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1、2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题及解析（江南博哥）材料题根据下面资料，回答1-20题Being a good parent is, of course, what every parent would like to be. But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very1, particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-following child
2、might respond better to a different sort of parenting than,2, a younger sibling.3, theres another sort of parent thats a bit easier to4: a patient parent. Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still,5every parent would like to be patient, this is no easy6.Sometimes parents get exhaus
3、ted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a7and composed style with their kids. I understand this.Youre only human, and sometimes your kids can8you just a little too far. And then the9happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too10and does nob
4、ody any good. You wish that you could11the clock and start over. Weve all been there.12, even though its common, its important to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue, you can say something to your child that you may13for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with
5、your child but also14your childs self-esteem.If you consistently lose your15with your kids, then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the16of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation. This is a skill tha
6、t will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional control when17by stress isone of the most important of all lifes skills.Certainly, its incredibly18to maintain patience at all times with your kids. A more practical goal is to try, to be the bes
7、t of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with19situations involving your children. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal, you and your children will benefit and20from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.1、单选题第（1）题选A.ted
8、iousB.pleasantC.instructiveD.tricky 正确答案：D 参考解析：文章第一段第一句是主题句，该句提到，“每位父母都想成为好的父母”。空格句以But开头，句意上出现了转折，“但是如何定义好的父母是个难题”。since后给出了原因，“因为不同的孩子对待同样的养育方式反应也是不同的”。tedious意为“冗长的；啰唆的”；pleasant意为“令人愉快的；可喜的”；instructive意为“增长知识的”；tricky意为“棘手的，困难的”，D项符合句意。2、单选题第（2）题选A.in additionB.for exampleC.at onceD.by acciden
9、t 正确答案：B 参考解析：前一句提到，“不同的孩子对待同样的养育方式反应也是不同的”，空格所在句为例证，“如果换一种养育方式，一个冷静而听话的孩子可能会比他的弟弟或妹妹反应更好些”。所以用表示举例分析的词只有for example“例如”最合适，其他选项in addition“另外”；at once“偶尔”；by accident“意外地”都不合适。3、单选题第（3）题选A.FortunatelyB.OccasionallyC.AccordinglyD.Eventually 正确答案：A 参考解析：空格所在句指出：还有一类父母描述起来会容易一些，这类父母是非常耐心的。第一段告诉我们如何定义怎
10、样才是好的父母是个难题，空格句在上下文文义上都是个转折，幸运的是还好，有一类父母很好描述定义，并且各个年龄段的孩子都可以从他们的养育方式中获益。故选Fortunately“幸运地；交好运地”，其他选项Occasionally“偶尔”；Accordingly“对应地”；Eventually“最终地”都不合适。4、单选题第（4）题选A.amuseB.assistC.describeD.train 正确答案：C 参考解析：第一段告诉我们如何定义怎样才是好的父母是个难题，第二段出现转折，幸运的是还好，有一类父母很好描述定义，describe“描述”与define“定义”相呼应，故选c。amuse“逗笑
11、；逗乐”；assist“帮助；协助”；train“训练；培训”三个选项均不符合句意，故均排除。5、单选题第（5）题选A.whileB.becauseC.unlessD.once 正确答案：A 参考解析：空格所在句指出：虽然每位父母都想成为耐心的父母，但这并不容易。逗号前后为转折关系，只有while“然而”表转折，故选A。because“因为”；unless“除非”；once“曾经”三个选项均不符合句意，故均排除。6、单选题第（6）题选A.answerB.taskC.choiceD.access 正确答案：B 参考解析：空格所在句指出：虽然每位父母都想成为耐心的父母，但这不是个容易的差事任务。t
