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1、如何成为合格的博士生Knowledge,understanding&societalcontributionPh.D.=philosophiae doctor Cin-Ty Lee,2011Arsenal grows sand grain by sand grain Cin-Ty Lee,2011ReadTake classesTalk to colleaguesBuild a reference collectionMake a scrapbook Cin-Ty Lee,2011Howdoyouidentifyaproblemoraskaquestion?Aack!I know a lot
2、but all my knowledge is fragmentary!Cin-Ty Lee,2011UnderstandLandscapeofKnowledge-make connectionsConnections=hypothesis=question/problem Cin-Ty Lee,2011Luckfavorsthepreparedmind-LouisPasteurBegin with a connection-connections lead to other connections-ideas begin to florish and branch out-pick some
3、 research directions and follow them Cin-Ty Lee,2011But you dont want to pick too many problems/questions-You will get lots of grass,but in the winter,they will all die back down Cin-Ty Lee,2011Lady luckLi/NbBlake dyers stuffBuildupyourknowledgetreeWhat type of tree are you?Cin-Ty Lee,2011Thegoodand
4、thebadofquestions-badquestionill-defined,noanswer,toodifficult-goodquestionwell-posedleadstotestablehypothesesdifficultyiswithinreason Cin-Ty Lee,2011Badquestions/problemsforaPhDthesisWhat is the origin of life?I want to solve global warmingI want to end world hungerWhat is gravity?How do mountains
5、form?Why do animals sleep?Dream?I want to cure cancer.These are certainly worthy questions/goals,but they are unrealistic ways to begin as they are ill-posed,too ambitious,too vague,or simply have no answer for mortals like us.Start small.Cin-Ty Lee,2011Ill-posedquestion:Whydoriversmeander?Whyshould
6、ntriversmeander?Cin-Ty Lee,2011BetterposedquestionWhatarethephysicalparametersthatdefinewhetherarivermeandersorflowsstraight?Cin-Ty Lee,2011Whocaresaboutthisquestion?ImplicationsWhere should I build my house,bridge,farm?How do I control flooding?How do I preserve river eco-systems?Taps our fundament
7、al curiosity Cin-Ty Lee,2011AgoodquestionshouldleadtoagoodhypothesisCut bankerosionPoint bardepositionIn outer bend,the river is erosive.On inner bend,the river deposits sand.Cin-Ty Lee,2011Hypothesis:In outer bend,the river is erosive.On inner bend,the river deposits sand.Water velocityShear stress
8、erosiondepositionwater velocities in river must straddle the critical line Cin-Ty Lee,2011VoutVinVout VinVout =RoutRinVinHypothesis:In outer bend,the river is erosive.On inner bend,the river deposits sand.Cin-Ty Lee,2011Hypothesis:In outer bend,the river is erosive.On inner bend,the river deposits s
9、and.Water velocityShear stresserosiondepositionNo meanderMeanders!Cin-Ty Lee,2011What have we done?Followed our curiosity with a questionMade observations from natureDeveloped a testable hypothesisWhats next?Testing the hypotheses by constructing an experiment Cin-Ty Lee,2011What if our hypothesis i
10、s wrong?Well,you wont know until you try to test it.If youre wrong,you still learned something.Better to have learned something than to have done nothing at all.Cin-Ty Lee,2011Dont be afraid to try things.Dont be afraid to make mistakes.Learn from your mistakes.Cin-Ty Lee,2011Post-oralexamsYou know
11、somethingYou have identified a problem you are working onStill,no end in sight Cin-Ty Lee,2011Thinking and executing your proposed studyMotivation why is the problem interesting?What is the hypothesis?How will you solve the problem?What did you find?What do your results mean?What is the next step?Ci
12、n-Ty Lee,2011Progression of your science is nonlinear-be prepared to make mistakes-be prepared to reconsider your hypotheses,methodsREALITYIDEALIDEALMotivationMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusions Cin-Ty Lee,2011Whenistoomuchdataenough?Whendoyoustop?Cin-Ty Lee,2011AfteryourexperimentsaredoneYou know a
13、 lot and youre wiserYou can see the finish lineYou know what you have to write to finish Cin-Ty Lee,2011Outline of a paper1.IntroductionMotivation,context,backgroundHypotheses2.MethodsExperimental setupAnalytical techniquesNumerical techniques3.ResultsData and observations4.DiscussionComparison to o
14、ther workMeaning of your observations5.Conclusions/SummaryBrief overviewOutlook for future work Cin-Ty Lee,2011Outline structuresGOODGOOD-Flow should be unidirectional(like a river)-there should not be flashbacks!MotivationMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusions Cin-Ty Lee,2011Some more words of wisdomS
15、ometimes,if youre excited,if you think its beautiful,then thats all that matters.Pursue your love.Cin-Ty Lee,2011Van Gogh paintingDont forget about the big picture Cin-Ty Lee,2011Pay attention to details&get the holistic experienceBalanceworkandplaytobecreativeTime spent on personal lifeTime spent o
16、n researchThreshold of minimum researchDeviation from 1:1Research is not for youWorking too hard0+-Work too muchPlay too muchCreativity/Productivity IndexOptimum!Deviation from life in balance Cin-Ty Lee,2011The going will be rough Cin-Ty Lee,2011But its worth it!-you made it-you can do anything now
17、!Cin-Ty Lee,2011YounowhaveyourPhD.Butitsonlythefirstofmanymorehills!(Cin-Ty Lee,2011What is the origin of life?I want to solve global warmingI want to end world hungerWhat is gravity?How do mountains form?Why do animals sleep?Dream?I want to cure cancer.One last wordPay back by teaching others and bringing everyone up with you.Share your knowledge and your enthusiasm.Cin-Ty Lee,2011结束语结束语谢谢大家聆听！谢谢大家聆听！44