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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 英语语法中的时态（学习必备欢迎下载是tense ）是一种动词形式,不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式；表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式；因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指 的是相应时态下的动词形式；时态 . 一般分为过去式、现在式、将来式,通常也有与表示动作进行或终止的进行式和 完成式等体貌一起相连用的情形；时态连同语气、语态、体貌和人称为动词形式至少可能能够表现出的 5 种语法特 性；动词的现在时 一般现在时1 一般现在时表示常常性的动作或状态常与 often, always, usually, sometimes, 一般现在时表
2、示常常性动作或状态时,every day等时间状语连用；如：The shop opens at nine every day. 这家商店每天九点开门；It seldom snows here. 这儿很少下雪；2 一般现在时表示客观存在或普遍真理Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快；Food easily goes bad in hot weather. 天气热时食物简单坏；3 一般现在时表示主语的特点或状态The picture looks very beautiful. 这幅画看起来很美；Air contains oxygen and nitroge
3、n. 空气含有氧和氮；4 一般现在时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态Ill tell her about it as soon as I see her. When does the train arrive. 火车几点到？5 用于图片说明或剧本中的动作提示和背景说明INSIDE THE SHELTER: Stockton slowly turns to face his wife. The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart. 防空洞中：斯道克顿渐渐转过身,面对他的妻子
4、；那群人正在离去,而他们愤慨的尖叫声却仍回响在他们的耳边；6 电视节目直播解说Its Carter to serve- he needs just one more point. He serves. And Smith misses. What a great serve.So the championshipgoes to 19-year-old Harry Carter. 该卡特发球了,他只需再得一分就赢了；他发球了,史密斯接球失误；多美丽的发球！冠军属于了19 岁的哈利- 卡特；现在进行时名师归纳总结 1 现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作today, this 第 1 页,共
5、 8 页表示现阶段正在进行的动作,通常用表示现阶段的时间状语,如：week, this month, this year, this term,now等；如：- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载He is writing a novel now. 他目前正在写一部小说；2 现在进行时表示常常性的动作现在进行时在表示常常性、重复性或习惯性的动作时必需与 only, merely, simply, really,fast, rapidly, steadily, forever, all the time, always, constantl
6、y, continually, repeatedly 等频度副词连用；如：She is always complaining. 她总是在埋怨；3 现在进行时表示按方案或已支配好要做的事这一用法只适用于某些动词,如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly 等；如：The guest is leaving by train tonight. 客人今晚坐火车走；4 补充说明1 在不少情形下,表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子,并没有“ 正在” 这样的字眼,但在译为英语时必需用进行时态；如：Its raining heav
7、ily. 下大雨了；seem, notice, hate, How is everything going. 事情进展如何？2 有些动词通常不能用进行时；不能用进行时的动词有：表示感觉或感情的词,如：hear, see, smell, taste, feel, love, like, want, wish, refuse, prefer, forgive等；表示存在或所属的词,如：contain 等；exist, stay, remain, obtain, have, own, form, 表示熟悉或懂得的词,如：understand, know, remember, forget, beli
8、eve, think, doubt等；现在完成时1 现在完成时表示从过去连续到现在的动作或状态现在完成时的这种用法通常与由 since 或 for 引导的时间状语连用；如：The old man have lived here for more than twenty years. 老人已在此住了 20 多年了；2 现在完成时表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作1 现在完成时的这种用法有时不带时间状语,有时可以和 already, before, ever, just, lately, never, once, recently, yet 语连用；如：等一些所指时间不详细的时间状Have you
9、ever been to Australia. 你去过澳大利亚吗？2 有时现在完成时和 now, today, this morning, this week, this year 等表示现在的时间状语连用；如：I haven t seen him today. 我今日没见过他；I have seen him only once this year. 我今年只见过他一次；3 现在完成时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来完成的动作Ill go to the party as soon as or when I have finished my homework. 我完成作业后就去参与聚会；名师归纳总
10、结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 4 现在完成时和until 学习必备欢迎下载up to the presentnow, so far, in the past few years, 等表示从某时到目前这段时间的状语连用 I have not heard from her so far. 到目前为止,我没有收到过她的信；We have learned five hundred words up to the present. 到目前为止,我们已学了五百个生词；但要留意：当意义明确时,适用现在完成时的句子可以不用时间状语；如：H
11、e has done a lot of work. 他干了很多工作；She has told me about her story. 她跟我讲过她的故事；现在完成进行时 1 现在完成进行时表示从过去始终连续到现在的动作或刚刚终止的动作 Ive been writing letters all this morning. 我写了一上午信；（动作不再连续）ONeil is ill. He s been lying in the bed for three weeks. 奥尼尔在病中,已卧床3 个星期了；（动作会连续下去）2 现在完成进行时表示从过去到现在的重复性动作 现在完成进行时的这种用法所表示
