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1、译文：现代快速经济制造模具技术随着全球经济的发展，新的技术革命不断取得新的进展和突破，技术的飞跃 发展已经成为推动世界经济增长的重要因素。市场经济的不断发展，促使工业产 品越来越向多品种、小批量、高质量、低成本的方向发展，为了保持和加强产品在市场上的竞争力，产品的开发周期、生产周期越来越短，于是对制造各种产品的关键工艺装备模具的要求越来越苛刻。一方面企业为追求规模效益，使得模具向着高速、精密、长寿命方向发展；另一方面企业为了满足多品种、小批量、产品更新换代快、赢得市场的需要，要求模具向着制造周期短、成本低的快速经济的方向发展。计算机、激光、电子、新材料、新技术的发展，使得快速经济制模技术如虎添
2、翼，应用范围不断扩大，类型不断增多，创造的经济效益和社会效益越来越显著。快速经济制模技术与传统的机械加工相比，具有制模周期短、成本低、精度与寿命又能满足生产上的使用要求，是综合经济效益比较显著的一类制造模具的技术，概括起来，有以下几种类别。 1快速原型制造技术快速原型制造技术简称RPM，是80年代后期发展起来的一种新型制造技术。美国、日本、英国、以色列、德国、中国都推出了自己的商业化产品，并逐渐形成了新型产业。RPM是电脑、激光、光学扫描、先进的新型材料、计算机辅助设计(CAD)、计算机辅助加工(CAM)、数控(CNC)综合应用的高新技术。在成型概念上以平面离散、堆积为指导，在控制上以计算机和
3、数控为基础，以最大柔性为总体目标。它摒弃了传统的机械加工方法，对制造业的变革是一个重大的突破，利用RPM技术可以直接或间接地快速制模，该技术已被汽车、航空、家电、船舶、医疗、模具等行业广泛应用。 2表面成型制模技术表面成型制模技术，主要是利用喷涂、电铸、化学腐蚀等新的工艺方法形成型腔表面及精细花纹的一种工艺技术，实际应用中包括以下几种类型。电弧喷涂成型制模技术电弧喷涂成型技术的原理是：利用2根通电的金属丝之间产生电弧的热量将金属丝熔化，依靠高压气体将其充分雾化，并给予一定的动能，高速喷射在样模表面，层层镶嵌，形成一金属壳体，即型腔的内表面，再用充填基体材料(一般为金属粉粒与树脂的复合材料)加以
4、支撑加固，提高其强度和刚性，连同金属模架组合成模具。这种制模技术工艺简单、成本低，制造周期非常短，型腔表面的成型仅需几个小时，节省能源和金属材料，一般型腔表面仅2-3mm厚，仿真性极强，花纹精度可达到0.5m。目前该技术被广泛地用于飞机、汽车的内饰件模具、家电、家俱、制鞋、美术工艺品等表面形状复杂及花纹精细的各种聚氨酯制品的吹塑、吸塑、PVC注射、PU发泡及各类注射成型模具中。 电铸成型技术电铸成型技术的原理同电镀一样，是依样模(现成制品或按制品图纸制成的母模)为基准(阴极)，置放在电铸液中(阳极)，使电铸液中的金属离子还原后一层一层地沉积在样模上，形成金属壳体，将其剥离后，与样模接触的表面即
5、为模具的型腔内表面。该技术主要特点是节省材料、模具制造周期短，电铸层硬度可达40HRC，提高了耐磨性和寿命，粗糙度、尺寸精度与样模完全一致，适用于注射、吸塑、吹塑、搪塑、胶木模、玻璃模、压铸模等模具型腔及电火花成型电极的制造。型腔表面精细花纹成型的蚀刻技术蚀刻技术是光学、化学、机加工综合应用的一种技术，它的基本原理是先把花纹图案制成胶片，再把胶片上的花纹图案复制在已涂上光敏材料的模具型腔表面上，经过化学处理，模具型腔表面形成不被蚀刻部分的保护层，再根据模具材质，选择相应蚀刻工艺，将花纹图案蚀刻在模具内表面上。该技术的主要特点是时间短、费用低，修补破损花纹图案可做到天衣无缝。3浇铸成型制模技术浇
6、铸成型制模技术的共同特点是依样件为基准，浇铸出凸、凹模，型腔表面不需要机械加工。4挤压成型技术利用铍铜合金的良好的导热性和稳定性，经固熔时效处理后，采用冷挤压制造模具凹模型腔。其特点是制造周期短，型腔精度高(IT7级)，表面粗糙度Ra=0.025m,强度高，寿命可达50万次，无环境污染。该技术是利用金属材料在细化晶粒、一定成型温度、低变形速率条件下，材料具有最佳超塑性时，将事先制作好的凸模，用较小的力便可挤压出凹模的一种快速经济制模技术。超塑成型材料的典型代表是Zn-22%AL。 5无模多点成形技术无模多点快速成形技术是以CAD/CAM/CAT技术为主要手段，利用计算机控制高度可调基本体群形成
7、上下成形面，代替传统模具对板料进行三维曲面成形的又一现代先进制造技术。此项技术可以随意改变变形路径与受力状态，提高材料的成形极限，可反复成形，以此消除材料内部的残余应力，实现无回弹成形。 6凯维朗(KEVRON)钢带冲裁落料制模技术新型钢带冲裁落料制模技术是一种不同于一般具有凸、凹模结构的钢带模，它是由单刃钢带与特制垫板组成的新型快速经济制模技术。这种模具重量轻，一般只有200kg，加工精度为0.35-0.50mm，可适合各种黑色和有色金属的0.5-0.65mm厚的板料加工。寿命可达到5-25万次，制造成本低。 7模具毛坯的快速制造技术实型铸造由于大量的模具是属于单件或小批量生产，模具毛坯的制
8、造质量和周期及成本对最终的模具质量和周期及成本的影响是至关重要的。现代模具毛坯已广泛地采用子实型铸造技术，所谓实型铸造就是利用泡沫塑料(聚苯乙烯PS或聚甲基丙烯酸酯PMMA)制作代替传统的木模或金属模，造型后不需取出模型，便可以浇铸，泡沫塑料模型的高温液体金属作用下，迅速燃烧气化而消失，金属液取代原来泡沫塑料模型所占有的位置，冷凝后形成铸件。 8其它方面技术为了简化模具的结构设计，降低模具成本，缩短模具制造周期，在国内外也先后出现了一些其它方面新技术的应用，如快换模架、冲压单元、刃口堆焊、镶块铸造、氮气弹簧等。 氮气弹簧在模具上的应用氮气弹簧是一种新型弹性功能部件，用它代替弹簧、橡胶、聚氨酯或
9、者气垫，它能够准确地提供压边力，在较小空间便可产生较大初始弹压力，不需预紧，在模具整个工作过程中弹压力基本恒定。弹压力大小及受力点位置可随时、准确、方便地调整，简化模具拉伸、压边、卸料等结构，简化模具设计，缩短制模周期，调试模具方便，缩短更换模具时间，提高生产效率。 快速换模技术由于产品品种的增多，使模具在生产中更换变得十分频繁，于是如何缩短冲压设备的停机时间，提高生产效率，快速换模技术受到了人们的关注。目前发达工业国家的一些大公司换模速度达到了惊人的程度，是否具有快速换模技术已成为企业技术进步的一项标志。总的趋势就是减少模具在设备上安装、固定、调整的时间，这既要在设备结构设计上予以考虑，又要
10、在模具的结构设计、标准化方面予以考虑，将机上的作业尽可能地放在机下做。 冲压单元组合技术冲压单元组合技术是将常规的冲模分解为一个个简单的单元冲模，根据工序件的要求，排列组合，在同一次冲程内完成多种冲压工序的新型工艺装备，工作时冲压单元不与冲床滑块联接，只需滑块打击即可完成冲压工作。单独使用时它就是1副完整模具。它可以用来加工板料或型材的冲孔、落料、切角、切槽、切断及浅拉伸等。具有组装快捷、使用方便、通用性强、经济性好等特点，特别适合多品种、中小批量生产。 可加工塑料在模具制造中的应用可加工塑料在发达的工业国家应用较普遍，特别是在汽车、飞机等制造业中，主要代替木材或金属制作汽车车身主模型、靠模、
11、检具和铸造模型等。可加工塑料的主要特点是兼备木材和金属的优良加工性能，制作工艺简捷(可采用模塑、浇注、拼粘、雕塑等方法)、尺寸稳定性好、不变形、耐潮湿、耐腐蚀、易修复、易改型、重量轻、制作周期短、成本低。快速经济制模技术种类很多，其所具有的特点、应用范围各不相同，本文仅能概括地做一些简单介绍，每种技术在具体应用和实施过程中尚有许多具体的工艺过程、工艺参数及其技术特性。模具是基础工业之一，在全球化市场经济和各种高新技术的迅猛发展形势下，快速经济模具赋予了新的使命和全新的内涵，分类不断增加，快速经济制模材料向着多品种系列化迈进，工艺不断有新的创新和突破，与之配套设备相继问世，服务领域在不断地拓宽，
12、创造的经济效益越来越显著。随着商品经济的发展，激烈的市场竞争，产品更新换代的加速，对快速经济制模技术在缩短周期、降低成本，提高精度和延长寿命方面的要求势必会越来越高。由于它能使企业赢得市场，创造显著的经济效益，越来越受到企业家的青睐和有关领导部门的极大关注与政策资金的支持。各种快速经济制模技术在推广应用过程中也会不断完善成熟和发展，由于高新技术的发展，各种技术的复合与渗透，为适应生产中的不同需求，今后必定会形成一些新型、节约能源、节约材料的快速制模技术。Modern fast economy manufacture mold technology Along with the global e
