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1、第1章 计算机概述Chapter 1 summary of computer电子计算机是迄今为止人类历史上最伟大、最卓越的技术发明之一。电子计算机的诞生，为信息的采集、存储、分类以及适合于各种需要的处理提供了极为有效的手段，使信息在现代生活中成为不可缺少的资源。Electronic computers are by far the greatest in human history, one of the most remarkable technological inventions. Electronic computer was born, for information collect
2、ion, storage, classification, and is suitable for all kinds of processing provides an extremely effective way, make the information in the modern life become the indispensable resources.1.1 计算机发展史1.1 the history of computer1.1.1 计算机的史前时代1.1.1 the prehistoric times of computer公元5世纪，中国人发明了算盘，并一直沿用到今天。
3、1943年，美国宾夕法尼亚大学研制成功“ENIAC” (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)电子计算机。从此，人类进入了一个全新的计算技术时代。The 5th century, the Chinese invented the abacus, and continues to this day. In 1943, the United States at the university of Pennsylvania, successfully developed ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrato
4、r and Calculator) Electronic computers. Since then, mankind has entered a new era of computing.1.1.2 第一台现代电子计算机的诞生1.1.2 the birth of the first modern electronic computer1946年2月5日，是人类文明历史上的重要转折点。世界上第一台真正的现代电子数字计算机ENIAC研制成功了(参见图1-3)。它用电子管代替继电器和其他半机械式装置，使运行速度一下子可以提高数千倍。ENIAC共用了18000多只电子管，耗电150 kW，占地170
5、 m2。为了给这个庞然大物散热，专门为它配备了一台重约30t的冷却装置。ENIAC的计算速度比以前的计算工具有了显著的提高，每秒钟可作5000次加法。用当时最快的机电式计算机做10点弹道计算需要两小时，而ENIAC只用3秒就可以完成。On February 5, 1946, is an important turning point in the history of human civilization. The worlds first truly modern digital electronic computer ENIAC the successful development (se
6、e figure 1-3). It use tube instead of relay and other mechanical devices, making thousands of times running speed can improve at once. ENIAC used more than 18000 tube, power 18000 kW, covers an area of 170 m2. To give this huge heat dissipation, for it is equipped with a weighing about 30 t cooling
7、device. ENIAC the computing speed of calculation tools has improved significantly than before, the additive can make 5000 times every second. Made 10 at the time the fastest electromechanical computing point trajectory calculation need two hours, the ENIAC used only three seconds can be completed.1.
8、1.3 现代计算机发展的4个阶段1.1.3 four stages for the development of modern computer从第一代计算机至今，半个多世纪以来，计算机的发展先后经历了电子管、晶体管、集成电路、大规模和超大规模集成电路的演变。总的发展趋势是体积、重量、功耗越来越小，而容量、速度、处理能力等性能越来越高。Since the first generation of computers, more than half a century, the development of the computer has successively experienced the
9、 electron tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, the evolution of the large-scale and very large scale integrated circuit. The general development trend is volume, weight, power consumption is more and more small, and the capacity, speed and processing power is higher and higher performance.1采用电子管
10、计算机的第一代计算机(19461957)在20世纪50年代之前，计算机都采用电子管作元件。电子管元件有许多明显的缺点。例如，在运行时产生的热量太多，可靠性较差，运算速度不快，价格昂贵，体积庞大，这些都使计算机发展受到限制。1. The use of vacuum tube computer (1946-1957), the first generation of computer Before the 1950 s, computers are using tube element. There are many obvious disadvantages valve components.
