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1、高中英语语法复习学案教师版情态动词一、语法特征【题组训练】改正下列句子中的错误1. Simple measures such as hand washing can to limit the spread of disease. 删去to2. Experts have warned that many people may arent getting enough Vitamin D. may arent getting 改为may not be 或may not get3. The nation musts limit land development. musts 改为must4. Wit
2、h her help, he ought not have any problem. not 后加to5. I wondered how he dared to say that to the teacher. 去掉dared 后的to; 或者把dared 改为didnt dare【总结】1. 情态动词+ 动词原形 一起构成句子的谓语，不能单独使用2. 情态动词后直接加not 构成否定式3. 情态动词没有人称和数的变化4. 有些情态动词具有特殊性：ought to; have to; dare; need 等二、用法要点（一）表示能力现在或一般的能力过去的能力将来的能力can (更普遍)cou
3、ldwill be able tobe able towas / were able to【题组训练】1. He is a native speaker of English, so he can of course speak English quite well.2. I am starving to death. I can / am able to eat two bowls of rice now.3. If you have a good sleep, you will be able to work out this problem tomorrow.4. She could /
4、 was able to sing like an angle when she was a child.5. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.【注意】表示过去某一次的能力，即过去某时刻具有做某事的能力并施展了能力的时候，只能用was / were able to(二) 表示可能性（推测）【观察】1) Accidents can happen on such rainy tonight.1. 客观或理论上的可能性：can 用于肯定句中。不涉及具体某事是否会发生，常用于
5、说明人或事物的特征2. 具体事情事件发生的可能性 （从可能性大到小）情态动词肯定式否定式疑问式must一定；必定；必然/should= ought to理应；很可能表示确定或期待“按理说应该”应该不会/can/不可能有可能吗？could有可能（微弱的可能）不可能比can 语气弱may或许；说不定；也许可能不/might比may 语气弱比may not 语气弱/【注意】1.表示推测时， may; must 常用肯定句，一般不用于否定句和疑问句中(may not 的意思是“可能不”)；can 常用于否定句、疑问句、感叹句中，表示疑惑、惊讶或不相信等意思 (could 也可以用于肯定句中)。2. s
6、hould 表示推测，表示的是确定或可能有的未来或期望，即合乎理想的情况或结果 We should arrive before dark. The road should be less crowded today.3. should; might; could 并不一定与过去时间有关，而表示可能性弱于它们相应的现在时形式 This may / might be done by him.【题组训练】1. Helen may go to the trip with us, but she isnt quite sure yet.2. There shouldnt be any difficult
7、y about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.3. Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How can it be that he was late for the opening ceremony?4. -She looks very happy. She must pass the exam. - I guess so. Its not difficult after all.5. - I heard they went skiing
8、in the mountains last winter. - It couldnt be true because there was little snow there.6. - Is John coming by train? - He should , but he may not. He likes driving his car.(三) 情态动词+have done 的用法1. 表示对过去已经发生动作的推测（可能性从大到小）情态动词肯定式否定式疑问式must have done想必、一定做了某事/can have done/不可能已经做了某事有可能做了某事吗？could have
9、done可能已经做了某事不可能已经做了某事有可能做了某事吗？may have done或许已经做了某事可能不是已经做了某事/might have done比may 语气弱比may not 语气弱/2. 表示对过去已经发生行为的责备、遗憾情态动词含义could have done“本来可能”，表示过去没有实现的可能性might have done“本来可以”，而实际上没有做should have doneought to have done本应该做而实际上未做shouldnt have doneoughtnt to have done本不应该做二实际上却做了neednt have done做了本
10、来不必做的事【注意】didnt need to do - 没必要做而事实上没有做had better have done当时最好做了某事而实际上没做，表示事后的建议would rather have done当时宁愿做了某事而实际上没有做，表示后悔would like / love have done过去愿意做某事但未做成【辨析】1. She didnt need to come to see me yesterday. 不需要2. She neednt have come to see me yesterday. 本可不必【题组训练】1. Tom ought not to have told
11、 (tell)me your secret, but he meant no harm.2. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I should / ought to have written (write)it out for her.3. - There were already 5 people in the car but they managed to take me as well. - It couldnt have been (be) a comfortable journey.4. Susan cant have writte