13、conomy development, the new technological revolution made the new progress and the breakthrough unceasingly, the technical leap development already becomes the important attribute which the impetus world economics grew. The market economy unceasing development, urges the industry product more and mo
14、re to the multi- varieties, high grade, the low cost direction to develop, in order to maintain and strengthens the product in market competitive power, product development cycle, production cycle more and more short, thereupon to makes each kind of product the essential craft equipment mold request
15、 to be more and more harsh. On the one hand the enterprise for the pursue scale benefit, causes the mold to turn towards high speed, is precise, the long life direction develops; On the other hand enterprise in order to satisfy the multi- varieties, the product renewal quickly, wins the market the n
16、eed, requests the mold to turn towards the manufacture cycle to be short, the cost low fast economy direction develops. The computer, the laser, electronic, the new material, the new technical development, causes the fast economical pattern making technology even more powerful, the application scope
17、 expands unceasingly, the type increases unceasingly, the creation economic efficiency and the social efficiency are more and more remarkable. The fast economical pattern making technology and the traditional machine-finishing compares, has the pattern making cycle short, the cost is low, the precis
18、ion and the life can satisfy in the production the operation requirements, is synthesizes an economic efficiency quite remarkable kind to make the mold the technology, summarizes below, has several types to leave. 1 fast prototypes manufactures technology The fast prototype manufacture technology is
19、 called RPM, is one kind of new manufacture technology which the 80s later period develops. US, Japan, England, Israel, Germany, China have all promoted own commercialization product, and has formed the new industry gradually.RPM is the computer, the laser, the optical scanning, the advanced new mat
20、erial, the computer-aided design (CAD), the computer assistance processing (CAM), the numerical control (CNC) synthesizes the application the high technology and new technology. In takes shape in the concept take the plane separate, piles up as the instruction, in the control take the computer and t
21、he numerical control as the foundation, take biggest flexibility as general goals. It has abandoned the traditional machine-finishing method, to the manufacturing industry transformation is a significant breakthrough, uses the RPM technology to be possible directly or indirectly the fast pattern mak
22、ing, this technology already by profession widespread application and so on automobile, aviation, electrical appliances, ships, medical service, mold. 2 surfaces take shape the pattern making technology The surface takes shape the pattern making technology, mainly is the use spurts spreads, the elec
23、trolytic casting, chemistry corrosion and so on the new technique formation cavity surface and the fine pattern one kind of craft technology, in the practical application including following several kind of types. electric arcs spurt spread take shape the pattern making technology The electric arc s
24、purts spreads takes shape the technical principle is: Has the electric arc quantity of heat using between 2 circular telegrams tinsel to melt the tinsel, depends upon the compressed gas its full atomization, and gives the certain kinetic energy, high speed sprays in the type mold surface, layer upon
