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1、专四专八英语语法限定词专四专八英语语法限定词1 1解读解读 英语的限定词包括:英语的限定词包括:定冠词定冠词(DefiniteArticle),),不定冠词不定冠词(IndefiniteArticle),),零冠词零冠词(ZeroArticle)物主限定词物主限定词(PossessiveDeterminer):):my,your,his,her,our,your,their,ones,its名词属格名词属格(GenitiveNoun):):Johns,myfriends指示限定词指示限定词(DemonstrativeDeterminer):):this,that,these,those,suc
2、h关系限定词关系限定词(RelativeDeterminer):):whosewhich疑疑问问限限定定词词(Interrogative Determiner):what,which,whose不不定定限限定定词词(Indefinite Determiner):no,some,any,each,every,enough,either,neither,all,both,half,several,many,much,(a)few,(a)little,other,another基数词基数词(CardinalNumeral)和)和序数词序数词(OrdinalNumber)倍倍数数词词(Multipli
3、cative Numeral)和和分分数数词词(FractionalNumeral)量量词词(Quantifier):alotof,lotsof,plentyof,agreat tgood good deal deal ofof,a a largelargesmall small amountamountquantity quantity ofof,a a greatgreatlargelargegood number ofgood number of等。等。限定词与三类名词的搭配关系限定词与三类名词的搭配关系 限定词与限定词的搭配关系限定词与限定词的搭配关系 若干限定词用法比较若干限定词用法
4、比较(1)能与三类名词搭配的限定词)能与三类名词搭配的限定词 有有些些限限定定词词如如the,some,any,no,other,whose以以及及my,your等等物物主主限限定定词词和和名名词词属属格格(Johns,myfriends)等等能能与与三三类类名词搭配。例如:名词搭配。例如:thebookthebooksthemoneymybookmybooksmymoneymyfriendsbookmyfriendsbooksmyfriendsmoneyanybookanybooksanymoneysomebooksomebookssomemoneynobooknobooksnomoneyt
5、heotherbooktheotherbookstheothermoneywhosebookwhosebookswhosemoney(2)只能与名词单数搭配的限定词)只能与名词单数搭配的限定词 有有些些限限定定词词如如a(n),one,another,each,every,either,neither,manya,sucha等只能与等只能与单数名词单数名词搭配。例如:搭配。例如:eachworkereverystudenteitherbookneithersentenceanappleonecopyanotherbookmanyabooksuchabook(3)只能与复数名词搭配的限定词)只能
6、与复数名词搭配的限定词 有有些些限限定定词词如如both,two,three,anothertwothree,many,(a)few,several,these,those,a(great)numberof等等只只能能与与复复数名词搭配。例如:数名词搭配。例如:bothworkers(a)fewwordsseveralstudentsthesethosebooksanumberofessaystwothreevisitorsmanystudentsanothertwostudents(4)只能与不可数名词搭配的限定词)只能与不可数名词搭配的限定词 有有些些限限定定词词如如a(little)bi
7、tof,alargeamountof,agreatdealof,(a)little,much,less,(the)least等等只只能能与与不不可可数数名名词词搭配。搭配。abitofwateralargeamountofmoneymuchnoise(a)littlespacelessoil(the)leastoil(5)能与单、复数名词搭配的限定词)能与单、复数名词搭配的限定词有有些些限限定定词词如如thefirst,thesecond,thelast,thenext等等既既可可与单数名词搭配,也可与复数名词搭配。例如:与单数名词搭配,也可与复数名词搭配。例如:thefirstrosethe
8、firstrosesthelastmanthelastmenthenextmeetingthenextmeetings(6)能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词)能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如有些限定词如this,that等能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配。等能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配。例如:例如:thisthatjobthisthatwork(7)能与复数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词)能与复数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词 还有些限定词如还有些限定词如alotof,lotsof,plentyof,enough,more,most,such,other等可与复数名词和不可数名词搭
