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1、实用外贸英语1 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望International Trade(1)n nThe definition of international trade International trade can be defined as the International trade can be defined as the exchangeexchange of of goods and servicesgoods and servi
2、ces produced in one country produced in one country with those produced in anotherwith those produced in another.Simply we can say,international trade refers to Simply we can say,international trade refers to transaction between parties from different countries.transaction between parties from diffe
3、rent countries.But sometimes business across the borders of different But sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export,such as business between Hong import and export,s
4、uch as business between Hong Kong and Taiwan.Kong and Taiwan.n nMajor differences between international trade and domestic trade.A.Differences in legal systemA.Differences in legal system The countries involved often have different legal The countries involved often have different legal systems,and
5、one or more parties will have to systems,and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law.the foreign law.不同的国家通常拥有不同的法律体系，参与商务不同的国家通常拥有不同的法律体系，参与商务的一方或几方不得不根据外国的法律来调整自的一方或几方不得不根据外国的法律来调整自己的经营活动。己的经营活
6、动。B.Differences in currencies Different countries usually use different currencies Different countries usually use different currencies and the parties concerned will have to decide and the parties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary which currency to use
7、and do everything necessary as regards convention.Uncertainties and even as regards convention.Uncertainties and even risks are often involve in the use of a foreign risks are often involve in the use of a foreign currency.currency.不同的的国家通常使用不同的货币。参与商务的有不同的的国家通常使用不同的货币。参与商务的有关方必须选择使用哪种货币，并就兑换等事宜做关方必
8、须选择使用哪种货币，并就兑换等事宜做好一切必要的工作。在使用外汇过程中，往往存好一切必要的工作。在使用外汇过程中，往往存在不确定因素甚至是风险。在不确定因素甚至是风险。C.Differences in cultural background Cultural differences including languages,customs,traditions,religion,value,behavior etc.often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business.文化差
9、异包括语言，习俗，传统，宗教，价值观和行为方式的不同。往往给从事国际商务的人构成挑战甚至是陷阱。D.Differences in national and economic conditionsD.Differences in national and economic conditions Countries vary in national and economic conditions and may have Countries vary in national and economic conditions and may have different policies toward
10、s foreign trade and investment,making different policies towards foreign trade and investment,making international business more complex than domestic business.international business more complex than domestic business.不同的国家自然条件和经济状况不同，对待外国的贸易和投不同的国家自然条件和经济状况不同，对待外国的贸易和投资的政策不同，这使得国际商务比国内商务更加复杂。资的政策不
11、同，这使得国际商务比国内商务更加复杂。With the development of economic globalization,few people or With the development of economic globalization,few people or companies can completely stay away from international panies can completely stay away from international business.Some knowledge in this respect is necessary b
12、oth for the benefit Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.of enterprises and personal advancement.随着经济全球化的发展，很少有人和公司能完全置身于国际随着经济全球化的发展，很少有人和公司能完全置身于国际商务之外。因此，在这方面具有一定知识是十分必要的，商务之外。因此，在这方面具有一定知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。这既有益于企业的发展又有益
13、于个人的进步。n nThe theory of comparative advantageThe theory of comparative advantage International trade can be defined as the exchange of goods and services International trade can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in other.In the complex produ
14、ced in one country with those produced in other.In the complex economic world,no country can be completely self-sufficient.economic world,no country can be completely self-sufficient.The distribution of natural resources is uneven.The distribution of natural resources is uneven.Some countries are So
15、me countries are abundant in resources,while elsewhere resources are scarce or even abundant in resources,while elsewhere resources are scarce or even nonexistent.And a country may be rich in some resources but poor in nonexistent.And a country may be rich in some resources but poor in others.For in
16、stance,Britain has large resources of coal but lacks some others.For instance,Britain has large resources of coal but lacks some metal reserves.Kuwait has vast oil deposits but little farm produce.And metal reserves.Kuwait has vast oil deposits but little farm produce.And Japan relies heavily on imp
17、ort for most of the primary commodities.That Japan relies heavily on import for most of the primary commodities.That is the reason why international trade first began.is the reason why international trade first began.国际贸易可以解释为一国所生产的货物和服务与另外一国进行交换。在这个复杂国际贸易可以解释为一国所生产的货物和服务与另外一国进行交换。在这个复杂的经济社会，没有一个国家能
18、够完全自给自足。的经济社会，没有一个国家能够完全自给自足。自然资源的分布是不均衡的。自然资源的分布是不均衡的。有些国家的资源非常丰富，而其他国家资源稀少，有些国家的资源非常丰富，而其他国家资源稀少，甚至没有资源。一个国家可能某些资源丰富，但其他资源贫乏。例如，英国有甚至没有资源。一个国家可能某些资源丰富，但其他资源贫乏。例如，英国有大量的煤炭资源，但缺少某些金属资源；科威特石油储量巨大，但农产品却稀大量的煤炭资源，但缺少某些金属资源；科威特石油储量巨大，但农产品却稀少；而日本多数初级产品却严重依赖进口。这就是最初国际贸易形成的原因。少；而日本多数初级产品却严重依赖进口。这就是最初国际贸易形成的