25、 layer mounts, forms a metal shell, namely the cavity internal surface, uses to fill the substrate material again (generally for metal silt and resin compound materials) performs to support the reinforcement, enhances its intensity and the rigidity, combines the mold together with the metal pattern
26、frame. This kind of pattern making technology craft simple, cost low, manufacture cycle extremely short, the cavity surface takes shape only needs for several hours, saves the energy and the metal material, general cavity surface 2-3mm is only thick, simulation greatly strengthened, the pattern prec
27、ision may achieve 0.5 mu m. At present this technology widely uses in superficial shape and so on airplane, automobile mold, electrical appliances, furniture, shoemaking, fine arts handicraft is complex and the pattern fine each kind of polyurethane product blow molding, attracts models, the PVC inj
28、ection, PU becomes spongy and each kind of injection takes shape in the mold. electrolytic castings take shape the technology The electrolytic casting takes shape the technical principle to be same with the galvanization, is according to model the mold (ready-made product or female mold which makes
29、according to product blueprint) is the datum (negative pole), places in the electrolytic casting fluid (anode), causes in the electrolytic casting fluid the metallic ion to return to original state a latter place deposition on the type mold, forms the metal shell, after strips it, contacts the surfa
30、ce with the type mold namely for the mold the cavity internal surface. This technical main characteristic is saves material, the mold manufacture cycle short, electrolytic casting level degree of hardness may reach 40HRC, enhanced the resistance to wear and the life, roughness, the size precision is
31、 completely consistent with the type mold, is suitable for the injection, attracts models, the blow molding, keeps out models, mold cavity and the electric spark and so on bakelite mold, glass mold, compression casting mold takes shape the electrode manufacture. cavities surfaces fine pattern takes
32、shape etching technology The etching technology is optics, chemistry, the machining synthesis application one kind of technology, its basic principle is makes first the pattern design the film, then in has spread the film on pattern design duplication the photosensitive material on the mold cavity s
33、urface, process chemistry processing, the mold cavity surface does not form by the etching partial protectors, then acts according to the mold material quality, the choice corresponding etching craft, pattern design etching in mold internal surface.This technical main characteristic is the time shor
34、t, the expense is low, patching damages the pattern design to be possible to achieve flawlessly.3 sprinkle to cast into the type system mold technique Sprinkling to cast into technical and common characteristics of the type system mold is according to the kind piece for basis, sprinkle a convex and
35、cave mold, a surface do not need the machine to process.Make physically to mainly have following several categories type in the mold.4 extrusions takes shape the technology Using the berylliuim copper alloy good thermal conductivity and the stability, after the solid melt aging treatment of metal, u
36、se the swaging pressure to make the mold concave model cavity. Its characteristic is makes the cycle short, the cavity precision is high (the IT7 level), surface roughness Ra=0.025 mu m, The intensity is high, the life may reach 500,000 times, does not have the environmental pollution. This technolo
37、gy is using the metal material in the thin crystal grain, certainly takes shape the temperature, under the low distortion speed condition, when the material has the best superplasticity, toes attend to carry out raised mold which the initiative finishes, then may extrude the concave mold with the sm