9、配。例如:等可与复数名词和不可数名词搭配。例如:alotofbooksalotofmoneylotsofchickenslotsoffoodplentyofchairsplentyofwaterenoughcopiesenoughcoalmorearticlesmoretimemostpeoplemostworksuchmensuchbreadothermenotherbread 这这一一类类限限定定词词也也可可以以包包括括lessless和和(the)(the)leastleast。如如前前所所述述,lessless和和leastleast通通常常只只与与不不可可数数名名词词搭搭配配,但但在
10、在现现代代英英语语的的非非正正式式语语体体中中,间或也可与复数名词搭配。例如:间或也可与复数名词搭配。例如:Less and less peoplecanaffordtogoabroadfortheirholidays.PoliticalprogrammesonTVattractthe least viewers.EXERCISES 3.1A1.Whyistheretraffic on the streets in February than in May?traffic on the streets in February than in May?A.less B.fewer C.few D
11、.little2.On account of the typhoon2.On account of the typhoon shipment will arrive this week.shipment will arrive this week.A.neither B.all C.both D.these3.Have you got 3.Have you got copies to go round?copies to go round?A.the other B.enough C.a little D.much 4.There4.Theres s water in the bottle.w
12、ater in the bottle.A.few B.a number of C.plenty of D.any5.There is 5.There is iron in this mine than in that one.iron in this mine than in that one.A.much B.a great deal of C.less D.a lot of6.He wrote 6.He wrote essays on Victorian novels in his class.essays on Victorian novels in his class.A.the ne
13、xt B.the most C.the other D.the more7.He has published 7.He has published short stories in English.short stories in English.A.a great amount of B.a number of C.another D.many a 8.We had 8.We had rainfalls last summer.rainfalls last summer.A.too much B.little C.a little D.only several9.9.care would h
14、ave prevented the accident.care would have prevented the accident.A.Much B.Little C.A little D.A few10.The students spent 10.The students spent their time working in the fields.their time working in the fields.A.both B.most C.more D.halfAABCCBBDCD 在在名名词词词词组组中中心心词词之之前前如如果果有有两两个个或或两两个个以以上上限限定定词词出出现现时时
15、,就就会会产产生生限限定定词词的的先先后后顺顺序序问问题题。按按其其不不同同的的搭搭配位置,限定词可分为:配位置,限定词可分为:(1 1)中位、前位、后位限定词)中位、前位、后位限定词 按按照照限限定定词词和和限限定定词词之之间间的的不不同同搭搭配配位位置置,限限定定词词可可分分为为中中位位限限定定词词(CentralDeterminer)、前前位位限限定定词词(Predeterminer)和和后位限定词(后位限定词(Postdeterminer)。)。中位限定词中位限定词1、定冠词和不定冠词:a(n),the,zero;2、物主限定词(物主代词和s属格名词):my,your,Marys,my
16、friends3、指示限定词:this,that,these,those4、不定数量词(some,few,no,any,every,each,either,neither,enough);5、疑问限定词和关系限定词:what(ever),which(ever),whoseb)前位限定词前位限定词包括包括all,both,half;double,twice,threetimes等;等;one-third,two-fifths等;等;what,such(a/an)(跨类限定词)。跨类限定词)。c)后位限定词后位限定词包括包括one,two,three等;等;first,second,third等;
