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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 代词 代词是用来指代人或事物的词;代词分为九类: 人称代词、 物主代词、 反身代词、 相互代词、指示代词 疑问代词、不定代词、连接代词、关系代词;大多数代词具出名词和形容词的作 用;连接代词和关系代词本章不做将讲解,参见其它章节;一人称代词人称代词的人称、数和格,如下表所示;数单数复数宾格人格主格宾格主格称第一人称I me we us 其次人称you you you you he him they them 第三人称she her it it 4 中情形:1.人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应留意以下作主语的人称代词假如孤立地使用于
2、无谓语动词的句子中,连用,常用宾格; Does any of you know where Tom lives. Me. What. Me toplay him at chess. No. 或在这种句子中与动词不定式句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数和格在意义上一般要保持前后一样; The thief was thought to be he.the thief 是主格,故用 he 代替 They took me to be her. 他们误以为我是她;(me 是宾格,故用 her 替代)He is taller than meI. 但在以下 在比较级的句子中 than、
3、as后用主格、宾格都可以;如:句中有区分; I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her. I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too. 2.两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原就为:在并列主语中,“ I ”总是放在最终,排列次序为:二三 一(人称);宾格me 也一样; You ,she and I will be in charge of the case. 第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后; He and she still dont agree t
4、o the plan.3几个人称代词的特别用法;we/you 口语 常用来泛指一般人;she 可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等;名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - The “ Titanic ” was the largest, wasnt she.二.物主代词表示全部关系的代词叫物主代词;物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性数类别形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词人称单数第一人称my mine 其次人称your yours his his 复数第三人称her hers its its 第一人称our ours 其次人称yo
5、ur yours 第三人称their theirs .形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词,可在句中作定语;例如:用作主语、宾语和表 语;Our school is here, and theirs is there. (作主语)(作宾语)Ive already finished my homework. Have you finished yours. 三.反身代词 反身代词可以作主语、宾语、表语或宾语的同位语;反身代词和某些动词连用,构成固定短语;enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, help oneself to 反身代词仍可
6、用于某些成语中;for oneself 为自己或独立地,of oneself 自然地,自动地 by oneself 独自地, in oneself 本身性质;四.相互代词( each other, one another)相互代词无人称、 数和格的区分, 在句中作宾语; 其全部格分别为each other 、one another s ,作定语;一般来说, each other 指两者之间, one another 指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明 显;五.指示代词( this, that , these, those, such, same)指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句子中可
7、以作主语、宾语、定语或表语等;.指示代词 this 和 that 的区分;this these一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;This is my desk and that is yours. In those days they could not go to school. thatthose常指时间或空间较远的人或物;this 常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用; that 就指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用;I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon. He hurt his
8、 leg yesterday. Thats why he didnt come.this 在电话用语中作自我介绍,词 so;that 询问对方; this 和 that 可以当副词用,意思相当于副名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - You have changed that much. .such 和 same的用法;such 指“这样的 ”人或事,在句中作主语或定语;Such was the story. the,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语. We have never seen such a tall buil
9、ding. same 指“ 同样的 ” 人或事,其前面要用定冠词The same can be said of the other article. 另一篇文章也是同样的情形;(主语)Whether he can do it or not,it is all the same to me. 他是否能做这事,对我来说都一样;(表语)六.疑问代词( who,whom,which,what,whose ).疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语;who was her husband. (主语)What do you want. (作宾语).which 与 who 、what which 表示在肯定
10、范畴内,而 who、what 就无此限制;I found two books on the desk.Which is yours. .留意以下疑问词的使用与汉语的差别;Population . 人口是多少?Distance . 距离是多少?What s the Price . 价格是多少?Address . 住在哪里?七 .不定代词 不定代词主要有:Attitude . 态度怎样?all、each、every、both、either、 neither、one、none、little 、few 、many、much、other、 another、some、any、no 等;仍有由some、an
11、y、no 和 every 构成合成代词,不定代词具出名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不行数之分,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等,但 与区分;.some 与 any every、no 只能作定语;下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法一般用法: some、 any 可与可数名词单数、复数及不行数名词连用;some 一般用于确定句,any 多用于疑问句、否定句或条件句;He has some Chinese paintings.定语 Some like sports,while others like music. 主语 Ask me if you have any questions.