38、all strength one kind of fast economical pattern making technology. Ultra models takes shape material typical representative is Zn-22%AL. 5 does not have the mold multi- spots forming technology Does not have the mold multi- spots fast forming technology is by CAD/CAM/CAT The technology is the main
39、method about, may adjust the base main body group highly using the computer control to form forms the surface, replaces the traditional mold to carry on the three dimensional curved surface forming to the sheet an modern advanced manufacture technology. This technology may change the distortion way
40、and the stressful condition at will, enhances the material the formed limit, may form repeatedly, by this elimination material interior remaining stress, the realization does not have the snapping back forming6 triumphant Uygur bright steel belt blanking falls the material pattern making technology
41、The new steel belt blanking falls the material pattern making technology is one kind is different with has raised, the concave mold structure steel belt mold generally, it is with specially makes the new fast economical pattern making technology by the single edge steel belt which the backing strip
42、is composed. This kind of mold weight is light, only then 200kg, the processing precision for 0.35-0.50mm, may suit each kind of black and the non-ferrous metal 0.5-0.65mm thick sheet processing generally. The life may achieve 5-25 ten thousand, the production cost is low. 7 molds semifinished mater
43、ials fast manufacture technology solid casting Because the massive molds are belong to the single unit or the production, the mold semifinished materials manufacture quality and the cycle and the cost to the final mold quality and cyclical and the cost influence are very important. The modern mold s
44、emifinished materials widely have used the seeds casting technology, the so-called solid casting is (polystyrene PS either polymethacrylate PMMA) manufactures using the foam plastics replaces traditional the wooden mold or the metal pattern, after the modelling does not have to take out the model, t
45、hen may the casting, under the foam plastics model high temperature liquid metal function, deflagrate the gasification but to vanish, the molten metal substitution original foam plastics model holds the position, after the condensation forms the casting. 8 other aspects technologies in order to simp
46、lify the mold the structural design, reduces the mold cost, reduces the mold manufacture cycle, in domestic and foreign also successively appeared some other aspects new technology application, like trades the mold frame, the ramming unit, the cutting edge built-up welding quickly, inlays the block
47、casting, the nitrogen spring and so on. nitrogen springs on mold application The nitrogen spring is one kind of new elastic function part, replaces the spring, the rubber, the polyurethane or the air cushion with it side, it can accurately provide presses the strength, then may have the greatly init
48、ial ball pressure in the small space, does not need pre- tightly, is basically hit the pressure basically in the mold entire work process to be constant. The ball pressure size and the working point position may, accurate, conveniently adjust as necessary, simplifies the mold to stretch, nearby the
49、pressure, ex-denning isostructuralism, simplifies the mold design, reduces the pattern making cycle, debugs the mold to be convenient, reduces the replacement mold time, enhances the production efficiency. fast trades the mold technology Because product variety increasing, causes the mold in the production the transmutation extremely