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1、Part Reading ComprehensionSection AAs it is, sleep is so undervalued that getting by on fewer hours has become a badge of honor. Plus, we live in a culture that_(37)to the late-nighter, from 24-hour grocery stores to online shopping sites that never close. Its no surprise, then, that more than half
2、of American adults dont get the 7 to 9 hours of shut-eye every night as_(38)by sleep experts.Whether or not we can catch up on sleep-on the weekend, say-is a hotly_(39)topic among sleep researches. The latest evidence suggests that while it isnt_(40), it might help. When Liu, the UCLA sleep research
3、er and professor of medicine, brought_(41)sleep-restricted people into the lab for a weekend of sleep during which they logged about 10 hours per night, they showed_(42)in the ability of insulin(胰岛素)to process blood sugar. That suggests that catchup sleep may undo some but not all of the damage that
4、 sleep_(43)causes, which is encouraging given how many adults dont get the hours they need each night. Still, Liu isnt_(44)to endorse the habit of sleeping less and making up for it later.Sleeping pills, while helpful for some, are not_(45)an effective remedy either. “A sleeping pill will_(46)one ar
5、ea of the brain, but theres never going to be a perfect sleeping pill, because you couldnt really replicates(复制)the different chemicals moving in and out of different parts of the brain to go through the different stages of sleep, says Dr.Nancy Collop, director of the Emory University Sleep Center.3
6、7.【题干】_【选项】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpassesO.target【答案】B【解析】cater to表达“迎合”的意思，空白处前提到a culture，所以用第三人称单数caters。38.【题干】_【选项】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.depriva
7、tionF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpassesO.target【答案】M【解析】空白处后有介词by，因此空白处前要填一个动词，与后文匹配，recommended by符合题意，大多数美国人都达不到由睡眠专家建议的79小时睡眠时间。39.【题干】_【选项】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI.
8、negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpassesO.target【答案】D【解析】空白处前有hotly这个词，后有topic，说明这是个热门的话题，要填一个形容词，debated讨论的，符合题意。40.【题干】_【选项】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpa
9、ssesO.target【答案】F【解析】通过while.might help. 可以看出，文章中提到尽管在假日补充睡眠并不是抱负的，ideal符合语境。41.【题干】_【选项】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpassesO.target【答案】C【解析】 空白处后为形容词，空白处需要填副词做修饰，chronically意思为“长
10、期地”修饰“有睡眠困扰的人”符合题意。42.【题干】_【选项】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpassesO.target【答案】G【解析】空白处前有showed，因此空白处填一个名词更贴切，G选项improvements符合语境。43.【题干】_【选项】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.
11、debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpassesO.target【答案】E【解析】题意为：补眠可以修复一部分并不是所有的由睡眠( )导致的损害。所以sleep后面应当接一个名词，组成“睡眠匮乏”符合语境。44.【题干】_【选项】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarily
12、I.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpassesO.target【答案】L【解析】根据文中 “没有去做某事”，推测出空格内填一个形容词，选ready表达“Liu尚未准备好去接受这个习惯”。45.【题干】_【选项】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpass
13、esO.target【答案】H【解析】空格内应当填一个副词修饰be动词。“必须地”符合语境，“尽管安眠药对于一些人是有效的，但并不一定是一个有效的解决良方”。46.【题干】_【选项】A.alternativelyB.catersC.chronicallyD.debatedE.deprivationF.idealG.improvementsH.necessarilyI.negotiatedJ.pierceK.presumptionL.readyM.recommendedN.surpassesO.target【答案】O【解析】情态动词will后要跟一个动词原形，target符合，表达“一片安眠药会
14、瞄准大脑的一个区域。Section BClimate change may be real, but its still not easy being green.AThe road to climate hell is paved with our good intentions. Politicians may tackle polluters while scientists do battle with carbon emissions. But the most pervasive problem is less obvious: our own behavior. We get d
15、istracted before we can turn down the heating. We break our promise not to fly after hearing about a neighbours trip to India. Ultimately, we cant be bothered to change our attitude. Fortunately for the planet, social science and behavioural economics may be able to do that for us.BDespite mournful
16、polar bears and charts showing carbon emissions soaring, most people find it hard to believe that global warming will affect them personally. Recent polls by the Pew Research Centre in Washington, DC, found that 75-80 per cent of participants regarded climate change as an important issue. But respon
17、dents ranked it last on a list of priorities.CThis inconsistency largely stems from a feeling of powerlessness. When we cant actually remove the source of our fear, we tend to adapt psychologically by adopting a range of defence mechanisms, says Tom Crompton, change strategist for the environmental
18、organization Word Wide Fund for Nature.DPart of the fault lies with our inner caveman. Evolution has programmed humans to pay most attention to issues that will have an immediate impact. We worry most about now because if we dont survive for the next minute, were not going to be around in ten years
19、time, says Professor Elke Weber of the Centre for Research on Environmental Decision at Columbia University in New York. If the Thames for Research on Environmental Decision at Columbia University in New York. If the Thams were lapping around Big Ben, Londoners wound face up to the problem of emissi
20、ons pretty quickly. But in practice, our brain discounts the risks-and benefits-associated with issues that lie some way ahead.EMatthew Rushworth, of the Department of Experimental Psychology at the University of Oxford, sees this in his lab every day. One of the ways in which all agents seem to mak
21、e decisions is that they assign a lower weighting to outcomes that are going to be further away in the future, he says. This is a very sensible way for an animal to make decisions in the wild and would have been very helpful for humans for thousands of years.F Not any longer. By the time we wake up
22、to the threat posed by climate changes, it could well be too late. And it were not going to make rational decisions about the future, others may have to help us to do so.G Few political libraries are without a copy of Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health. Wealth and Happiness, by Richard Thaler a
23、nd Cass Sunstein. They argue that governments should persuade us into making better decisions-such as saving more in our pension plans-by changing the default options. Professor Weber believes that environmental policy can make use of similar tactics. If, for example, building codes included green c