12、n (write) a report like this.5. - I stayed at a hotel while in New York. - Oh, did you? you could have stayed (stay) with Barbara.6. Jack cant have arrived (arrive) yet, otherwise he would have phoned me.7. There was plenty of time. She neednt have hurried (hurry).8. He might have given (give) you m
13、ore help, even though he was very busy.9. I was really anxious about you. You shouldnt have left (leave) home without a word.10. I would love to have gone (go) to the party last night, but I had to work extra hours to finish the report.11. I raised objections at the meeting, but now I would rather n
14、ot have done (do) yet.12. - Tom graduated from college at a very young age. - Oh, he must have been (be) a very smart boy then.(四) 表示请求、征求意见第一人称第二人称第三人称ShallMay I / we ?CanMight I / we ?Could Will you ?Would you ? (更委婉)Shall he / she / they ?【题组训练】1. - The room is so dirty. Shall / May / Can / Might
15、 / Could we clean it now? - Of course.2. - Shall he come to see you? - Of course. And Id rather he told me the truth.3. Tonight, the light of love is in your eyes, but will you love me tomorrow?(五) 情态动词需要注意的用法1. shall 用于二、三人称的陈述句中，表示说话者许诺、命令、警告、威胁等； 用于条约、规章、法令等文件中，表示义务或规定2. should 表示说话人对某事不能理解、感到意外、
16、惊异等，意为“竟然”3. will 表示意愿、决心、诺言、期望等；意为“会、要、保证”；有感情色彩，自觉的行动和动作4. would 表示过去习惯性的动作，不涉及现在，没有与现在对比的意思 used to 表示过去常常做二而现在已经不再有的习惯，存在与现在的对比5. must 表示“偏要、硬要”做某事【题组训练】1. I dont know why you should think I did it.2. It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have bee
17、n collected.3. - How old are you, Madam? - If you must know, Im twice my sons age.4. I have made up my mind to go and I will.5. When he was there, he would go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.6. You cant imagine that a well-behaved gentleman should be so rude to a lady.(六) 表示必要
18、性必须不必禁止must 主观愿望have to 客观要求dont need todont have tomustnt【题组训练】1. Children under 12 years of age in that country must be under adult supervision when they are in a public library.2. Johnny, you mustnt pay with the knife. You may hurt yourself.(七) 情态动词的应答1. - Shall I tell John about it? - No, you ne
19、ednt. Ive told him already.2. - Could I all you by the first name? - Yes, you may.3. - Will you stay for lunch? - Sorry, I cant. My brother is coming to see me.4. - Write to me when you get home. - I will.5. - Could I borrow your dictionary? - Yes, of course, you can.6. - Dont forget to come to my b
20、irthday party tomorrow. - I wont.7. - May I use your car? - No, you mustnt.8. - Must I work out the problem tonight? - No, you neednt.9. - Need we do this job now? - Yes, you need.10. - Will you stay for lunch? - Sorry, I cant. My brother is coming to see me.(八) need 和dare 的用法动词类型肯定句否定句疑问句行为动词(有人称和数
21、的变化)needs / daresneed / dare + to do needed / daredoesnt dont + need / dare + to dodidntDoes Do need / dare + to doDid 情态动词(无人称和数的变化)need / dare + do daredneednt / dare not + dodare not Need / Dare + doDared 【题组训练】1. She doesnt dare to go (go) into the thick forest alone on such s dark night.2. Look
22、ing at my determined face, the big boy dare not pick (pick) up the fight.3. The hotel is only a stones throw away, you need not take (take) a bus.4. - I dont mind telling you what I know. - You neednt. Im not asking you for it.5. - Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report. - You s
23、hant have (have) my computer if you dont take care of it.6. I wonder how he dared say (dare) that to the teacher.7. You neednt come (come) to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do.8. You neednt return (return) the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like.三、其他情态
