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1、中级经济师经济基础知识重点总结笔记汇编资料仅供参考中级经济师经济基础知识重点总结笔记第一部分经济学基础第一章 市场需求、供给和均衡价格考点一：需求和供给的含义含义备注需求在一定时间内和一定价格条件下，消费者对某种商品或服务愿意而且能够 购买的数量。市场需求是消费者需求的总和。需求构成要素：1.购买欲望（愿意）2.支付能力（能够）供给在某一时间内和一定价格水平下，生产者 愿意并可能 为市场提供商品或服务的数量。市场供给是所有生产者供给的总和。供给构成要素：1.愿意2.可能考点二：影响需求和供给的因素影响需求的因素影响供给的因素消费者的偏好（一般同向）生产成本（反向）消费者的个人收入（一般同向）生
2、产技术产品价格（一般反向）产品价格（同向）替代品的价格（“煤气和电”一般同向）相关产品的价格互补品的价格（“汽车和汽油”一般反向）预期（是指消费者的预期）预期（是指生产者的预期）其它因素（国家政策、广告宣传、商品品种，质量等）其它因素（国家政策、生产要素的价格）影响需求最关键的因素还是该商品本身的价格。考点三：需求曲线及供给曲线文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E
3、8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5
4、M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D
5、1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R
6、8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8
7、W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W
8、5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB1
9、0R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1资料仅供参考需求曲线是需求和价格关系的曲线（需求曲线是向右下方倾斜的曲线）（1）需求数量变动：假定其它因素不变，只考虑需求和价格的关系，需求量的变化是沿着既定的需求曲线进行的（曲线上点的移动）。（2）需求变动：由于消费者收入和消费者偏好等因素的变化引起需求的相应变化，这种变化表现为需求曲线的位移）。一般来说，商品价格不变，消费者偏好增强、收入增加、替代品价格上涨、互补品价格下降等因素导致需求曲线向右移动。P D D Q Q Q 供给曲线是供给和价格关系的曲线（供给曲线是向右上方倾斜的曲线）（1）供给数量变动：假定其它因素不变，只
10、考虑供给和价格的关系，供给量的变化是沿着既定的供给曲线进行的。（2）供给变动：由于价格以外的其它因素如成本变动引起供给的相应变动，这种变动表现为供给曲线的位移。产品价格不变，生产成本降低、生产技术提高等因素会导致供给曲线向右移动。P S SQ（供给量）考点四：均衡价格模型的应用均衡价格是市场供给力量和需求力量相互抵消时所达到的价格水平，即供给量和需求量相等时的价格，此时的供求数量为均衡数量。最高限价保护价格（最低限价、支持价格）含义由 政府 为某 种产 品规定一个具体的价格，市由政府为某种产品规定一个具体的价格，市场交易文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5
11、D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10
12、R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R
13、8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1
14、W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB
15、10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT
16、9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3
17、X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1资料仅供参考场 交易 只能 在 这 一价格之下进行。属于政府对市场的干预措施。只 能 在这 一价 格之 上进行。属于政府对市场的干预措施。目的保 护消 费者 利 益 或降低 某些 生产 者 的 生产成本。（保护买方利益）保护生产者的利益或支持某一产业的发展。（保护卖方利益）影响最 高限 价低 于 均 衡价格，因此会刺激消费、限制生产，导
18、致供给减少、需求增加，结果是市场短缺。保护价格高于均衡价格，会刺激生产、限制消费，导致市场过剩。【保过】后果1.严重买方排队现象2.黑市高价3.生产者变相涨价1.严重卖方排队现象2.黑市低价3.生产者变相降价措施行 政措 施和 分 配 措施（配给制）只 宜短 期或 局 部 地区实行。建立政府的收购和储备系统。只 宜 在少 数农 产品 上实行。考点五：需求价格弹性、需求交叉弹性、需求收入弹性、供给价格弹性一、弹性系数的计算类型计算公式需求/价格弹性系数Ed【注 1】在计算需求量相对变动和价格的相对变动时，（1）点弹性：分母是原需求量和原价格。（2）弧弹性：分母是平均需求量和平均价格。【注 2】点
19、弹性适用价格和需求变动较小的场合；弧弹性适用价格和需求变动较大的场合。需求/收入弹性系数Ey需求交叉弹性系数Eij=（涉及两种商品）文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3
20、 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文
21、档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U
22、8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6
23、L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S
24、1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E
25、8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1资料仅供参考供给/价格弹性系数Es=二、需求价格弹性的基本类型（1）需求价格弹性系数Ed1，表示需求富有弹性或高弹性。（2）需求价格
26、弹性系数Ed0替代关系煤气和电Eij0互补关系汽 车 和 汽文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W
27、5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5
28、D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10
29、R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R
30、8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1
31、W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1文档编码:CB10R8E8U8Z8 HT9R8W5M6L3 ZT3X1W5D1S1