24、onstruction guidelines, most developers would too lazy to challenge them.H Defaults are certainly part of the solution. But social scientists are most concerned about crafting messages that exploit our group mentality(心态). We need to understand what motivates people, what it is that allows them to m
25、ake change. says Professor Neil Adger, of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research in Norwich. It is actually about what their peers think of them, what their social norms are, what is seen as desirable in society. In other words, our inner caveman is continually looking over his shoulder to s
26、ee what the rest of the tribe are up to.I The passive attitude we have to climate change as individuals can be altered by continuing us in-and measuring us against-our peer group. Social norms are primitive and elemental, says Dr.Robert Cialdini, author of Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion. Bi
27、rds flock together, fish school together, cattle herd together just perceiving norms is enough to cause people to adjust their behavior in the direction of the crowd.J These norms can take us beyond good intensions. Caldini conducted a study in San Diego in which coat hangers bearing messages about
28、saving energy were hung on peoples doors. Some of the messages mentioned the environment, some financial savings, others social responsibility. But it was the ones that mentioned the actions of neighbours that drove down power use.K Other studies show that simply providing the facility for people to
29、 compare their energy use with the local average is enough to cause them to modify their behaviour. The Conservatives plan to adopt this strategy by making utility companies print the average local electricity and gas usage on peoples bills.L Social science can also teach politicians how to avoid ou
30、r collective capacity for self-destructive behavior. Environmental campaigns that tell us how many people drive SUVs unwittingly(不经意地)imply that this behavior is widespread and thus permissible. Cialdini recommends some careful framing of the message. Instead of normalizing the undesirable buys yet
31、another SUV, it reduces our ability to be energy-independent.M Tapping into how we already see ourselves is crucial. The most successful environmental strategy will marry the green message to our own sense of identify. Take your average trade union member, chances are they will be politically motiva
32、ted and be used to collective action-much like Erica Gregory. A retired member of the Public and Commercial Services Union, she is setting up one of 1,100 action groups with the support of Climate Solidarity, a two-year environmental campaign aimed at trade unionists.N Erica is proof that a great-gr
33、andmother can help to lead the revolution if you get the psychology right-in this case, by matching her enthusiasm for the environment with a fondness for organizing groups. I think its a terrific idea, she says of the campaign. The union backing it makes members think there must be something in it.
34、 She is expecting up to 20 people at the first meeting she has called, at her local pub in the Cornish village of Polperro.O Nick Perks, project director for Climate Solidarity, believes this sort of activity is where the future of environmental action lies. Using existing civil society structures o
35、r networks is a more effective way of creating change and obviously trade unions are one of the biggest civil society networks in the UK, he says. The Love Food, Hate Waste campaign entered into a collaboration last year with another such network-the Womens Institute. Londoner Rachel Taylor joined t
36、he campaign with the aim of making new friends. A year on, the meetings have made lasting changes to what she throws away in her kitchen. Its always more of an incentive if youre doing it with other people, she says. It motivates you more if you know that youve got to provide feedback to a group.PTh
37、e power of such simple psychology in fighting climate change is attracting attention across the political establishment. In the US, the House of Representatives Science Committee has approved a bill allocating $10 million a year to studying energy-related behavior. In the UK, new studies are in deve
38、lopment and social scientists are regularly spotted in British government offices. With the help of psychologists, there is fresh hope that we might go green after all.47.【题干】When people find they are powerless to change a situation, they tend to live with it.【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.L
39、M.MN.NO.OP.P【答案】C【解析】When we cant actually remove the source of our fear, we tend to adapt psychologically by adopting a range of defence mechanisms,48.【题干】To be effective, environmental messages should be carefully framed.【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.LM.MN.NO.OP.P【答案】L【解析】Cialdini recomme
40、nds some careful framing of the message.49.【题干】It is the governments responsibility to persuade people into making environment-friendly decisions.【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.LM.MN.NO.OP.P【答案】G【解析】They argue that governments should persuade us into making better decisions.50.【题干】Politician
41、s are beginning to realise the importance of enlisting psychologists help in fighting climate change.【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.LM.MN.NO.OP.P【答案】P【解析】P段第一句“The power of such simple psychology in fighting climate change is attracting attention across the political establishment.”51.【题干】To
42、 find effective solutions to climate change, it is necessary to understand what motivates people to make change.【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.LM.MN.NO.OP.P【答案】H【解析】We need to understand what motivates people, what it is that allows them to make change. says Professor Neil Adger, of the Tynd
43、all Centre for Climate Change Research in Norwich52.【题干】In their evolution, humans have learned to pay attention to the most urgent issues instead of long-term concerns.【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.LM.MN.NO.OP.P【答案】D【解析】D第二句Evolution has programmed humans to pay most attention to issues th
44、at will have an immediate impact.53.【题干】One study shows that our neighbours actions are influential in changing our behavior.【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.LM.MN.NO.OP.P【答案】J【解析】J段最后一句But it was the ones that mentioned the actions of neighbors that drove down power use.54.【题干】Despire clear signs of global warming, it is not easy for most people to believe climate change will effect their own lives.【选项】A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.GH.HI.IJ.JK.KL.LM.