17、等;next,last,other,another等;等;many,much,(a)few,(a)little,fewer,(the)fewest,less,(the)least,more,most;several等;等;plentyof,alotof,lotsof,agreat/large/goodnumberof,agreat/gooddealof,alarge/smallamountof;such等。等。(2)(2)三类限定词搭搭配关系三类限定词搭搭配关系 如如果果一一个个名名词词词词组组带带有有上上述述三三类类限限定定词词,其其搭搭配配关关系系总总是是按按照照“前位前位中位中位后卫后卫
18、”的顺序排列。例如:的顺序排列。例如:allall thethe four four teachers teachers allall youryour three three booksbooks 前前 中中 后后 前前 中中 后后 allall thesethese lastlast fewfew days days 前前 中中 后后 后后 如果只有上述两类限定词,其搭配关系仍按上述顺序。例如:如果只有上述两类限定词,其搭配关系仍按上述顺序。例如:half hishalf his lecture lecture thosethose lastlast fewfew months month
19、s 前前 中中 中中 后后 后后 severalseveral hundredhundred guests guests allall otherother students students 后后 后后 前前 后后 such asuch a misfortune misfortune somesome such such alloyalloy 前前 中中 中中 后后 有有上上述述诸诸例例可可以以看看出出,中中位位限限定定词词和和前前位位限限定定词词之之间间是是相相互互排排斥斥的的,即即一一个个名名词词中中心心词词之之前前不不可可并并用用两两个个中中位位限限定定词词或或两两个个前前位位限限定定
20、词词。所所以以,“我我的的那那本本书书”不不是是my my that that bookbook而而是是that that book book of of minemine,因因为为my my 和和that that 同同是是中中位位限限定定词词,不不可可并并列列。但但后后位位限限定词的使用却不受此限制。例如:定词的使用却不受此限制。例如:hishis lastlast twotwo books books thethe first twofirst two chapters chapters 中中 后后 后后 中中 后后 后后 twotwo moremore sheets sheets 后后
21、 后后 个别限定词有跨类现象,如个别限定词有跨类现象,如such既属于前位限定既属于前位限定词,又可归入后位限定词。由于它只是在词,又可归入后位限定词。由于它只是在sucha.和和suchan这样的搭配中属于前位限定词,而在与其这样的搭配中属于前位限定词,而在与其他限定词(他限定词(some,any,no,all,few,another,other,many,one,two等)搭配时,等)搭配时,such则是后位则是后位限定词,一律放在上述这些限定词的后面,如限定词,一律放在上述这些限定词的后面,如somesuch,anysuch,nosuch,fewsuch,onesuch等,因等,因此把它
22、归入后位限定词。此把它归入后位限定词。EXERCISES 3.2A Choose an appropriate combination of determiners to fill in each blank:1.Hediditintimeittookme.A.theone-thirdB.halfaC.thedoubleD.one-thirdthe2.Isawboysatthecinema.A.thebothB.manyaC.boththeD.theseveral3.candidatesaregirls.A.HalftheB.ThehalfC.TheirhalfD.Halfa4.friends
23、usuallyspeakhighlyofhim.A.HissomeB.HismanyC.ManyhisD.SomehisDCAB5.alloymaybeusedtoreplacecopper.A.SuchaB.SomesuchC.SuchsomeD.Severalsuch6.Areyougoingtobuyrice?A.alltheseB.theseallC.allthisD.boththese7.dictionaryisenoughforme.A.SuchoneB.OnesuchC.SuchaoneD.Onesucha8.factorsshouldbeconsidered.A.Theseal
24、lB.SuchallC.AllsuchD.Somethese9.meatistainted.A.Thatone-thirdB.One-thirdthatC.SuchaD.Fewsuch10.caseshavebeenreported.A.SuchfewB.SuchsomeC.FewsuchD.SometheseBCBCBCTranslate the following into English,using appropriatedeterminers:1.开凿隧道需要大量劳动力(开凿隧道需要大量劳动力(labor)。)。1.Todigatunnelwillneedagreatamountofl
25、abor.2.少说空话(少说空话(emptytalk)多干实事()多干实事(practicalwork)。)。2.Theremustbelessemptytalkbutmorepracticalwork.3.今天参观展览会的人数比昨天少。今天参观展览会的人数比昨天少。3.Therearefewerpeopletodayattheexhibitionthanyesterday.4.安娜(安娜(Anna)因为没有足够的钱财而烦恼丛生。)因为没有足够的钱财而烦恼丛生。4.Annahasenoughworriesbecauseshehasntgotenoughmoney.5.你读的诗(你读的诗(poe