19、原因。With the development of manufacturing and technology,there arose another incentive for trade,international specialization_ one country producing more of a commodity than it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries.Such specialization constitutes an important basis for internationa
20、l trade.随着生产和技术的发展，产生了另一个刺激国际贸易的因素，即国际生产专门化一个国家所生产的某种商品的数量超出它的消费，并将所剩商品卖给其他国家。这种专门化构成了国际贸易的一个重要基础。Absolute advantage and comparative advantage are two theories of international specializations.绝对优势学说和比较优势学说是国际分工中的两种理论。The theory of absolute advantage holds that a commodity will be produced in the co
21、untry where it costs least in terms of resources(capital,land and labor).按照绝对优势理论，一种产品的生产将在生产该产品成本最低的国家内进行。成本包括资本，土地和劳动力等要素。Let us assure there are only two countries producing two Let us assure there are only two countries producing two commodities under perfect modities under perfect competition.O
22、utput per man-year of labor Output per man-year of labor 人均年产量人均年产量 Country A Country B Country A Country B Computers 50 10 Computers 50 10 Cars 20 40 Cars 20 40 我们从表上可以看到我们从表上可以看到甲国甲国在生产在生产计算机计算机方面效率高方面效率高于乙国，也就具有绝对优势，而于乙国，也就具有绝对优势，而乙国乙国在在汽车汽车生产方生产方面具有绝对优势。这样甲国将专门生产计算机，并面具有绝对优势。这样甲国将专门生产计算机，并用一部分计算
23、机同乙国交换汽车。而乙国也可以用用一部分计算机同乙国交换汽车。而乙国也可以用汽车同甲国交换计算机。两国通过生产专门化和贸汽车同甲国交换计算机。两国通过生产专门化和贸易都将获得利益。易都将获得利益。But,according to the theory,trade occurs only when each But,according to the theory,trade occurs only when each country has an absolute advantage over the other in the country has an absolute advantage
24、over the other in the production of one commodity.In reality,it is not rare production of one commodity.In reality,it is not rare that one country has no absolute advantage in any that one country has no absolute advantage in any modity.Will trade occur in these cases?Will trade occur in these cases
25、?The theory The theory of comparative advantage has offer a satisfactory answer of comparative advantage has offer a satisfactory answer to this question.to this question.但是，根据这一理论，只有当一个国家生产的某一商但是，根据这一理论，只有当一个国家生产的某一商品对另一个国家具有绝对优势时，贸易才会发生。品对另一个国家具有绝对优势时，贸易才会发生。实际上，某个国家生产任何商品都不具有绝对优势实际上，某个国家生产任何商品都不具
26、有绝对优势的情况并不罕见。的情况并不罕见。在这种情况下，贸易会发生吗？在这种情况下，贸易会发生吗？比较优势学说在这个问题上提供了一个更加满意的比较优势学说在这个问题上提供了一个更加满意的答案。答案。The theory of comparative advantage holds that even if a The theory of comparative advantage holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production country is less efficient than
27、 another in the production of both commodities,i.e.it has absolute disadvantage in of both commodities,i.e.it has absolute disadvantage in producing both commodities,there is still a producing both commodities,there is still a basisbasis for for mutually beneficial trade.The first country should mut
28、ually beneficial trade.The first country should specialize in the production and export of commodity in specialize in the production and export of commodity in which its which its absolute disadvantage is smallerabsolute disadvantage is smaller,and import,and import the commodity in which its the co
29、mmodity in which its absolute disadvantage is absolute disadvantage is greater.greater.比较优势学说认为，即使一个国家在生产两种商品比较优势学说认为，即使一个国家在生产两种商品时都比另一个国家效率低，即生产这两种商品时时都比另一个国家效率低，即生产这两种商品时都处于不利情况，仍然存在进行相互贸易的都处于不利情况，仍然存在进行相互贸易的基础基础。第一个国家应该专门生产和出口其第一个国家应该专门生产和出口其绝对不利较小绝对不利较小的那种商品，即具有比较优势的商品，而进口其的那种商品，即具有比较优势的商品，而进口其
30、绝对不利较大绝对不利较大的商品，即具有比较劣势的商品。的商品，即具有比较劣势的商品。Comparative advantage is not a Comparative advantage is not a static conceptstatic concept.A country may develop a.A country may develop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions,independent particular comparative advantage purely thr
31、ough its own actions,independent of the endowments of nature.Switzerlands comparative advantage in watch of the endowments of nature.Switzerlands comparative advantage in watch making is a typical example.Similarly,thee United States has developed making is a typical example.Similarly,thee United St
32、ates has developed comparative advantage in many lines that are the most up-to-date parative advantage in many lines that are the most up-to-date technology.比较优势不是一个比较优势不是一个静止的概念静止的概念。一个国家可以不凭借大自然的恩赐而完。一个国家可以不凭借大自然的恩赐而完全通过自身的行动来发展某一特别的比较优势。瑞士造表业的比较优全通过自身的行动来发展某一特别的比较优势。瑞士造表业的比较优势就是一个典型的例子。同样，美国已经在使用
33、最先进技术的许多行势就是一个典型的例子。同样，美国已经在使用最先进技术的许多行业发展了比较优势。业发展了比较优势。The idea of absolute advantage as the basis for economic specialization has a The idea of absolute advantage as the basis for economic specialization has a strong appeal.But the idea of comparative advantage introduced by David strong appeal.B
34、ut the idea of comparative advantage introduced by David Richardo makes more sense.Indeed it has become the Richardo makes more sense.Indeed it has become the cornerstonecornerstone of modern of modern thinking on international trade.thinking on international trade.作为经济专门化的基础，绝对优势理论具有很强的直觉吸引力，但是，作为经济专门化的基础，绝对优势理论具有很强的直觉吸引力，但是，由英国经济学家大卫由英国经济学家大卫.李嘉图提出的比较利益理论更有意义。的确，李嘉图提出的比较利益理论更有意义。的确，这一理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的这一理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石基石。