12、 定语 I don t know any of the students.(宾语)特别用法:名师归纳总结 any 用于确定句表示“ 任何 ” 的意思;第 3 页,共 9 页Any child can do that. (定语)You may take any of them. (宾语)some 用于单数可数名词前表示“某一 ”;Smith went to some place in England. (定语)在期望对方回答yes 时, some 用在表示恳求或邀请的问句中;Would you like some bananas. (邀请)- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - -
13、- - - - - Mum,could you give me some money. 恳求 some 用于否定句表示部分否定;I dont know some of the students. (宾语)some 和 any 在句中仍可作状语,作副词; some 意为 “大约 ”相当于 “about ” , 而 any 可修饰比较级,常用于否定句或疑问句中,表示程度,意为“稍,丝毫 ” ;如:There are some 300 workers on strike. Do you feel any better today. .one,both,all one 作主语、宾语、表语或定语,可以指
14、人或物,表示“ 一个 ” 的意思,其复数为 ones,指人时,其全部格是 ones,反身代词是 oneself. One should try ones best to serve the people. 主语、定语 This is not the one I want. 表语 both 用作主语、宾语、定语和同位语,可以指人或指物,表示“ 两者都 ” 的意思;This maths problem can be worked out in both ways. 定语 Both of the boys are here. 主语 We both are students.同位语 留意:a.both
15、 用于否定句, 表示部分否定; 表示完全否定时, 用 neither;如:Both of us are not teachers. 我们俩并不都是老师;Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是老师;b.both 不能放在 the、these、those、my 等之后,而应放在它们的前面;如:Both my parents like this film. Both the /these boys are tall. all 用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语,指“ 全部的 ”、“整个的 ”,可与可数或不行数名词连用,除少数情形外,一般不与单数可数名词连用,与名词复数连
16、用时,表示“ 全部的 ”、“ 全部的 ” ,指三个或三个以上的人或物;All the schools are flooded. 全部的学校都被淹了;I told him all about it. 我把一切都告知了他;Thats all for today.今日就在这儿;They have all been to Xi 他们都去过西安;留意: all 用于否定句,表示部分否定,完全否定用 none;如:Not all the ants go out for food.or:All the ants don food. 并不是全部的蚂蚁都出去查找食物;None of the money is m
17、ine. 这钱一分也不是我的;.none 和 nothing,no one no one 单独使用,只指人,没有限定的范畴,不能与 of 连用,常用来回答 who 的提问;Nothing 单独使用,用于指物,没有限定的范畴,不能与 of 连用,常用来回答 what 的提问;None 强调数量,既可以指人又可以指物, 有限定的范畴, 能与 of 连用,常用来回答 how much 、how many 的提问;当上下文中含有“many,much,some,any” 等表数量概念的词经常用 none;None of us will belive in such a person. 我们没有人会信任这
18、样一个人;He has many friends,but none can really help him when he is in trouble. 他有很多伴侣, 但是当他处于困境中的时候,没有一个伴侣能真正帮忙他;-Who told you the news. 谁告知你这消息的?-No one.I read it on the newspaper. 没有人告知我;我在报纸上读的;名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - .each 和 every each(各个),指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个体,在句中作主语、宾
19、语、定语和同位语; every(每个),指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重整体,在句中只能作定语;另外,every 可用于 every other 或 every +数词 + 名词 的结构中,表示 每隔 之意思:every other day 每隔一天 every three years 每隔三年every third year 每隔三年 every other line 每隔一行every ten miles 每隔十哩Every student it our class has a dictionary. 定语,强调班上“全部的人 ” Each student in our class has
20、a dictionary.(定语,强调各个个体)Each of them has been there.(主语)The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.(宾语)We each got a ticket.(同位语).either 和 neither either 是“ 两者中任何一个”的意思,可修饰或代替单数可数名词,neither 是 “两者中没有一个”的意思,可以修饰或代替单数可数名词,它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语;如:Here are two pens. You may take either of them. 宾语 Ne
21、ither boy knows French. 定语 The little girl can write with either hand. 小姑娘哪只手写字都行;(作定语) Would you prefer tea or coffee,sir. 先生,你喝茶仍是咖啡? Oh,I don t mind. Either will do. 噢,无所谓;任凭哪一种都行;(作主语)You can come on Saturday or Sunday. Either day is OK for me. 你可以星期六来也可以星期天来;对我来说哪一天都可以;(作定语)留意:either 也作副词,其意为“也