26、try)和做的练习()和做的练习(exercises)都比我多。)都比我多。5.YouhavelearntmorepoetryanddonemoreexercisesthanIhave.(1)many,much,alotof,lotsof,plentyof等等 表示表示“多多”的意思,可用的意思,可用many,much,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,agood dgreat manygreat many,a large amount ofa large amount of等。等。作为限定作为限定词词manymany和和a gooda goodgreat manygreat ma
27、ny之后须跟复数名词:之后须跟复数名词:muchmuch和和a large a large amount ofamount of之后须跟不可数名词。之后须跟不可数名词。例如:例如:Manyanimalshavediseases.MuchinformationisnowtransmittedthroughE-mail.Wehavea great many questionstodiscussatmeeting.Wearegoingtospenda large amount of moneyonchildrenseducation.many,much,agreatmany等等既既可可用用作作限限定
28、定词词,也也可可用用作作不不定代词。定代词。例如:例如:Haveyoudonealltheseexercises?No,Ihaventdonevery much.HasshereadanyEnglishnovelsintheoriginals?Yes,a great many.Hashespentmuchmoneyonthehouse?Oh,a large amount.many,much可以带有可以带有howtoosoas.as等修饰语。例如等修饰语。例如:Iwanttoknowhow muchmoneywillbespentontheproject.How manycopiesdoyoun
29、eedforyourclass?Ihave(far)too manybooksontheshelf.Wehavehad too muchraininthespring.Itsreallysurprisingthattheboyshouldhaveso muchstrengthathisage.Youcantakeas manycopiesasyouneed.(2)(a)few,(a)little 表示表示“少少”的意思,可用(的意思,可用(a)few,(a)little,既可用作限定词,既可用作限定词,也可用作不定代词。也可用作不定代词。afew,alittle表示表示“少量少量”,带有肯定含
30、义。,带有肯定含义。例如:例如:Letsinvitea fewfriendstocomewithus.Thereareonlya very fewleft.Ihada littledifficultyinsolvingtheproblem.Giveme a little ofthatwine.Iamtryingtousethe littleFrenchIhavejustlearnt.fewlittle若若不不与与a连连用用则则表表示示否否定定意意义义,相相当当于于notmanymuch,notenough。例如:。例如:Ihaveveryfew(chocolates)left.Iunderst
31、and little ofhisspeech.要要注注意意,quiteafew,agoodfew,notafew不不表表示示“少少”,而表示,而表示“相当多相当多”的含义,相当于的含义,相当于afairnumber(of)。例如:。例如:Quite a fewofusaregettingworried.Youwillhavetowaita good fewweeks.little的比较级和最高级是的比较级和最高级是less和和least,通常只能与不可数名,通常只能与不可数名词搭配,但在当代英语中也有用词搭配,但在当代英语中也有用less与复数可数名词搭配的。例与复数可数名词搭配的。例如:如:
32、Ifonlytherewereless holesintheroof.但这只见于非正式语体中;在正式语体中仍以用但这只见于非正式语体中;在正式语体中仍以用fewer为好。为好。(3)some,any 要要表表示示“一一些些”的的意意思思,可可用用some,any。some是是肯肯定定词词(Assertive Word),常常 用用 于于 肯肯 定定 句句:any是是 非非 肯肯 定定 词词(NonassertiveWord),常用于否定句或疑问句。例如:),常用于否定句或疑问句。例如:Therearesomelettersforme.Therearentanylettersforme.Aret
33、hereanylettersforme?Iseldomgetanysleepthesedays.any也常用于条件分句以及带有否定意义的句子中也常用于条件分句以及带有否定意义的句子中:Ifyouhaveanytrouble,pleaseletmeknow.Iforgottoaskforanychange(零钱)(零钱).当当说说话话人人期期待待肯肯定定回回答答时时,some也也可可用用于于疑疑问问句句,比比如如当当说说话话人期待来信时,他可以问到:人期待来信时,他可以问到:Aretheresomelettersforme?当当购购物物时时向向售售货货员员提提问问或或者者主主人人向向客客人人表表
34、示示款款待待时时,也也可可在在疑疑问句中用问句中用some:CouldIhavesomeoftheseapples?Wouldyoulikesomechocolatecake?当当some与与单单数数可可数数名名词词搭搭配配时时,some相相当当于于acertain(“某某一一”)的的含含义义;而而any与与单单数数可可数数名名词词搭搭配配,则则相相当当于于every(“任任何何一个一个”)的含义)的含义。例如:。例如:Someboyhasbrokenawindow.Anychildcouldanswerthatquestion.(4)all,both,every,each,either,ne