11、At runtime, for example, too much heat, poor reliability, operation speed, expensive, bulky, these all make the computer development is restricted.2采用晶体管的第二代电子计算机(19581964)导电性能介于导体和绝缘体之间的物质就叫作半导体，最常见的是锗和硅。晶体管就是用半导体材料制成的。计算速度从每秒几十万次提高到几百万次。用晶体管来作计算机的元件，不仅能实现电子管的功能，而且具有尺寸小、重量轻、寿命长、效率高、发热少、功耗低等优点。2. Ad
12、opt transistors of the second generation of computers (1958-1964) Electrical conductivity between conductor and insulator material called a semiconductor, the most common of which are germanium and silicon. Transistor is made of semiconductor materials. Computing speed increased from hundreds of tho
13、usands of times per second to millions of times. Use transistors to the computers components, not only can realize the function of the valve, and has a small size, light weight, long service life, high efficiency, less heat, low power consumption advantages.3采用集成电路的第三代计算机 (19651970)在约1cm2的芯片上，就可以集成上
14、百万个电子元件。计算速度从每秒几十万次提高到百万次。3. The use of the third generation integrated circuit computer (1965-1970) In about 1 cm2 chip that can integrate millions of electronic components. Computing speed from hundreds of thousands of times to one million times per second.4使用超大规模集成电路的第四代计算机(1970年至今)由大规模和超大规模集成电路组
15、成，计算机被称为第四代电子计算机。计算速度从每秒几百万次提高到千亿次。1981年，IBM推出了首台个人计算机IBM PC（Personal Computer）(参见图1-4)。首创了个人计算机的概念，并为PC制定了全球通用的工业标准。其处理器来自Intel公司，磁盘操作系统来自于32人组成的微软公司，不久之后就催生了微软和Intel这两大PC时代的霸主。计算机技术和通信技术相结合，出现了计算机网络。现在我们普遍使用的台式计算机、笔记本等都属于第四代计算机。4. The use of very large scale integrated circuit of the fourth genera
16、tion of computers (1970 - present) Is composed of a large and very large scale integrated circuit, the computer is called the fourth generation of computers. Computing speed from millions of times to one hundred billion times per second. In 1981, IBM launched its first Personal Computer IBM PC (Pers
17、onal Computer) (see figure 1-4). Pioneered the concept of personal computers, PC and was designed for the global industry standards. Its processors from Intel, disk operating system from Microsoft, consisting of 32 people soon led to the Microsoft and Intel are these two the PC era. Combining the co
18、mputer technology and communication technology, the computer network. Now we common use desktop computer, laptop, etc. All belong to the fourth generation of computers.1.1.4 计算机的发展趋势1.1.4 the computers development trend计算机的发展趋向于高性能、超小型、智能化和网络化。The development of the computer tend to be high performa
19、nce, subminiature, intelligent and networked.1高性能高性能计算机用以满足社会在天文、气象、地质和核反应、航天飞机、卫星轨道计算机等尖端科学技术领域和军事国防系统等应用需求。 2013年6月由国防科技大学研制的天河二号超级计算机系统，以峰值计算速度每秒5.49亿亿次、持续计算速度每秒3.39亿亿次双精度浮点运算的优异性位居榜首1. The high performance High performance computer to meet the social in astronomy, meteorology, geology and nuclea
20、r reaction, the space shuttle and satellite orbit, such as computers, cutting-edge science and technology and military defense system and other application requirements. In June 2013 by the national university of defense technology developed at the tianhe ii super computer system, with the peak spee
21、d 549 million times per second, continuous calculation speed 339 million double-precision floating-point operations per second is excellent at the top of the list2微型化随着微电子技术的进一步发展，计算机将发展得更加迅速，其中笔记本型、掌上型等计算机必将以更优的性能价格比受到人们的欢迎。2. The miniaturization With the further development of microelectronics tec
22、hnology, the computer will develop more rapidly, including notebook, such as palmtop computer will with better cost performance to get the welcome of people.3网络化计算机网络可以实现资源共享。资源包括：硬件资源，如存储介质、打印设备等，软件资源和数据资源，如系统软件、应用软件和各种数据库等。所谓资源共享是网络系统中提供的资源可以无条件地或有条件地为联入该网络的用户使用。网络的应用已成为计算机应用的重要组成部分，现代的网络技术已成为计算机技
23、术中不可缺少的内容。3. The network Computer networks can realize resources sharing. Resources include hardware resources such as storage medium, printing equipment, software and data resources, such as the system software, application software, and various databases and so on. So-called sharing resources is p
