新导向大学英语 (5).pdf

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1、One-minute Presentation SkillWhy is Breakfast the Most Important Meal of the DayWere all familiar with the expression“Breakfast is the most important meal of theday,”but how true is it?Lets find out.On a typical morning,its really easy to letbreakfast fall low on your list of priorities.With all the

2、 brushing,bathing,pooping,getting ready for school or work,taking a few minutes off to have a healthy breakfastcan be a really difficult task.Breakfast provides the body and brain with fuel after anovernight fast,thats where the name originates:breaking the fast.According to theWorldHealthOrganizati

3、on,eatingbreakfasteverymorninganddailyfruitconsumption are two of the most important healthy eating habits.A study from noneother than Harvard University states that men who regularly skip breakfast have a27%higher risk of suffering a heart attack than those who do eat the meal.Andwomen who skip bre

4、akfast have a 20%higher risk of being diagnosed with Type 2diabetes.Having foods like idli,dosa,cereals or roti for breakfast can energize yourmorning to such a great extent that it might even make you very happy for no goodreason.As the popular proverb goes,“eat breakfast like a king,lunch like a p

5、rince anddinner like a pauper.”So,breakfast skippers of the world unite and embrace thiswonder meal every morning of your life.Now there is some serious food for thought,isnt it?Happy breakfasting.(253 words)https:/ for SpeakingWhat Happens to Your Body and Brain if You dont Get SleepMatthew Walker1

6、 My name is Matthew Walker,I am a professor of neuroscience and psychology atthe University of California,Berkeley,and I am the author of the book Why WeSleep.We certainly know that a lack of sleep will actually prevent your brain frombeing able to initially make new memories,so its almost as though

7、 without sleep thememory inbox of the brain shuts down and you cant commit new experiences tomemory.So those new incoming informational emails are just bounced,and you endup feeling as though youre amnesiac.You cant essentially make and create those newmemories.2 We also know that a lack of sleep wi

8、ll lead to an increased development of a toxicprotein in the brain that is called beta amyloid and that is associated with Alzheimersdisease because it is during deep sleep at night when a sewage system within the brainactually kicks in to high gear and it starts to wash away this toxic protein,beta

9、amyloid.So if youre not getting enough sleep each and every night,more of thatAlzheimers-related protein will build up.The more protein that builds up,the greateryour risk of going on to develop dementia in later life.3 What are the effects of sleep deprivation on the body?Well,there are many differ

10、enteffects.Firstly,we know that sleep deprivation affects the reproductive system.Weknow that men who are sleeping just five to six hours a night have a level oftestosterone which is that of someone ten years their senior.So a lack of sleep will ageyou by almost a decade in terms of that aspect of v

11、irility and wellness.4 We also know that a lack of sleep impacts your immune system.So after just onenight of four to five hours of sleep,there is a 70%reduction in criticalanticancer-fighting immune cells called natural killer cells.And thats the reason thatwe know that short sleep duration predict

12、s your risk for developing numerous formsof cancer.And that list currently includes cancer of the bowel,cancer of the prostate,as well as cancer of the breast.5 We also know that a lack of sleep impacts your cardiovascular system because it isduring deep sleep at night that you receive this most won

13、derful form of effectivelyblood pressure medication.Your heart rate drops,your blood pressure goes down.Youhave,if youre getting six hours of sleep or less,a 200%increased risk of having afatal heart attack or stroke in your lifetime.And we know that in the spring,when welose one hour of sleep,we se

14、e a subsequent 24%increase in heart attacks thefollowing day.6 Another question,perhaps,is what is the recycle rate of a human being?How longcan we actually last without sleep before we start to see declines in your brainfunction or even impairments within your body?And the answer seems to be about

15、16hours of wakefulness.Once you get past 16 hours of being awake,thats when westart to see mental deterioration and physiological deterioration in the body.We knowthat after youve been awake for 19 or 20 hours,your mental capacity is so impairedthat you would be as deficient as someone who was legal

