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1、全国英语四级2023年12月考试试卷Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessay.Supposeyouhavetwooptionsupongraduation:oneistoworkinastate-ownedbusinessandtheotherinajointventure.Youaretomakeachoicebetweenthetwo.Writeanessaytoexplainthereasonsforyourchoice.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words. Part
2、ReadingSectionAManymenandwomenhavelongboughtintotheideathattherearemaleandfemalebrains,believingthatexplainsjustabouteverydifferencebetweenthesexes.Anewstudy_（26）thatbelief,questioningwhetherbrainsreallycanbedistinguishedbygender.Inthestudy,TelAvivUniversityresearchers （27）forsexdifferencesthroughou
3、ttheentirehumanbrain.Andwhatdidtheyfind?Notmuch.Ratherthanofferevidencefor（28）brainsasmaleorfemale,researchshowsthatbrainsfallintoawiderange,withmostpeoplefallingrightinthemiddle.DaphnaJoel,wholedthestudy,saidherresearchfoundthatwhiletherearesomegender-based_（29）,manydifferenttypesofbraincantalwaysb
4、edistinguishedbygender.Whiletheaveragemaleandaveragefemalebrainswere_（30）different,youcouldnttellitbylookingatindividualbrainscans.Onlyasmall_（31）ofpeoplehadall-maleorall-femalecharacteristics.LarryCahill,anAmericanneuroscientist（神经科学家）,saidthestudyisanimportantadditiontoagrowingbodyofresearchquesti
5、oning_（32）beliefsaboutgenderandbrainfunction.Buthecautionedagainstconcludingfromthisstudythatallbrainsarethesame,_（33）ofgender.Theresamountainofevidence _（34）theimportanceofsexinfluencesatalllevelofbrainfunction,hetoldTheSeattleTimes.Ifanything,hesaid,thestudy_（35）thatgenderplaysaveryimportantrolein
6、thebrainevenwhenwearenotclearexactlysurehow. A .abnormal B.appliedC.briefly D.categorizingE.challenges F.figureG.percentage H.provingI.regardless J.searchedK.similarities L.slightlyM.suggests N.tastesO.traditionalPart ReadingSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatements
7、attachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.CanBurglarsJamYourWirelessSecuritySystem?AAn
8、yproductthatpromisestoprotectyourhomedeservescarefulexamination.Soitisntsurprisingthatyoullfindplentyofstrongopinionsaboutthepotentialvulnerabilitiesofpopularhome-securitysystems.BThemostlikelytypeofburglary（入室盗窃）byfaristheunsophisticatedcrimeofopportunity,usuallyinvolvingabrokenwindoworsomeforceden
9、try.AccordingtotheFBI,crimesliketheseaccountedroughlytwo-thirdsofallhouseholdburglariesintheUSin2023.Thewidemajorityoftherestwereillegal,unforcedentriesthatresultedfromsomethinglikeawindowbeingleftopen.TheoddsofacriminalusingtechnicalmeanstobypassasecuritysystemaresosmallthattheFBIdoesnteventracktho
10、sestatistics.COneofthemaintheoreticalhome-securityconcernsiswhetherornotagivensystemisvulnerabletobeingblockedfromworkingaltogether.Withwiredsetups,thefearisthataburglar（入室盗贼）mightbeabletoshutyoursystemdownsimplybycuttingtherightcable.Withawirelesssetup,youstickbattery-poweredsensorsuparoundyourhome
11、thatkeepaneyeonwindows,doors,motion,andmore.Iftheydetectsomethingwrongwhilethesystemisarmed,theylltransmitawirelessalertsignaltoabasestationthatwillthenraisethealarm.Thatapproachwilleliminatemostcord-cuttingconcernsbutwhatabouttheirwirelessequivalent,jamming?Withtherightdevicetunedtotherightfrequenc
12、y,whatstostopathieffromjammingyoursetupandblockingthatalertsignalfromeverreachingthebasestation?DJammingconcernsarenothingnew,andtheyrenotuniquetosecuritysystems.Anydevicethatsbuilttoreceiveawirelesssignalataspecificfrequencycanbeoverwhelmedbyastrongersignalcominginonthesamefrequency.Forcomparison,l
13、etssayyouwantedto“jam”aconversationbetweentwopeopleallyoudneedtodoisyellinthelistenersear.ESecuritydevicesarerequiredtolistthefrequenciestheybroadcastonthatmeansthatapotentialthiefcanfindwhattheyneedtoknowwithminimalGoogling.Theywill,however,needsoknowwhatsystemtheyrelookingfor.Ifyouhaveasigninyoury
14、arddeclaringwhatsetupyouuse,thatdpointthemintherightdirection,thoughatthatpoint,weretalkingaboutahighlytargeted,semi-sophisticatedattack,andnotthesortforced-entryattackthatmakesupthemajorityofburglaries.Itseasiertofindandacquirejammingequipmentforsomefrequenciesthanitisforothers.FWirelesssecuritypro