22、” ,用于否定句的句末;He doesnlike tea, and I dont either.either 与 or 构成连词,意为 Japanese or Chinese. “ 不是 就是 ” 或 “ 要么 要么 ” ;He is either neither 用作副词,意为“也不 ”,即 “ not either ”;He cant do it, neither can I.neither 可与 nor 构成连词,意为“ 既不 也不 ”;Neither he nor you are a student. .other 和 another, the others 和 others the
23、other 单独使用, 表示 “ 两者中的另一个” ;也可用于 “the other + 复数可数名词 ” 的结构中,表特指,意为 “ 其余(他)的 ” ;the others 表示 “ 其他的人或物 ”;“ others及 other + 复数名词 ”表泛指,意为 “其他的(别的)人或物”;这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语;如:He got two books; one is a textbook, the other is a novel. Five of the pencils are red, and the othersthe other pensare yellow. Some
24、are singing, while others are dancing. another 修饰或代替单数可数名词,意为“ (三个或三个以上的)另一个”,不能指两者中的另一个,在句中可作宾语和定语;This coat is too dark. Please show me another.宾语 Please give me another book.(定语)留意:another 可跟基数词 +复数名词,意为“ 再,又 ” ;如: Please give me another ten minutes. one anothera second a third the other 意为 “ 一个
25、一个 一个 一个 ”用于三者或三者以上单数的排列;名师归纳总结 some others others,意为 “ 一些 一些 一些 ” ;第 5 页,共 9 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 替代词的用法代词 it 与替代词 one,ones,the ones,that, those 的用法区分:.it 指代前面提到过的同一事物;.one 替代单数名词,表示同类异物,泛指;其复数形式为 ones;.the one 替代前面的单数名词,表示特指, 等于不定冠词 +名词;其后往往带定语;the ones为其复数形式;.that 既可以替代单数可数名词,也可
26、以替代不行数名词,也指代同类异物,但表特指,等于限定词 +名词;如替代单数可数名词时,相当于 .those 替代复数名词,相当于 the ones;Your story is interesting ,but I don t like it. the one,其后往往带后置定语; I haven t got a computer. I want to buy one next year. The population in China is much larger than that in Japan. The conditions are like those in the real spa
27、ceship. There is only one watch of this type in the shop. so I want to buy it for her. it 用法一、 it 作人称代词的用法 . 指事物 作为人称代词,it 可以除人以外的一切事物或动物;如:I dropped my watch and it broke. It s hard work, but I enjoy it.“Where is the dog.” “ It s in the bedroom. . 指人it 指人主要用于指性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份;如:Is it a boy or a gi
28、rl. There is a knock on the door. It must be the postman. 【说明】在答语中,常用来指本人,如说 It s me . 代替某些代词代词 it 仍可用于代替指示代词this, that 以及复合不定代词something, anything, nothing 等;如:“ Whats this.“ It s a new machine. ”Nothing is wrong, is it. 二、 it 作非人称代词的用法 . 基本用法it 作非人称代词的用法,主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象;如:It s too late
29、 to go there now. It rained all day yesterday. It can get very hot here. . 用于某些句型名师归纳总结 It s time for sth. 该做某事了;第 6 页,共 9 页It s time to do sth. 该做某事的时候了;It s time for sb to do sth. 某人该干某事了;- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - It s about / high time + that-从句 . 某人该做某事了;从句谓语用过去式,有时也用“should+动词原形 ” I
30、t was about / high time + that- 从句 .(从句谓语动词用过去完成式)It the first second time + that- 从句 . 某人第几次干某事;从句谓语用现在完成时 It was the first second time + that- 从句 .从句谓语用现在完成时 It s + 时间段 + since-从句 . 自从 有一段时间了;It s + 时间段 + before- 从句 . 过多长的时间才 三、 it 用作形式主语. 基本用法当不定式、 动名词、 从句等复杂成分用作句子主语时,为保持句子平稳,通常把真正的主语放在句末,而在句首使用形
31、式主语 it;如:It s very important to remember this. 记住这一点很重要;It s hard work climbing mountains. 爬山是费劲的事;It s unknown when he will come. 他什么时候来仍不知道;. 用作形式主语的的重要句型 It + be + adj. for of sb to do sth 某人做某事 It is hard for him to make up his mind. 他很难下定决心;It was foolish of her to say such a thing. 她说那样的话,真是太蠢
32、了;【说明】介词 of 与 for 的区分是: of 用于指某人的性格、属性、特点等,介词 for 表示对象,意为 “对 来说 ”. It takes sb + 时间段 + to do sth. 某人做某事花了 时间It takes years to master a new language. 要花多年的时间才能把握一门新的语言;【说明】此句型可以有以下多变种变体:It took me an hour to write the letter. =The letter took me an hour to write. =I took an hour to write the letter.