35、ither,any 这一类词,这一类词,除除every只能作为限定词外只能作为限定词外,都是既可作为限,都是既可作为限定词,也可作为不定代词。例如:定词,也可作为不定代词。例如:all(of)theboysboth(of)theboyseveryboyeveryoneoftheboyseachboyeither(one)oftheboyseitherboyeither(one)ofthe(two)boysneitherboyneither(one)ofthe(two)boysanyboyany(one)ofthe(threeormore)boys 由上述诸例可以看出,这一类的限定词和不定代词在
36、用法上有由上述诸例可以看出,这一类的限定词和不定代词在用法上有以下值得注意之处:以下值得注意之处:a)表示表示“全体全体”,可用,可用all和和both,但但all表示三个或三个以上人表示三个或三个以上人或物的或物的“全体全体”,而,而both则表示两个人或物的则表示两个人或物的“全体全体”。例如:。例如:Allthefourapplicationsarebelowtheaverage.Bothhisparentsareagainsthisgoingtherealone.如果要如果要表示表示“全体都不全体都不”的意思,当的意思,当“全体全体”为三个或更多为三个或更多的人或物时,通常用的人或物时
37、,通常用none。例如:。例如:None of thestudentsfailedtheexamination.Illhavenone ofyourstupidideas.(我不能接受你的那些糊涂(我不能接受你的那些糊涂观念。)观念。)在上述第一例中,既可用在上述第一例中,既可用none,也可用,也可用noone:No onefailedtheexamination.但但noone只能指人,不能指物。只能指人,不能指物。如果要表示两个人或物如果要表示两个人或物“都不都不”,通常要用,通常要用neither:NeitherstudentNeither(one)of the(two)student
38、sfailedtheexamination.b)表表示示全全体体中中的的“每每个个”,如如果果这这个个“全全体体”包包含含三三个个或或更更多多的人或物,通常用的人或物,通常用every。例如:。例如:Everystudentintheclasstookpartintheperformance.Hiseveryactionshowsthatheisaverydeterminedyoungman.如如果果这这个个“全全体体”包包括括两两个个或或两两个个以以上上的的人人或或物物,便便可可以以用用each。例例如:如:Each side of the street was crowded with p
39、eople.在在这这里里,不不可可以以用用every。如如果果说说“广广场场的的每每一一边边都都挤挤满满了了人人“,那那就既可用就既可用each也可用也可用every:EachEvery side of the square was crowded with people.every与与each的的区区别别还还在在于于every指指许许多多人人或或物物中中的的“每每个个”,侧侧重重在在全体,近乎全体,近乎all的含义。的含义。例如:Every student failed the examination.=All the students failed the examination.而而ea
40、ch则指许多人或物中的则指许多人或物中的“各个各个”,侧重在个别。,侧重在个别。例如:Each child will find his own personal road to success.c)表表示示全全体体中中的的“任任何何一一个个”,也也要要看看这这个个“全全体体”包包含含三三个个或或更更多多,还还是是只只包包含含“两两个个”。当当“全全体体”包包含含三三个个或或三三个个以以上上,要表示其中任何一个须用要表示其中任何一个须用any。例如:例如:Any(=Every)childwouldknowthat.Hisgiftwasunknowntoany(ofthem)excepthimse
41、lf.当当“全全体体”只只包包含含两两个个时时,要要表表示示其其中中任任何何一一个个须须用用either。例如:例如:TherearetwoflightsforBeijinginthemorning.Youcantakeeither(one).但但在在oneitherside,oneitherend等等固固定定词词组组中中有有时时可可以以兼兼指指两两个。例如:个。例如:Therearewarehousesoneither side of theriver(=onbothsidesoftheriver).EXERCISE 3.3Fill in the blanks with appropriat
42、e determiners or corresponding indefinite pronouns semantically related to quantity:1.A:Doyouneedmoremilk?B:No,thereistoo_already.2.Icantopenthislock.Theremustbe_keythatwillopenit.3._peoplewillbelieve_storyyoutellthem.4.On_sideofthestreettherewereassembledalotofsoldiers.5.Whentheshipwassunk,allthesailorsweredrowned,_oneofthem.6.Thepresidentgotdownfromtheplaneandshookhandswith_onewaitingattheairport.muchsomesomeanyeithereveryeach结束结束