12、的并不是始终在进行的动作,而是断断续续地反复发生的动作；如：What have you been doing all this time. 你始终都在干什么来着？（动作可能连续下去）That reporter has been contributing articles to this magazine all these years. 这些年那个记者始终为这家杂志撰稿；（断断续续地反复发生的动作）动词的过去时一般过去时 1 一般过去时表示过去的动作或状态 1 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用；与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：yesterday, last nightweek, year,
13、 month, Sunday,then, at that time, at that moment, just now, a few daysweeks, months, years ago等；例句：Lucy turned off all the lights before she went out. 出门前露茜关了全部的灯；2 一般过去时也可以与today, this weekmonth, year等时间状语连用,但这些时间状语应指过去；如：Did you see him today. 你今日见他了吗？（today 指今日已过去的某一时刻）3 一般过去时仍可以和 for 或 since 引导
14、的时间状语连用；如：I stayed there for two months. 我在那里呆了两个月；Nothing happened since then. 打那以后什么事都没有发生；名师归纳总结 2 有时一般过去时的时间状语或是在上下文、或是暗含于句中第 3 页,共 8 页Who was that. 那人是谁？- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载I saw Ker in town. 我在城里观察了克尔；3 一般过去时在时间和条件状语从句中表示过去将来的动作或状态；Hans said he would let us know if h
15、e got any news. 汉斯说要是得到消息就告知我们；过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作 1 1 过去进行时通常和时间状语连用；如：We were having dinner when they came. 他们来的时候,我们正在吃饭；2 过去进行时表示过去某段时间内连续的动作；如：Carlos was staying at home all last week. 上周整整一周卡洛斯都在家呆着；They were building a dam last spring. 去年春天他们始终在修一个水坝；3 过去进行时表示与过去某个动作同时发生的动作；如：I was readi
16、ng while she was writing. 我在读书,她在写字；4 有时过去进行时用于主句,位于其后的 when 引导的从句表示意外发生的情况：I was walking in the street when it began to rain. 我正在街上走着,突然下起了雨；start2 过去进行时表示过去将来的动作通常仅限于come, go, leave, depart, 过去进行时的这种用法多表示过去的准备,等一些表示移动的动词；如：He didnt know whether she was coming. The delegation was departing three da
17、ys later. 过去完成时他不知道她是否会来；代表团准备三天后动身；1 过去完成时表示过去某时之前终止的动作或状态 When he got there, the train had already left. 他到了那儿时火车已经离开了；Ina realized she had made a mistake. 艾娜意识到她犯了个错误；2 过去完成时与when 等从句连用no sooner.than. had+just / barely / hardly / scarcely+done.when., 是表示“ 刚 就 ” 或“ 不等 就 ” 的固定句型；如：No sooner had we
18、left the house than it began to rain. 我们刚离开家就开头下雨了；I had not gone much farther before I caught them up. 我没有走多远就赶上他们了；3 过去完成时表示连续到过去某时之前的动作或状态 We had finished the work by nine oclock yesterday. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载昨晚九点前我们已完成了工作；The company had completed th
19、e project by the end of 1999. 到 1999 年底公司已完成了那个项目；过去完成时表示未实现的愿望过去完成时表示未实现的愿望的用法仅限于expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, think,want等动词,过去时间往往由一般过去时表达；如：I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想发言,可是时间不答应；I had hoped you might know. 我本期望你会知道的；过去完成进行时 过去完成时主要表示连续到过去某时之前的动作；如：I had been looking
20、for it for days before I found it. 这个东西,我找了好多天才找着；The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered. 电话铃响了三分钟才有人接；He was tired. Hed been working all day.他累了；他工作了一成天；After hed been lecturing for half an hour, Professor Brown had a drink of water. 布朗教授讲了半小时课之后,他喝了一点水；动词的将来时 一般将来时
21、 1 基本用法 一般将来常常用来表示将来时间的动作或状况；如：1 Helena will be twenty next year. 海伦娜明年就二十岁了；2 一般将来时用于真实条件句和时间状语从句的主句中表示将来的情形；如：Ill tell you as soon as he comes. 他一来我就告知你；3 用于条件状语从句表示愿望或意愿；如：If you will wait for me, I shall come back soon. 假如你情愿等我,我立刻就回来；4 一般将来时可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作；如：The shop wont open until nine. 这家商店九
22、点才会开门；Children will be children. 孩子就是孩子；2 be going to 动词原形这一结构表示准备或预备好要做的事或有迹象说明要发生的天气变化等情形；如：What are you going to do during the summer holiday. The train is going to arrive. 火车就要到了；3 现在进行时（be 现在分词）你暑假准备做什么？名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载有些动词的现在进行时可以表示将要发生的动作,表示按方案