33、我写这封信花了一个小时;. It is up to sb to do sth. 该由某人做某事. it looksseems, appears, happens, occurs that as if好像 这些. If it were not for / If it hadnt been for 如不是由于 If it were not for their help, we couldnt have got over the difficulties. 要不是他们帮忙,困难我们不克服不了的;四、 it 用作形式宾语 .基本用法 当不定式、 动名词、 从句等复杂成分用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时,
34、通常会在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语,而将真正的宾语移至句末;其基本结构为“ 动词 +it+ 宾语补足语 +不定式动名词或从句 ”;这类动词如:Find ,think ,feel, imagine, believe, consider 如:I find it difficult to do the job well. 我发觉做好这件事不简单;. 用作形式宾语的几个特别结构.动词 + it + that- 从句;如:You can put it that it was arranged before. 你可以说这是以前支配的;Rumor has it that the defence ministe
35、r will soon resign. 据传闻,国防部长不久就要辞职;【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有 .动词 + it + when if- 从句;如:have, take, put, like 等;名师归纳总结 I dislike it when you whistle. 我不爱听你吹口哨;第 7 页,共 9 页We really appreciate it when she offered to help. 她来帮忙了,我们特别感谢;I d prefer it if I didnt have to do so much work. 要是我不必做那么多工作,好就太好了;- - -
36、- - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 【说明】 能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有 等;.动词 + prep + it + that- 从句;如:enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer See to it that youre not late again. 留意千万不要再迟到;【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有 answer for 等;.动词 + it + 介词短语 + that-从句;如:see to, look to, insist on, stick to, depend on, I ow
37、e it to you that I am still alive. 多亏有你我才仍旧活着;s attention, owe I took it for granted that he would help us. 我认为他会帮忙我们的;【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有take it for granted, bring it to sbit to sb 等;【真题演练 】1( 2022 全国 I,30) Which of the two computer games did you prefer. Actually I didn t like _. A. both of them B
38、. either of them C. none of them D. neither of them 【解析】选 B,句意:这两个电子嬉戏你更喜爱哪一个?实际上我两个都不喜爱;not either 两者都不 ,是全部否定,相当于neither; not both 两个不都是 ,是半否定,不合语境;none 指代三者以上,和第一句中的the two computer games 相冲突; D项意思相反;2.(2022 北京, 25)It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which_of the parents spoke th
39、e language. A. none B. neither C. both D. each 【解析】选 B,句意:他在这样一个家庭里学习英语很难,由于在这个家庭里父母双方都不说英语;依据题干中的 the parents,可排除 A 项(三者或三者以上都不);C 项指“ 两者都” ; D 项指“ 两者或两者以上每个人 /物” ,由于 C、D 两项都表确定意思,也被排除;Neither 指“ 两个都不” ;3.2022 福建, 21how do you find your new classmates. Most of them are kind, but_is so good to me as
40、 Bruce. A. none B. no one C. every one D. some one 【解析】选 A,句意: 你要茶仍是咖啡?他们大部分都很友好,但没有人能像 Bruce那样对我那么好;依据句意,C、D 选项很简单排除;none 和 no one 都可表示没有人,区别在于 none 通常与 of 连用,一般指在肯定的范畴内没有,no one 可用于人,不行与 of 连用,而本句答句可以补全为 but none of them is so good 指在他们之中没有,应选 A;4.2022 江西, 23Isn t it amazing how the human body hea
41、ls_after an injury. A. himself B. him C. itself D. it thehuman【解析】选,句意:人的身体在受伤之后会自动痊愈,这不令人诧异吗?body 的反身代词明显是itself ;52022 安徽, 21The two girls are getting on every well and share_with each other. 名师归纳总结 A. little B. much C. some D. none well第 8 页,共 9 页【解析】选,句意:着两个女生相处得特别融洽,她们有很多共同的志趣;考查不定代词用法; little少
42、;some一些;none没有一个, 毫无;由 aregettingonvery“ 相处融洽” 可知正确答案应为much;- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 6.2022 山东, 27Make sure you ve got the passports and tickets and_before you leave. A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing 【解析】选,句意:在你离开之前,请务必带好护照、机票以及其他全部的东西;也可以看成是从everything(that is necessar
43、y)before you leave 的懂得角度来考虑;而something 的意思是“ 某物” ,表示不确定,不符合原句意思;西” ; nothing 表示否定,很明显不符合题意;7.2007 全国, 7_Felt funny watching myself on TV. A. One B. This C. It D. That anything 的意思是“ 任何东【解析】选,句意:看着自己上了电视感觉很好玩;依据句子结构,空缺部分是句子的主语; 依据所给选项及句意,空格部分只能是形式上的主语;四个选项中只有项可以作形式主语来代替真正的主语 watching myself on ;82007 北京, 27He has made a l