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1、l When I had satisfied the first sharpness of hunger, I could eat no more. l 意译在最初的强烈饥饿感满足以后，我就再也吃不下去了。l Thus, I imagine, must the pious feel cleansed on leaving the confessional after the solemnity of absolution. l 意译我想，虔诚的信徒在参加庄严的忏悔仪式之后离开忏悔室时，一定也是这样感到自己圣洁了。l The great scientists are often men of s
2、upernormal vitality which enables them to retain a freshness of outlook and enterprise even into their old age. l 意译伟大的科学家往往具有超人的活力，因此，即令到了晚年，他们还保有新颖的观点和朝气蓬勃的事业心。l Watch out for Harlow, hes full of mickey mouse ideas.l 字面意义要小心哈洛，他满脑子都是米老鼠的想法。l 意译要提防着点哈洛，他满脑子歪门邪道。（下流、不高明的看法）l Her father was very fond
3、 of Hughie, but would not hear of any engagement.l 直译她的父亲很喜欢休希，但不愿意听到任何订婚的事。l 意译她的父亲很喜欢休希，但一提到订婚的事他就不干。l A good teacher should have his head in the clouds sometimes, but his feet always on the ground. l 字面意义一个好老师的头有时要放在云层中，但他的脚应该永远站在地上。l 意译好老师有时应该富于幻想，但时时刻刻必须从实际出发。直译vs意译l Dont take the low-fat label
4、 as a license to eat.l 不能因为食品标明低脂肪，而敞开食用。l 别把标有“低脂肪”的标签看成是可“敞开食用”的许可证。第一节 词类转换法l The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the condemnation. 他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议，在国内侵犯基本人权，因此受到了各地热爱自由的人们的谴责。l (Cf. Freedom-loving people everywhere con
5、demned them because they violated the agreement reached at Helsinki and abused basic human rights in their own country. ) There are stories too of early African voyages to America. l 另外，还有一些传说，谈到非洲人最初航海到美洲来的情形。l His drawing of children is exceptionally good. 他画小孩尤其擅长。他的小孩画特别好。（有歧义：一是他很善于画小孩，二是收藏了一些很
6、好的小孩画。）l O. Henry is the creator of a new short story genre in literature. 欧亨利在文学上创造了短篇小说的一种新体裁。欧亨利是文学上短篇小说的一种新体裁的创造者。l They were the prime movers in all the exploration of the period. l 这个时期所有的大探险事业主要是由他们推动的。 l The international food shortage had a direct impact on Kuwait and other barren desert co
7、untries.l 由于世界普遍缺乏粮食，这就直接影响到科威特和其他不毛的沙漠国家。 l The presence of the Indians here at the time of Columbus arrival being sufficient proof of it. l 在哥伦布来到美洲的时候，此地已经有了印地安人，仅凭这个事实，就足以证明这一点。l We were all concerned with serious contemporary problems, especially the Middle East question and the continuation of
8、 the cruel war in Viet-Nam. 重复法Tesss excitable heart beat against his by way of reply and there they stood upon the red-brick floor of the entry, the sun slanting in by the window upon his back, as he held her tightly to his breast; upon her inclining face, upon the blue veins of her temple, upon he
9、r naked arm, and her neck, and into the depths of her hair. （64词） 苔丝那颗容易激动的心，紧靠在克莱的心上，怦怦直跳，表示反响。于是两个就站在穿堂里的红砖地上，克莱把苔丝紧紧地搂在怀里，日光从窗户眼儿斜着射了进来，射到克莱的脊背上，同时射到苔丝侧垂着的脸上，射到她的太阳穴的青筋上，射到她露着的胳膊和脖子上，又深深射进她那又多又厚的头发里。 反正-正反翻译法英语和汉语均有从正面或反面来表达一种概念的现象。如果原文从反面表达直译出来不合乎译语习惯，就可考虑从正面表达，反之亦然。使用哪种方法，主要看译语表达习惯及修辞效果而定。 正反翻译
10、法例句: Herb may be dying somewhere, calling out for his mum and dad, and only strangers around him. 赫伯也许正在什么地方快死了，嘴里喊着爹妈，而周围连一个亲人也没有。反正翻译法例句:We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我们要永远对生活抱乐观态度。抽象与具体转换法l But my mother had not passed this way for years. And the slimness and the stride we