23、或支配即将发生的事；这类动词有：go, come, leave,start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等；如：Annie is coming to supper this evening. 安妮今晚要来吃饭；4 be to 动词原形 这一结构可表示商定、命令或按方案要做的事；如：When are they to come. 他们什么时候来？We are to meet at the school gate. 我们约好在校门口见；5 be about to 动词原形 这一结构表示“ 即将做” 或“ 立刻做” 的意思；如：He is about
24、to leave. 他立刻就要动身；假期即将开头；The vacation is about to start. 将来进行时将来进行时表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作；常表示已支配好之事,给人一种 期望感；如：What will you be doing this time tomorrow. 明天这个时候你将做什么？The train will be leaving in a second. 火车立刻就开；将来完成时1 将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作,往往对将来某一时间产生影响；如：I shall have finished reading the book by the end
25、of this week. 我将在本周末前读完这本书；Before long,he will have forgotten all about the matter. 过不久,他很快就会把这件事全然遗忘；2 将来完成时表示连续到将来某时的动作或状态；如：By the time he graduates, he will have studied French for four years. 到他毕业的时候,他学法语就满四年了；By the time Pierce comes back from the meeting, we will have waited here for three ho
26、urs. 到皮尔斯开会回来的时候,我们已经在这儿等了三个钟头了；过去将来时 1 过去将来时表示过去某时之后将显现的情形,通常用于宾语从句中；如：我以为他会来；I thought he would come. Jenny never imagined that she would become a doctor. 詹妮从没想到自己会当医生；2 表示从过去某时看将要发生的事情；如：The old lady was fifty-eight then. In two years she would be sixty. 老太太当时五十八岁,再过两年就六十了；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6
27、 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - I didn t think they would h学习必备欢迎下载ave any objection to it. 我想他们不会有什么反对看法；3 表示过去习惯性动作（不管什么人称都用would ）；如：Whenever he had time, Harris would go to see his grandmother. 哈里斯一有时间就去看他奶奶；Joanna would go for a walk after 时态转换 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换 在现在完成时中,连续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用,瞬时动词却不能
28、；但是,可用别的表达方式：瞬时动词用于“ 一段时间+ ago” 的一般过去时的句型中；瞬时动词可改成与之相对应的连续性动词及短语,与一段时间连用；瞬时动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时” 的句型中,表示“ 自从 以Some 来有 时间” 的意思,主句一般用it is 来代替It has been; 瞬时动词用于“time has passed since + 一般过去时” 的句型中；请看：A. He joined the League two years ago. B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It
29、 is two years since he joined the League. D. Two years has passed since he joined the League. 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换在一般现在时中,at 加上名词表示“ 处于某种状态” ,如 at work（在工作） , at school （上学、上课）等；此短语可与进行时态转换；请看：Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换 在现在进行时态中 go, come, l
30、eave, start, arrive 等动词常与表示将来的时 间状语连用表示将要发生的动作；如：I am coming, Mum. 意为“ 我就来,妈妈！”请看：The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon. 相互转换英语中的几种时态在肯定情形下可以相互转换,以下是几种常见的转换形式：一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换 在现在完成时中,连续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用,瞬时动词却不能；但是,可用别的表达方式：瞬时动词用于“ 一段时间+ ago” 的一般过去时的句型中；瞬时动词可改成与之相对应的连续性动词及短语,与一段时间连用；瞬时
31、动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时” 的句型中,表示“ 自从 以Some 来有 时间” 的意思,主句一般用it is 来代替It has been; 瞬时动词用于“time has passed since + 一般过去时” 的句型中；请看：A. He joined the League two years ago. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two ye
32、ars since he joined the League. D. Two years has passed since he joined the League. 二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换在一般现在时中,at 加上名词表示“ 处于某种状态” ,如 at work（在工作） , at school （上学、上课）等；此短语可与进行时态转换；请看：Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换在现在进行时态中 go, come, leave, s
33、tart, arrive 等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作；如：I am coming, Mum. 意为“ 我就来,妈妈！”请看：The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon. 四、“be going to+ 动词原形” 与“willshall+ 动词原形” 结构的转换“ be going to+ 动词原形” 、表示准备、方案要做的事；将来时“willshall+动词原形” 结构在书面语中,当主语为第一人称时,常用助动词 shall；在口语中,全部人称都可以用 will；请看：We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday. We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 8 页