15、viderswilloftentakestepstohelpcombatthethreatofjammingattacks.SimpliSafe,winnerofourEditorsChoicedistinction,utilizesaspecialsystemthatscapableofseparatingincidentalRFinterferencefromtargetedjammingattacks.Whenthesystemthinksitsbeingjammed,itllnotifyyouviapushalert（推送警报）.Fromthere,itsuptoyoutosoundt
16、healarmmanually. GSimpliSafewassingledoutinonerecentarticleonjamming,completewithavideoshowingtheentiresystembeingeffectivelybypassedwithhandheldjammingequipment.AftertakingappropriatemeasurestocontaintheRFinterferencetoourtestlab,wetestedtheattackoutforourselves,andwereabletoverifythatitspossiblewi
17、ththerightequipment.However,wealsoverifiedthatSimpliSafesanti-jammingsystemworks.Itcaughtusintheact,sentanalerttomysmartphone,andalsolistedourRFinterferenceonthesystemseventlog.Theteambehindthearticleandvideoinquestionmakenomentionofthesystem,orwhetherornotindetectedthem.HWeliketheuniquenatureofthat
18、software.ItmeansthatathieflikelywouldntbeabletoGooglehowthesystemworks,thenfigureoutawayaroundit.Eveniftheycould,SimpliSafeclaimsthatitssystemisalwaysevolving,andthatitvariesslightlyfromsystemtosystem,whichmeanstherewouldntbeauniversalmagicformulaforcrackingit.Othersystemsalsoseemconfidentonthesubje
19、ctofjamming.TheteamatFrontpointaddressestheissueinablogonitssite,citingtheirownjamprotectionsoftwareandclaimingthattherearentanydocumentedcasesofsuccessfuljamattacksincethecompanybeganofferingwirelesssecuritysensorsinthe1980s.IJammingattacksareabsolutelypossible.Assaidbefore,withtherightequipmentand
20、therightknow-how,itspossibletojamanywirelesstransmission.Buthowprobableisitthatsomeonewillsuccessfullyjamtheirwayintoyourhomeandstealyourstuff?JLetsimaginethatyouliveinasmallhomewithawirelesssecuritysetupthatoffersafunctionalanti-jammingsystem.First,athiefisgoingtoneedtotargetyourhome,specifically.T
21、hen,hesgoingtoneedtoknowthetechnicaldetailsofyoursystemandacquirethespecificequipmentnecessaryforjammingyourspecificsetup.Presumably,youkeepyourdoorslockedatnightandwhileyoureaway.Sothethiefwillstillneedtobreakin.Thatmeansdefeatingthelocksomehow,orbreakingawindow.Hellneedtobejammingyouatthispoint,as
22、abrokenwindoworopeneddoorwouldnormallyreleasethealarm.So,too,wouldthemotiondetectorsinyourhome,sothethiefwillneedtocontinuejammingoncehesinsideandsearchingforthingstosteal.However,hellneedtodosowithouttrippingtheanti-jammingsystem,thedetailsofwhichhealmostcertainlydoesnowhaveaccessto.KAttheendofthed
23、ay,thesekindsofsystemsareprimarilydesignedtoprotectagainstthesortofopportunisticsmash-and-grabattackthatmakesupthemajorityofburglaries.Theyrealsoonlyasinglelayerinwhatshouldideallybeamany-sidedapproachtosecuringyourhome,onethatincludescommonsensethingslikesoundlocksandproperexteriorlightingatnight.N
24、osystemisimpenetrable,andnonecanpromisetoeliminatetheworstcasecompletely.Everyoneofthemhasvulnerabilitiesthataknowledgeablethiefcouldtheoreticallyexploit.Agoodsystemisonethatkeepsthatworst-casesettingasimprobableaspossiblewhilealsoofferingstrongprotectionintheeventofaless-extraordinaryattack.36.Itis
25、possibleforburglarstomakejammingattackswiththenecessaryequipmentandskill. 37.Interferingwithawirelesssecuritysystemissimilartointerferingwithaconversation.38.Aburglarhastocontinuouslyjamthewirelesssecuritydevicetoavoidtriggeringthealarm,bothinsideandoutsidethehouse. 39.SimpliSafeprovidesdevicesthata
26、reabletodistinguishincidentalradiointerferencefromtargetedjammingattacks 40.Onlyaverysmallproportionofburglariesarecommittedbytechnicalmeans.41.ItisdifficulttocrackSimpliSafeasitssystemkeepschanging.42.Wirelessdeviceswilltransmitsignalssoastoactivatethealarmoncesomethingwrongisdetected. 43.Different
27、measuresshouldbetakentoprotectoneshomefromburglaryinadditiontothewirelesssecuritysystem。44.SimpliSafesdevicecansendawarningtothehouseownerscellphone.45.BurglarscaneasilygetasecuritydevicesfrequencybyInternetsearch. PartReadingSectionCPassageOneAsapersonwhowritesaboutfoodanddrinkforaliving,Icouldntte