24、rovided in the network system resources can be unconditional or conditional access the network for users. Network applications has become an important part of computer application, modern network technology has become an indispensable content in computer technology.4智能化计算机智能化就是要求计算机能模拟人的感觉和思维能力，智能计算
25、机具有解决问题和逻辑推理的功能，知识处理和知识库管理的功能等。目前，已研制出各种“机器人”。4. Intelligent Computer is intelligent to computer can simulate human feelings and thinking ability, intelligent computer has the function of problem solving and logical reasoning, knowledge processing and knowledge base management function, etc. At pres
26、ent, has developed all kinds of robot.1.2 计算机系统组成1.2 the computer system计算机系统由计算机硬件和计算机软件两部分组成。硬件是计算机的“躯体”，是构成计算机系统的各种物理设备的总称。软件是计算机的“灵魂”，是为了运行、设计、管理和维护计算机而编制的程序和各种文档的集合。只有把二者结合起来，计算机才能正常工作。A computer system consists of two parts, computer hardware and computer software. Is the body of the computer
27、hardware, computer system are all composed of the floorboard of the various physical device. Software is the soul of the computer, it is to run, design, management and maintenance of computer and programmed and collection of all kinds of documents. Only combine the two, the computer can work normall
28、y.1.2.1 冯诺依曼计算机的基本结构1.2.1 the basic structure of the von neumann computer电子计算机就是使用二进制，将指令和数据预先存储在存储器中，能自动提取指令并执行的电子设备。美国普林斯顿研究院的冯诺依曼（Von Neuman）博士提出的“存储程序原理”，导致现代意义计算机的诞生。经过不断努力冯诺依曼确定了存储程序式数字计算机的基本结构和工作原理；主要由5部分组成：存储器、运算器、控制器、输入设备、输出设备如图1-6所示。Computer is to use binary, instructions and data are stor
29、ed in memory in advance, can automatically extract instructions and carry out electronic devices. Princeton institute Von neumann (Von Neuman) Dr stored procedure principle, leading to the birth of the modern computer. After continuous efforts von neumann determines the type of stored program the ba
30、sic structure and working principle of a digital computer; Mainly consists of five parts: the memory, arithmetic unit, controller, input devices, output devices are shown in figure 1-6.1.2.2 计算机硬件系统组成计算机的硬件系统应由中央处理器（运算器和控制器）、存储器、输入设备和输出设备组成。这些部分通过系统总线完成指令的传达，当计算机在接受指令后，由控制器指挥，将数据从输入设备传送到存储器存放，再由控制器将
31、需要参加运算的数据传送到运算器，由运算器进行处理，处理后的结果由输出设备输出。1.2.2 computer hardware system Computer hardware systems should be the central processor (arithmetic unit and controller), memory, input devices and output devices. Complete instructions convey the parts through the system bus, when a computer after accepting i
32、nstructions, by the controller command, to transfer data from the input device to the storage store, again by the controller will need to take part in the operation of data transfer to the arithmetic unit, the arithmetic unit for processing, processing of the results by the output device output.1.2.
33、2.1 中央处理器CPUCPU（Central Processing Unit）是中央处理单元的缩写，CPU作为计算机系统的核心，其内部结构可以分为控制器、运算器2个部分。其中运算器主要完成各种算术运算（如加、减、乘、除）和逻辑运算（如逻辑加、逻辑乘和逻辑非运算）；而控制器不具有运算功能，它只是读取各种指令，并对指令进行分析，做出相应的控制。计算机的性能在很大程度上由CPU的性能所决定，而CPU的性能主要体现在其运行程序的速度上。影响运行速度的性能指标包括CPU的工作频率、Cache容量、指令系统和逻辑结构等参数。1.2.2.1 the central processor CPU CPU (C
34、entral Processing Unit) is the abbreviation of Central Processing Unit, CPU as the core of the computer system, its internal structure can be divided into controller, Unit two parts. The arithmetic unit mainly complete various arithmetic operations (such as add, subtract, multiply and divide) and lo
35、gic operations (such as logic, logic and logic operation); The controller does not have operation function, it is only read all kinds of instructions, and analyze the instruction, make corresponding control. Computer performance is largely determined by the CPU performance, CPU performance is mainly
36、 reflected in its speed to run the program. Affect the speed of performance indicators including the working frequency of CPU, Cache parameters such as capacity, instruction system and logical structure.1主频主频也叫时钟频率，单位是兆赫（MHz）或千兆赫（GHz），用来表示CPU的运算、处理数据的速度。通常，主频越高，CPU处理数据的速度就越快。目前世界上CPU生产商主要有Intel公司(参见