11、re long past, too. 但是，母亲已经很多年没有走这条路了。苗条的倩影和宽阔的步伐已不可复睹。l The basilica is a conglomeration of contrary styles and periods. 这座王宫把不同时期的不同建筑风格融为一体。增词或减词l 在翻译中有时译者不得不在原文的基础上略有增减或故意重复某些词。因此，英汉翻译中增词法和减词法使用得异常频繁。不过，增减重复时有一条金科玉律：增词不增意，减词不减意。l 增词例句:The first black president (New Yorker) 第一个与黑人关系密切的总统（作者想表示克林顿特
12、别重视黑人利益并与黑人有特别密切的关系）l 减词例句:“Remember: you are not any old Tom, Dick or Harry giving his opinion. Youre a man who was sent as a representative of the British Government.” (译文中删去了“are a man who” 不翻译，语气干脆而有力。如勉强译出：“你是作为英国政府派出的一个代表的人”，反而显得欧化。顺便说一下，old Tom, Dick or Harry最好不要用“张三、李四、王五”来翻译。有人以为其通俗程度正好相等。殊
13、不知“张三、李四”的民族色彩太浓厚，太过于归化。) 被动语态l The garden in which the cottage stood was surrounded by a wall, and could only be entered through a door. 草房所在的那个庭院，四面有墙环绕，只有一个门内外相通。l It is generally considered not advisable to act that way. 大家认为这样做是不妥当的。 翻译练习l The weight, measure, marks, numbers, quality, contents
14、and value, being particulars furnished by the Shipper, are not checked by the Carrier on loading. 重量、尺码、唛头、号数、品质、内容和价值是托运人提供的，承运人在装船时并未核对。l After this she went downstairs to her husband, who was sitting in the lower room. 都收拾完了，德北太太下了楼，走到她丈夫面前，那时她丈夫正在楼下坐着。（重复先行词）l Winterbourne presently released the
15、 child, who departed, dragging his alpenstock alog the path.温特伯恩不久放开了孩子，孩子走了，沿路拖着他那根登山杖。（重复先行词）长句的翻译l 长句的译法主要有下列几种：（一）顺序法；（二）逆序法；（三）分译法；（四）综合法。 l 顺序法：有些英语长句所叙述的一连串动作基本上是按动作发生的时间先后安排，也有些英语长句的内容是按逻辑关系安排，这与汉语表达方法比较一致，因此翻译时一般可按照原文顺序翻译出来，适当垫进一些动词或虚词，补足语气，并连接上下句。顺序法l As for the other question momentarily
16、agitating the capitalists / as to what new line of activity they could substitute for their own extinguished business, / Vanderbilt soon showed / how railroads could be made to yield a far greater fortune than commerce. l 这个句子虽长，所带的状语、定语、从句也不少，但大致上可分为四个意群，而中译则可按次序逐片翻译：l 至于如何解决另一个使资本家时刻感到不安的问题，/ 也就是他
17、们有可能搞哪一门新的生意来代替那被迫停止的买卖，/ 范德比尔特不久就表明，/办铁路比做买卖更容易发财。练习 l At this the whole pack rose up into the air, and came flying down upon her; she gave a little scream, half of fright and half of anger, and tried to beat them off, and found herself lying on the bank, with her head in the lap of her sister, who
18、 was gently brushing away some dead leaves that had fluttered down from the trees upon her face. （68字） l 这时，整付纸牌都跳到半空中，纷纷向她飞来；她又惊又气，轻轻尖叫一声，想用手把它们打掉，却发现自己躺在河岸上，头枕在姐姐的膝上。树上飘下的几片黄叶落在她的脸上，她的姐姐正轻轻地把它们掸掉。 （92字）l His affection for her soon sunk into indifference; hers lasted a little longer; and in spite o
19、f her youth and her manners, she retained all the claims to reputation which her marriage had given her. 韦翰对丽迪雅不久便情淡爱驰，丽迪雅对他比较持久一些，尽管她年轻荒唐，还是顾全了婚后应有的名誉。（王科一译）威克姆不久便情淡爱驰，莉迪亚对他少许持久一些，尽管她年纪轻轻，行为放纵，还是顾全了婚后应有的名声。（孙致礼译）他对她的感情不久就冷淡下来，她对他的感情此后也没有维持多久。尽管她年幼无知，行为不检，不过总算还达到各种要求，维持住她结了婚而挽回了的名誉。（张玲、张扬译）l 逆序法:有些英
20、语长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时就必须从原文后面翻译起，逆着原文的顺序翻译。这种翻译方法又叫倒拆法。从形式看，按意群把句子拆散，逆着原文的句法排列，逐片往上倒译，或者说，把原句的句首部分放到译文的句末去翻译；而原句的句末却安排到译文的前部去。l Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you can catc