24、动词的用法1. I cannot but admire your bravery. 我不得不钦佩你的勇气。 cannot but + do sth. 不得不; 只有做2. She may well refuse to talk to you. 她很可能拒绝和你谈话。 may well do sth. = to be very likely to do sth. 完全可能; 很可能3. You may as well stay here over the night. 你最好留在这里过夜。 may as well do sth. 最好; 满可以4. You cant be careful eno
25、ugh. / You cant be too careful. 你再怎么小心也不为过。 can not / never + be + adj. + enough too + adj. 再也不为过5. Why should you be so late today? 你今天怎么来的这么晚？ How should I know? 我怎么会知道？ why / how should “竟会”表示说话人对某事不理解，感到意外、惊异等The Subjunctive Mood虚拟语气是一种特殊的谓语动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而只是一种假设、愿望、猜测、要求、命令等。一、用于if 引导的虚
26、拟条件状语从句if 条件从句的谓语形式主语的谓语形式与现在相反did / werewould / should / could / might + do与过去相反had donewould / should / could / might + have done与将来相反didwere to doshould dowould / should / could / might + do【题组训练】1. If I won (win) the lottery now, I would buy (buy) an expensive car.2. If there were (be) no subjun
27、ctive mood, English would be (be) easier for us Chinese. 部分倒装： Were there no subjunctive mood, 3. If I had come (come) here yesterday, I would have seen (see) him. 部分倒装：Had I come here yesterday, 4. 1) If it rained (rain) tomorrow, the meeting would be put off (put off). 2) If it were to rain (rain)
28、 tomorrow, the meeting would be put off (put off). 部分倒装： Were it to rain tomorrow, 3) If it should rain (rain) tomorrow, the meeting would be put off (put off). 部分倒装： Should it rain tomorrow, 5. If you had asked (ask) him yesterday, you would know (know) what to do now. If I had (have) a bicycle at
29、present, I would have lent (lend) it to you yesterday.6. If there had not been (no be) for your help yesterday, I wouldnt have finished (not finish) the work. = Without / But for you help yesterday, I wouldnt have finished (not finish) the work. = Thank you for your help yesterday. Otherwise, I woul
30、dnt have finished (not finish) the work. = Thank you for your help yesterday, or / or else I wouldnt have finished (not finish) the work.7. If you had come (come) a few hours earlier, you would have seen (see) the famous writer. = A few hours earlier, you would have seen (see) the famous writer.8. I
31、f he had been born (bear) in a better family, he would have been (be) a professor. = Born in a better family, he would have been (be) a professor.【总结】1. 主从句谓语动词的搭配要记会2. 省略if，将had; were; should 放在句首构成部分倒装结构需要背3. 错综时间条件句中谓语动词各自为准更可贵4. 含蓄条件句表达形式要找对 1) 介词或介词短语：without; but for 2) 副词或连词：otherwise; or; or
32、 else 3) 其他手段：名词短语、非谓语动词等【题组训练】1. - If he have been warned (warn), he would not have taken (not take) that food. - Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.2. Had you listened to the doctor, you would be (be) all right now.3. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball. Otherwise he wou
33、ld have scored (score) a goal.4. What would have happened, Had Bob walked (walk) farther as far as the river bank? 5. Were (be) I you, I would go with him to the party.6. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I had not fallen (not fall) in love, at the age of seven, with the Me
34、linda Cox Library in my hometown.7. But for the English examination I would have gone (go) to the concert last Sunday.8. Without electronic computers, much of todays advanced technology would not have achieved (not achieve).9. I would have come earlier, but I didnt know (know) that you were waiting