12、ask意为“任务”；其余选项answer“答案”；choice“选择”；access“途径权限”都不合适，故选B。7、单选题第（7）题选A.tolerantB.formalC.rigidD.critical 正确答案：A 参考解析：空格所在句指出：有时父母会很累很沮丧，这时候对待孩子就很难沉着冷静(composed)和包容。tolerant意为“包容的”；formal意为“正式的”；rigid意为“死板的”；critical意为“批评的”。A项带入原句符合句意，故选A。8、单选题第（8）题选A.moveB.dragC.pushD.send 正确答案：C 参考解析：空格所在句指出：你也不是圣人/
13、你也只是普通人，而且有时候孩子会把你逼得很紧。push意为“催促紧逼”；此处move“移动，使感动”；drag“拖拽”；send“发送”均不符合句意，故选C。9、单选题第（9）题选A.mysteriousB.illogicalC.suspiciousD.inevitable 正确答案：D 参考解析：空格前一句指出：有时候孩子会把你逼得很紧。空格后一句指出：你会失去耐心，对孩子大吼大叫。那么后一句“失去耐心，对孩子大吼大叫”是前一句“有时候孩子会把你逼得很紧”的必然结果。mysterious意为“神秘的”；illogical意为“不合逻辑的”；suspicious意为“怀疑的”；inevitab
14、le意为“无法避免的必然的”。带入原句，D项符合句意，故选D。10、单选题第（10）题选A.boringB.naiveC.harshD.vague 正确答案：C 参考解析：空格所在句句意：你会失去耐心并对孩子大吼大叫，而且有时候会说一些很伤人刻薄的话，对每个人都没好处。根据上下文可推知，something后面的形容词一定是贬义的，boring意为“没趣的；令人厌倦的”；naive意为“缺乏经验的；幼稚的”；harsh意为“刺耳的严格的”；vague意为“含糊的，不明确的”。四个选项中，只有C项是带贬义色彩的词并符合句意的，故选C。11、单选题第（11）题选A.turn backB.take a
15、partC.set asideD.cover up 正确答案：A 参考解析：空格所在句句意：你会希望时间倒流，一切重新再来。turnback意为“(使)往回走”；take apart意为“拆开拆解”；set aside意为“把放一旁不理会”；cover up意为“盖起来”。B、C、D三项均不符合句意，故选A。12、单选题第（12）题选A.OverallB.InsteadC.HoweverD.Otherwise 正确答案：C 参考解析：空格所在句句意：然而，即使这是很普遍的现象，我们还是要牢记，哪怕只是一点点的疲惫，都会让你对孩子说一些你会后悔很久的话。上一段描述了一般情况下父母是如何对孩子失去
16、耐心的，并且这很普遍“Weve all been thereitscommon”，空格所在句对比上一段发生了转折，所以要填一个含有转折意义的词。overall意为“全面的”；instead意为“反而；却”，however意为“然而”；otherwise意为“否则；不然”，故选C：13、单选题第（13）题选A.likeB.missC.believeD.regret 正确答案：D 参考解析：上一段描述了父母如何对孩子失去耐心，然后又希望时间倒流，一切重新再来，哪怕只是一点点的疲惫，都会让父母对孩子说一些他们会后悔(regret)很久的话，故选D。其他选项like“喜欢”；miss“错过”；beli
17、eve“相信”均不符合上下文，故均排除。 14、单选题第（14）题选A.raiseB.affectC.justifyD.reflect 正确答案：B 参考解析：结合原文语境，空格所在句句意：这也许不仅会伤害你和孩子之间的关系，而且会你孩子的自尊，所以空格处需要填上一个动词，这个动词可以与后面的宾语自尊心搭配。因此答案只能是affect“影响”，故选B。而raise意为“提高，养育”；iustify意为“证明正确”；reflect意为“反映”，均不能与“自尊心”合理搭配，故均排除。 15、单选题第（15）题选A.timeB.bondC.raceD.cool 正确答案：D 参考解析：空格所在句句意
18、：如果你总是对你的孩子失去本文一直在探讨的主题就是对孩子要有耐心，所以该空填与耐心类似的词。cool有“冷静”之意，所以符合题意的只能是cool，而time“时间”；bond“结合，纽带”；race“比赛，种族”都不符合这里的语境。16、单选题第（16）题选A.natureB.secretC.importanceD.context 正确答案：C 参考解析：A of B的结构中，名词A主要参照的是后面 of 结构对它的修饰作用。0f结构在这里表示“建立对孩子宽容和耐心的”，联系前面提到的“我们越来越重视”因此符合题意的是importance“重要性”，故选C：nature意为“自然、天性”；se
19、cret意为“秘密”；context意为“环境”，均不符合题意，故均排除。17、单选题第（17）题选A.cheatedB.defeatedC.confusedD.confronted 正确答案：D 参考解析：根据本题语境，“事实上，在压力时，情绪调节或维持情绪控制的能力是所有生活技能中最重要的一项”，压力前面应搭配confronted“面对”，故选D。其他的选项cheated“欺骗”；defeated“打败”；confused“困惑”均不符合题意。18、单选题第（18）题选A.terribleB.hardC.strangeD.wrong 正确答案：B 参考解析：空格所在句句意：不可避免的一直对
20、孩子保持耐心。可以先看选项terrible“糟糕的”；strange“奇怪的”；wrong“错误的”，这三个选项都不能放在此处形成合理搭配，所以hard“困难的”更合适19、单选题第（19）题选A.tryingB.changingC.excitingD.surprising 正确答案：A 参考解析：根据原文语境“一个更实际的目标是去尝试，尽你最大的能力，当你面对涉及孩子的情况时，尽可能地宽容和冷静”。需要父母宽容和冷静的应该是不太好的情况，选项中，trying作形容词时意为“令人厌烦的”最合适。其他选项changing“变化”；exciting“激动人心的”；surprising“令人惊讶的”
21、，均不能体现这里的含义：20、单选题第（20）题选A.hideB.emergeC.withdrawD.escape 正确答案：B 参考解析：空格所在句句意：朝着这个目标努力的结果是，你和你的孩子将受益并从很有压力的这些时候，在身体和情感上感觉更好。四个选项中，只有emerge“浮现，出现”最符合题意，所以选B，而hide“隐藏”；withdraw“撤退”；escape“逃避”均为负面含义，故均排除。材料题根据下面资料，回答21-25题Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to social signals from others so
22、 they can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Laleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.They housed eight adult rats with two types