21、h!l 分析：这个句子是由一个主句、两个定语从句和一个状语从句组成。时间是过得很快的是主句，也是全句的中心内容。全句共有四层意思：（一）时间是过得很快的；（二）如果你懂得什么是美的话；（三）当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里，又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好奇地接受东西；（四）你所捉上来的东西。按照汉语先发生的事先叙述以及条件在先结果在后的习惯，这个句子可逆着原文顺序翻译。译文：当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里，又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好奇地接受你捉上来的任何东西的时候，如果你懂得什么叫美的话，时间是过得很快的！l 分译法:有时英语长句中主句与从句或主句与修饰语之间的关系并不十分密切，翻译时可按汉语多用短句的
22、习惯，把长句中的从句或短语化为句子，分开来叙述；为使语意连贯，有时还可适当增加词语。l His delegation agreed with the Executive Director/ that the fund should continue working /for a better understanding of the interrelationship between economic, social and demographic factors. l 按原词序排列的译文实在欧化得令人难以卒读。拆译是必要的，而且也不难，只要按上述原则，顺着拆开的三个意群，逐片翻译：他的代表团
23、同意执行主任的意见，/认为该基金会应继续努力，/以求更好地了解经济、社会和人口这三方面的相互关系。l 顺原意排列的程序，逐片翻译，并没有多大困难，但有一点必须注意：拆译后的句子，相互之间必须衔接，这往往需要加一些动词，如本句的“认为”；加一些虚词，如本句的“以求”。另外，因为有些片段只是个短语，还需要把某些词的词性加以改变，如本文的understanding，这样才能把各句的意念连接起来。l 综合法:有些英语长句顺译或逆译都感不便，分译也有困难，这时就应仔细推敲，或按时间先后，或按逻辑顺序，有顺有逆、有主有次地对全句进行综合处理。l Mr. Weston was a great favorit
24、e , and there was not a creature in the world to whom she spoke with such unreserved, as to his wife; not any one, to whom she related with such conviction of being listened to and understood, of being always interesting and always intelligible, the little affairs, arrangements, perplexities and ple
25、asures of her father and herself. (61 words)l 她非常喜欢韦斯顿先生，而他的那位太太，则是她天下最能推心置腹的人；她和父亲但凡有什么安排，或者遇到什么琐碎的、为难的或高兴的事，还就爱跟那位太太讲，知道她喜欢听，善解人意，而且总是很感兴趣，总能心领神会。（在这个译文中，译者考虑到英汉两种语言的句法差异，把英语中后置的as to his wife，翻译成汉语中前置的“而他的那位太太”，形成了整句话的转折点，然后根据汉语的行文习惯，有条不紊地陈述下去，其中还调整了little affairs, arrangements, perplexities and
26、pleasures的次序，并恰如其分地使用了“推心置腹”、“善解人意”、“心领神会”等汉语成语，可谓文从字顺，既忠实地传达了原文的意义，又能使读者领略到阅读的情趣。）What Behind These Techniques The teacher thanked her pupils because they are very cooperative. 译文：老师感谢她的学生，因为他们是非常合作的。英语重形合，汉语重意合；英语句子以静态叙述占优；汉语句子以动态叙述占优汉语信息传递遵循论理原则，前提在前，结论在后，因在前，果在后 改译：学生们配合得很好，老师向他们表示感谢。 汉英两种语言结构对比
27、l non-smoking wives of men who smoke cigarettes face a much greater than normal danger of developing lung cancer.l 汉语句式特点是竹节形，流水式，就不会有这样的译文： “吸烟的丈夫的不吸烟的妻子” This new kind of aircraft small, cheap, pilotless is attracting increasing attention. 译文：这种飞机小，便宜，不用飞行员 l 汉语讲究运用双音节，对偶结构，音韵和美，节奏和谐 改译：这种飞机体积不大，价
28、格便宜，无人驾驶 英汉句型结构对比l 1976年唐山发生了严重的地震。l A terrible earthquake happened in Tangshan City in 1976.l 任何物质，遇热膨胀，遇冷收缩，这是共性。l It is a common property of any matter that it expands if it is heated and it contracts if cooled.当代西方翻译研究概览狮头vs. 孔雀尾l 汉语句子的语序一般以思维程序展开，中国人的思维方式多是先考虑事物的环境和外围因素，再考虑具体事物和中心事件。反映到句式上就是状语总
29、是放在谓语或句子主体前边，定语无论长短置于中心词前。结果是单句的状语部分长，主谓部分短；主语部分长，谓语部分短；修饰成分长，中心词短。形成头大尾小的狮子。l 英语句式则相反，状语多置于主谓之后，定语除单词外，多置于中心词后，重视尾重，凡是较长的词语均需移至句尾，使用形式主语或形式宾语，力避“头重脚轻”。犹如开屏的孔雀。英语是典型的形合结构语言It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for country life and love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort.汉语译文转为意合结构这些欧洲国家，天气最为恶劣，那里的人们要费上一番辛苦才能寻到优美的景致。奇怪，他们恰好最热衷于乡村生活，也最喜爱天然风景，这种情形极为普遍。这是实情，可我怎么也提不出教人满意的解释来。