35、for me.二、虚拟语气用在名词性从句中（一）wish + 宾语从句中的虚拟语气wish + 宾语从句中动词形式宾语从句的动作与wish 同时did / were宾语从句的动作先于wishhad done宾语从句的动作后于wishwould / could / might + do【注意】没有should do【题组训练】1. How I wish every family had / could have (have) a large house with a beautiful garden! = If only every family had / could have (have)
36、a large house with a beautiful garden!2. I wish I had met (meet) that film star yesterday. = If only I had met (meet) that film star yesterday.(二) would rather + 宾语从句中，与现在或将来事实相反，动词用did / were 与过去事实相反，动词用had done1. I would rather he came (come) tomorrow than today.2. I would rather he had told (tell
37、) me about that yesterday.3. Most insurance agents would rather you didnt do (not do) anything about collecting claims until they investigate the situation.三、虚拟语气用在其他从句中（一）虚拟语气在as if / as though 从句中谓语动词形式于现在事实相反did / were与过去事实相反had done与将来事实相反would / could / might + do【注意】没有 should do【题组训练】1. He spe
38、aks Chinese so fluently as if he were (be) a Chinese.2. Looking round the town, he felt as though he had been (be) away for ages.3. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken (break).4. He learns English so hard as if he would go (go) the U.S.A. in the near future.（二）
39、虚拟语气在Its (high / right) time (that) + 定语从句中： 谓语动词用did 或 should do【题组训练】1. Its time that the bus arrived / should arrive (arrive) to pick up all the passengers.2. It is high time we started / should start (start) out.四、在名词性从句中用(should) do / (should) be done 表示虚拟语气(一) 虚拟语气可以用在主语从句中，构成It is + adj. / n.
40、 / done + that + 主语从句1. Its necessary (必要的) that we (should) keep (keep) the balance of nature.2. Its natural (自然的) that she (should) do (do) so.3. Its important (重要的) that we (should) take (take) good care of the patient.4. It is a pity (可惜) he (should) miss (miss) such a golden chance.(二) 1. 坚持：in
41、sist 2. 命令：order; command 3. 建议：suggest; advise; propose; recommend + 宾语从句中 4. 要求：require; request; demand; desire【注意】suggest 作“暗示；表明”讲，insist 作“坚持认为；坚持说”讲，宾语从句不用虚拟语气【题组训练】1. We suggested that the meeting (should) be put off (put off).2. The smile on his face suggested that hw was (be) satisfied wit
42、h our work.3. The young man insisted that he had done (do) nothing wrong and should be set (set) free.(三) 表示坚持、命令、建议、要求 + 宾语从句可以和相应的主语从句、表语从句、同为语从句转换We suggest that you should be there on time.= Our suggestion is that you should be (be) there on time. 表语从句= It is suggested that you should be (be) th
43、ere on time. 主语从句= I make a suggestion that you should be (be) there on time. 同为语从句【题组训练】1. The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students should be given (give) two weeks to prepare for the exam.2. Wang Ling, one of my friends, is very good at English. He speaks English as if he were (be) a
44、n Englishman.3. If only I knew (know) how to operate an electronic computer as you do.4. Robert wishes that he had studied (study) business instead of history when he was in university.5. Mr. Li required the computer equipment referred to (should) be used (use)in every classroom.6. It is strange tha
45、t the little boy (should) speak (speak) two foreign languages.7. - Do you mind if I leave the window open? - Well, Id rather you didnt (not).8. Its half past eleven. Its high time we went / should go (go) home.【翻译】1. 如果赵老师在这里，事情就能办了。 If Mr. Zhao were here, it could be done.2. 如果我昨天看到你，我就会问你这件事。 If I had seen you yesterday, I would have asked you about it.3. 如果明天下雨，庄稼就有救了。 If it rained / should rain / were to rain tomorrow, the crops would be saved.4. 要是小悦悦能及时送达医院，她今天还活着。 If Little Yueyue had been sent to the hospital in time, she w