16、ly drunk behind the wheel ofa car.So if you were to ask me what is the recycle rate of a human being,it does seemto be about 16 hours and we need about eight hours of sleep to repair the damage ofwakefulness.Wakefulness essentially is low-level brain damage.(706 words)https:/ for SpeakingNews item 1

17、(302 words,240)Walking:the Wonder DrugIf you want to get healthy or stay healthy,there is one easy activity to add to your day walking.Walking is the closest thing we have to a wonder drug,”says ThomasFriedman.Friedman is the director of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventionin the United St

18、ates.And he is not alone in considering walking a great exercise.Health experts at the Mayo Clinic,the American Heart Association,the ArthritisFoundation,Harvard Medical School and many other health research groups agree.You may think that simply taking a walk is not enough to make a big difference.

19、Youmight think that you need do something strenuous(费力的)like running to stayhealthy.Well,a new study says that is not true.It finds that walking may be as goodfor us as running.Running is a high-impact activity and can be hard on the body.So,many people cannot run.Walking,it seems,has all of the adv

20、antages and none of thedisadvantages of running.For example,regular brisk walking can help you:Improve your mood.A study at California State University,Long Beach showed thatthe more steps people took during the day,the better their moods were.Sharpen your mind.Researchers at the University of Calif

21、ornia,San Francisco,studied 6,000 women ages 65 and older.They found that age-related memory loss waslower for those who walked more.Improve your creativity.A 2014 study by Stanford University found that walking,indoors or outdoors,improved the ability to think creatively and solve problems.Best of

22、all,you can easily change where,when and how you walk.You can walk withyour friends,co-workers,family or your dog.Or you can walk alone.The faster,farther and more often you walk,the greater the News item 2(290 words,313)Vietnam NursingJapan and Germany have the worlds oldest populations,but neither

23、 country hasenough trained health care workers to meet the needs of older adults.Now,theyare turning to Vietnam for help.This month,100 young Vietnamese are going toGermany as part of a project to train what are called geriatric(老年人的)nursesto work in the European country.The trainees recently comple

24、ted a six-monthlanguage and culture class in Hanoi.They will spend the next two years in anoccupational training program.If the trainees pass the final exam,they will be able towork in Germany as geriatric nurses for another three years.Germany isfacing a crisis as low birth rates combine with a gro

25、wing population of citizens whoare living longer.About 20 percent of the population is over age 65,and thatpercentage is expected to continue rising.This is a problem that Japan also faces.Later this year,150 Vietnamese candidateswill go to Japan for two years of training at the countrys hospitals.A

26、fter that,they areexpected to take the national nursing exam.Japan already trains nurses from thePhilippines and Indonesia.But the health care system has been criticized for being toorestrictive.All candidates must take the same exam,but it is very difficult forforeign applicants because few can spe

27、ak the Japanese language.Many Japanese areopposed to foreigners working in some industries.Critics say foreign labor could leadto higher unemployment.But,there is little opposition to foreign nurses.In Vietnam,there are not enough jobs for everyone who wants one.Most children are expected tocare for

28、 their aging parents when they get old.For VOA Learning English,Im AlexVillarreal.(290)VOALearning English Health report)https:/ ConversationWhy more of us are getting fitter togetherRobHello,Im Rob.We get together to discuss an interesting topic.CatherineHello Im Catherine.And todays topic is all a

29、bout togetherness because weretalking about going to the gym and why gym membership is becoming increasinglypopular.So Rob do you head off to your local gym after work?RobNo I hate group exercise.I prefer to go for a run on my own.Its free,and I enjoybeing outdoors.How about you Catherine?CatherineI

30、 really like group exercise Rob.I find its very motivating.RobSo what motivates you to go to the gym,Catherine?CatherineWell I go because I really like the spin classes.RobIs that where you cycle on the spot while an instructor shouts at you?CatherineWell,yes thats the one!If I wasnt in a class,I do