37、图1-7)和AMD公司，中国最具代表性的是中国的龙芯CPU（参见图1-8）。1. The frequency Frequency or clock frequency, the unit is megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz), used to express the operation of the CPU, the speed of processing data. In general, the higher the frequency, the faster the speed of CPU processing data. At present m
38、ainly include Intel CPU manufacturers in the world (see figure 1-7) and advanced micro devices inc., China is the most representative of China of the godson CPU (see figure 1-8).2.字长人们常常用二进制位的位数来表示CPU的字长。字长是指CPU在单位时间内能一次处理的二进制数的位数。比如，32位的CPU就能在单位时间内处理字长为32位的二进制数据，这个位数其实是指算术逻辑电路一次能够计算的数据量。2. The word
39、 length People often use binary digits to represent the word length of the CPU. Word length refers to the CPU in the unit to a handle in the course of time the number of binary digits. 32-bit CPU can, for example, in a unit time processing word length for the 32-bit binary data, this number actually
40、 refers to the arithmetic/logic circuit to calculate the amount of data at a time.1.2.2.2 存储设备1内存储器内存是计算机内部存储器的简称，用于存放CPU正在处理、即将处理或处理完毕的数据，是CPU可以直接访问的存储器。从存取功能上可以分为只读存储器（Read Only Memory，ROM）和随机存储器（Random Access Memory，RAM）两大类。内存的每个存储单元都有一个编号，称为内存地址，简称地址。1.2.2.2 storage devices 1. The internal memor
41、y Memory is short for computer internal memory, used for storing the CPU is processing, will handle or processed data, and is directly accessed by the CPU can be. From the Access function can be divided into ROM (Read Only Memory, ROM) and RAM (Random Access Memory. RAM) two kinds big. Memory of eac
42、h storage unit has a number, called the memory address, address for short.（1）只读存储器只读存储器ROM可分为ROM、PROM、EPROM、E2PROM和闪速存储器等几种不同类型。ROM在出厂时内部存储的数据就已经“固化”在里边了，所以数据不允许用户修改。PROM指的是“可编程只读存储器”，即Programmable Read-Only Memory。这样的产品只允许写入一次，所以也被称为“一次可编程只读存储器”。PROM在出厂时，存储的内容全为1，用户可以根据需要将其中的某些单元写入数据0，以实现对其“编程”的目的。
43、(1) read only memory (ROM) Read only memory, ROM can be divided into ROM, PROM, EPROM, E2PROM chips was introduced, and several different types of flash memory, etc. ROM the factory internal storage data have been cured inside, so dont allow the user to modify data. PROM is referring to the Programm
44、able read-only Memory, namely the Programmable Read - Only Memory. This product allows only write once, so also known as a programmable read-only memory. PROM is in a factory, store the contents of the whole is 1, the user can according to need to write some of these units into the data 0, in order
45、to realize the programming.EPROM指的是“可擦写可编程只读存储器”(Erasable。Programmable Read-Only Memory)。它的特点是具有可擦除功能，擦除后即可进行再编程。E2PROM指的是“电可擦除可编程只读存储器”，即Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory。它的最大优点是可直接用电信号擦除，也可用电信号写入。Flash Memory指的是闪存，是指一种非易失性的内存，属于E2PROM的改进产品。EPROM is referring to the Erasable Progr
46、ammable read-only Memory (Erasable Programmable Read - Only Memory). Its characteristic is can erase function, after erasing and programming can be achieved. E2PROM chips was introduced, referring to the in addition to Electrically Erasable Programmable read-only Memory, namely, Electrically Erasabl
47、e Programmable Read Only Memory. Its the biggest advantage is can erase direct electricity signal, also can use electrical signals to write. Flash Memory refers to the Flash Memory, it is to point to a non-volatile Memory, belong to E2PROM chips was introduced to improve the product.（2）随机存储器随机存储器也叫随
48、机读/写存储器，简称RAM。在RAM工作时可以随时从任何一个指定地址读出数据，也可以随时将数据写入任何一个指定的存储单元中去。但一旦停电以后所存储的数据将随之丢失。图1-9为安装在计算机主板上的DRAM。(2), random access memory RAM is also known as random read/write memory, or RAM. When he worked in RAM can read data from a specified address any at any time, also can at any time to any data writte
49、n to the specified storage unit. But once the stored data will be lost after a power outage. Figure 1-9 for DRAM installed on the computer motherboard.2外部存储器外部存储器主要包括硬盘、软盘、光盘等存储设备。2. The external storage External storage mainly including hard disks, floppy diskettes, optical disks and other storage devices.（1）硬盘存储系统目前常见的硬盘主要包括机械式硬