipsbetweenAandB.*found或noted可与seen、observed、obtained互换；*此处副词可以据意使用closely、directly、highly、positively、negatively、inversely、roughly、significantly或strongly之类词。333表示关系的句型表示关系的句型3341相同比较相同比较用用as.as.等表示等表示Infact,forallhealthresourcescategoriesstudies,Canadians ut
44、ilized at least as manyservicesastheirAmericancounterparts.A与与B和和C两者的关系怎么表达两者的关系怎么表达?TherelationshipbetweenAandbothBandC334表示比较的句型表示比较的句型3342不同比较不同比较tobe+比较级+than，如：Generally,menarehigherthanwomen.动词 比较级 than，如：A secreted andexpressedhigheramountsthandidB.比较级comparedwith，如：AwaslowerinOAchondrocytes(
45、as)comparedwithB.Incomparisonwith，含“比较级”的主句，如：In comparison with B,A occurred earlier,butdisplayedaclearlylowermagnitudeofexpression.Themorethemore越是就越334表示比较的句型表示比较的句型Themorethemore越是就越1）省略）省略2）词序）词序3）语序）语序4）翻译）翻译334表示比较的句型表示比较的句型1）省略）省略（1）从句中某些成分（谓语），如：）从句中某些成分（谓语），如：The warmer water(is),the faste
46、r itevaporates.水越热，蒸发越快。水越热，蒸发越快。Thesmallertheparticles(are),themorefreelydotheymove.粒子越小，运动越自由。粒子越小，运动越自由。（do为倒装助动词）为倒装助动词）（2）主、从句中主语、谓语全部省略，如：）主、从句中主语、谓语全部省略，如：Themore,thebetter.多多益善。多多益善。Thesooner,thebetter.越快越好。越快越好。2）词序）词序（1）倒倒装装词词序序：The+比比较较级级(从从句句)，the+比较级（主句）比较级（主句）从从句句在在前前，主主句句在在后后，主主从从句句的的
47、比比较较级级都都在在谓谓语语之之前前，并并且且不不能能把把more和和后后面面的的形形容词、副词及名词分开：容词、副词及名词分开：The more he worked on the arithmeticproblem,themoreconfusedhebecame.这道算术题他越做越糊涂。这道算术题他越做越糊涂。（2）正常词序）正常词序+比较级（主句），比较级（主句），the+比较级被比较成分或从句比较级被比较成分或从句主句在前，从句在后，主句的比较主句在前，从句在后，主句的比较级在谓语之后：级在谓语之后：Thereforeacompoundisconsideredthemorestable,
48、thesmalleritspotentialenergy.因此势能越小，化合物就被认为越稳定。因此势能越小，化合物就被认为越稳定。3）语序）语序大大多多数数情情况况是是前前者者为为从从属属分分句句（相相当当于于程度状语分句），后者为主句：程度状语分句），后者为主句：AccordingtoKeynes,thegreaterthetotalincome of a nation is,the less(the)peoplewanttoinvest,becauseitisnotprofitabletoinvestwhenproductionishighlydeveloped.结结论论是是：主主句句若若
49、用用正正常常语语序序，则则前前置置；换言之，若主句前置，则主句为常序。换言之，若主句前置，则主句为常序。4）翻译翻译英英译译汉汉，先先从从后后主主，即即“顺顺句句倒倒译译，倒倒句顺译句顺译”；汉汉译译英英，正正序序翻翻译译主主句句在在前前，倒倒序序翻翻译译主句在后。主句在后。notso.as不不如如(或或没没有有)那那样样，notas.as(和和.不一样不一样)不多见。不多见。提法不一提法不一手手27/指南指南88TheincidenceofacuteDVisnotascommonamong women visiting an ED as previouslyreported,although
50、thecumulativeprevalenceofDVisstrikinglyhigh.就是多用了指示代词that或those，如：SDHactivityofcochleawasloweringroupAthan(that)ingroupB.比较状语（找不到这个that所替代的对象）把that去掉就对了。要用that的结构应该是：SDH activity of cochlea in group A waslowerthanthatingroupB.比较主语（这个that替代的是画线部分）就如：个子你比我（的）高；你的个子比我的个子高。3343比较级句中一个最常见的错误比较级句中一个最常见的错误