31、nt think I would push myself sohard.I need someone to shout at me to make me go faster and get up those hills.RobGood and if you push yourself you force yourself to try harder you set yourself achallenge.OK,Catherine well you are part of a growing trend of people who like towork out or exercise in a

32、 gym.Philip has a theory to explain why group exercise hasbecome so popular in recent years.Philip Mills,CEO of Les Mills InternationalAs people have become more sedentary theyve realised that they need to move fortheir health.We work about 35%more hours than we used to work in the 60s.Andpeople are

33、 too busy to play sports.Society has become fragmented and a lot of thethings that used to bring people together dont exist anymore.But,you know,weretribal animals pack animals and the gym has been one of the things that helpspeople to commune.CatherineYes our sedentary lifestyles!We do all spend to

34、o much time sitting down,dont we,Rob?RobYes,and according to Philip were probably spending more time sitting down than weused to because were working a lot more.CatherineAnd because were busier with work,we have less time to take exercise.RobFigures collected by Leisure Data Base,a company that has

35、audited the fitnessindustry for fifteen years,show that one in seven of the UK population is a member ofa gym.And more and more will be signing up.Total membership could soon exceedten million for the first time.CatherineWow!(424 words)http:/www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/features/6-minute-en

36、glish/ep-171123)Passage 1Foods we need to eat less oftenNot all food is good for us.There are foods that might taste nice but they dont giveour bodies any of the nutrients we need.Instead,they contain high levels of fat orsugar.These are foods we need to try to eat less often.Which do you think are

37、in thisgroup?Foods such as sweets,crisps and chocolate certainly are.While these foods areokay to eat once in a while,they can be damaging to us if we eat too much of them.For example,too much sugar can cause a problem for our teeth.This is called toothdecay.Children aged between 4 and 6 years old s

38、hould eat no more than 19 grams ofsugar a day-thats less than 5 sugar cubes.Just one can of fizzy Cola contains awhopping 36 grams-thats 9 whole cubes of sugar,which means if you drink justone can of fizzy Cola,youve had almost 2 times as much sugar as you should have ina day.Of course,lots of diffe

39、rent types of food contain fat or sugar.For example,fruitcontains sugar and cheese contains fat.The difference is that these foods containnutrients that we need,and we actually need some fats and sugars from these foodsfor our bodies to work properly.To fuel your body,you need to eat many differentt

40、ypes of food.Luckily,nature has given us lots of healthy options to choose from.(256)Passage 2Non-Traditional Treatment Helps People Breathe EasierA Hungarian doctor is advising her lung disease patients to consider a non-traditionalform of treatment:singing!And not just singing while making dinner

41、or washing up at night.As part of theirtreatment,she wants her patients to sing in public as part of a choir!The Reuters newsagency reports that the“Breathing for the Soul”choir was formed earlier this year.The group recently performed in the ballroom of a hotel in Budapest.The members ofthe choir c

42、ome from hospitals all across Hungary.Many are sick with chronicobstructive pulmonary disease,more commonly called COPD.Speaking with Reuters,the choir members explained how singing has improved the quality of their lives.Seventy-four-year old Maria Aranyi has been suffering with serious asthma,abre

43、athing disorder,for over 10 years.Aranyi said that she never thought in her lifethat she would ever sing.But now,singing in the choir provides relief from what shecalls the“gray days.”She added that after singing she noticed that she could alsobreathe more easily.Many lung disease patients and other

44、s with chronic disorders can become lessinvolved with other people as they grow older.They may be unwilling to go to newplaces or to try new things.Over time if this continues,they can become more andmore lonely.Singing with others can be a way to break the cycle of loneliness.Whether it is a choir

45、or any type of singing group,it is a way to make new friends andvisit new places.Singing with others is not easy.It takes a lot of practice and offers achallenge-both physical and mental.But the result-hearing your voice blend andharmonize with others-can be truly uplifting.Singing in a group not only gives thelungs a good workout,it can give a sense of community.(318)

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