28、llyouthefirstthingaboutBillPerryorwhetherthebeershesellsarethatgreat.ButIcantellyouthatIlikethisguy.Thatsbecauseheplanstobantippinginfavorofpayinghisserversanactuallivingwage.Ihatetipping.Ihateitbecauseitsanobligationdisguisedasanoption.Ihateifforthepost-dinnermathitrequiresofme.Butmostly,Ihatetippi
29、ngbecauseIbelieveIwouldbeinabetterplaceifpaydecisionsregardingemployeesweresimplyleftuptotheiremployers,Asisthevirtuallyeveryotherindustry.Mostofyouprobablythinkthatyouhatetipping,too.Researchsuggestsotherwise.Youactuallylovetipping!Youliketofeelthatyouhaveavoiceinhowmuchmoneyyourservermakes.Nomatte
30、rhowthemachworksout,youpersistently viewrestaurantswithvoluntarytippingsystemsasbeingabettervalue,whichmakesitextremelydifficultforrestaurantsandbarstodoawaywiththetippingsystem.Oneargumentthatyoutendtohearalotfromthepro-tippingcrowdseemslogicalenough:theserviceisbetterwhenwaitersdependontips,presum
31、ablybecausetheyseeabenefittosuccessfullyveilingtheircontemptforyou,Well,ifthisweretrue,wewouldallbeslippingafew100-dollarbillstoourdoctorsonthewayouttheirdoors,too.Butasitturnsout,waitersseeonlyatinybumpintipswhentheydoanexceptionaljobcomparedtoapassableone.Waiters,keenobserversofhumanitythattheyare
32、,arecatchingontothis;inonepoll,afull30%saidtheydidntbelievethejobtheydidhadanyimpactontipstheyreceived.Socomeon,folks:getonboardwithditchingtheoutdatedtipsystem.Payalittlemoreupfrontforyourbeerorbeerburger.SupportBillPerryspub,andotherbarorrestaurantthatdoesntaskyoutododrunkenmath.46.Whatcanwelearna
33、boutBillPerryfromthepassage?AHerunsapubthatservesexcellentbeer.BHeintendstogetridofthetippingpractice.CHegiveshisstaffaconsiderablesumfortips.DHelivescomfortablywithoutgettinganytips.47.Whatisthemainreasonwhytheauthorhatestipping?AItsetsabadexampleforotherindustries.BItaddstotheburdenofordinarycusto
34、mers.CItforcesthecustomertocompensatethewaiter.DItposesagreatchallengeforcustomertodomath.48.Whydomanypeoplelovetippingaccordingtotheauthor?ATheyhelpimprovethequalityoftherestaurantstheydinein.BTheybelievewaitersdeservesuchrewardforgoodservice.CTheywanttopreserveawonderfultraditionoftheindustry.DThe
35、ycanhavesomesayinhowmuchtheirserversearn.49.Whathavesomewaiterscometorealizeaccordingtoasurvey?AServicequalityhaslittleeffectontipsize.BItisinhumannaturetotrytosaveontips.CTipsmakeitmoredifficulttopleasecustomers.DTipsbenefitthebossratherthantheemployees.50.Whatdoestheauthorforinthepassage?ARestaura
36、ntsshouldcalculatethetipsforcustomers.BCustomersshouldpaymoretipstohelpimproveservice.CWaitersdeservebetterthanjustrelyingontipsforaliving.DWaitersshouldbepaidbyemployersinsteadofcustomers.PassageTwoInthepast,fallingoilpriceshavegivenaboosttotheworldeconomy,butrecentforecastsforglobalgrowthhavebeent
37、oneddown,evenasoilpricessinklowerandlower.Doesthatmeanthelinkbetweenloweroilpiecesandgrowthhasweakened?Someexpertssaytherearestillgoodreasonstobelievecheapoilshouldheatworldeconomy.Consumershavemoremoneyintheirpocketswhentheyrepayinglessatthepump.Theyspendthatmoneyonotherthings,whichstimulatestheeco
38、nomy.ThebiggestgainsgotocountriesthatimportmostoftheiroillikeChina,Japan,andIndia.Butdoesnttheextramoneyinthepocketsofthosecountriesconsumersmeananequallossinoil-producingcountries,cancellingoutthegains?Notnecessarily,sayseconomicresearcherSaraJohnson.Manyoilproducersbuiltuphugereservefundswhenprice
39、swerefalltheywilldrawontheirreservestosupportgovernmentspendingandsubsidies（补贴）fortheirconsumers.Butnotalloilproducershavebigreserves.InVenezuela,collapsingoilpriceshavesentitseconomyintofree-fall. EconomistCarlWeinbergbelievesthenegativeeffectsofplungingoilpricesareoverwhelmingthepositiveeffectsofc
40、heaperoil.Theimplicationisasharpdeclineinglobaltrade,whichhasplungedpartlybecauseoil-producingnationscantaffordtoimportasmuchastheyusedto.SaraJohnsonacknowledgesthattheglobaleconomicbenefitfromafallinoilpricestodayislikelylowerthanitwasinthepast.Onereasonisthatmorecountriesarebigoilproducersnow,sothenationssufferingfromthepricedropaccountforalargershareoftheglobaleconomy.Consumers,intheU.S.atleast,areactingcautiouslywiththesavingstheyregettingatthegaspum