23、of robotic rat-one social and one asocial-for four days. The robot rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels to move around and colorful markings.During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, an
24、d opened cage doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever. Across 18 trial each, the living rats were 52 per
25、cent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuinesocial being, says Quinn. The rats may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing. This co
26、uld lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, she says.Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is referred to as direct reciprocity-where a rat will help a
27、nother rat that has previously helpedthem, says Quinn.The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels. Wed assumed wed have to give it a moving head and tail, fac
28、ial features, and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasnt necessary, says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia,who helped with the research.The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots,says Wiles. Simila
29、rly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals. We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too, says Wiles.21、单选题Quinn and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can_.A.pick up social signa
30、ls from non-living ratsB.distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile oneC.attain sociable traits through special trainingD.send out warning messages to their fellow 正确答案：A 参考解析：根据题干关键词Quinn and her colleagues和a test定位到第一段第二句“To find out if this extends to nonliving beings，Laleh Quinn at the University
31、 of California，San Diego，and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats”，为了查明这是否延 伸到了非生物，奎因和她的同事测试了老鼠能否从机器老鼠身上探测到社会信号。A项“从没有生命的老鼠身上获取社会信号”是原文的同义替换，故选A。B项“区分友好的老鼠和敌对的 老鼠”，C项“通过特殊训练获得社交品质”D项“向它们的同伴发出警告信息”，在原文中均未 提及，故均排除。 22、单选题What did the asocial robot do during th
32、e experiment?A.It followed the social robot.B.It played with some toys.C.It set the trapped rats free.D.It moved around alone. 正确答案：D 参考解析：根据题干关键词the asocial robot和experiment定位到第三段最后一句 “Meanwhile。the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side”，同时，不具有 社交能力的机器人只能进行简单的前后左右移动。D项“
33、它独自移动”是原文的同义替换。A 项“它跟随具备社交能力的老鼠”，与原文“the social robot rat followed the living rats around”不 符，原文中说的是具备社交能力的老鼠跟随真老鼠。B项“它玩一些玩具”，与原文“the social robot ratplayed with the same toys”不符，原文中说的是具备社交能力的老鼠玩同样的玩具。C 项“它释放了被困的老鼠”与原文“the social robot ratopened caged doors to let trapped rats escape”不符，原文中说的是具备社交能力
34、的老鼠释放了被困的老鼠，故排除A、B、C三项。23、单选题According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because they_.A.tried to practice a means of escapeB.expected it to do the same in returnC.wanted to display their intelligenceD.considered that an interesting game 正确答案：B 参考解析：根据题干关键词Quinn和the rats released the soci
35、al robots定位到第四段，第四段最后一句“This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier，and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped，she says”。奎因说：“这可能会让 老鼠更好地记住早些时候已经释放了机器人，并希望机器人在它们被困住时能回报它们 的恩惠。”B项“希望它也会这么做”是原文的同义替换j A项“试图尝试一种逃跑的方法”，c项“想要展示它们的智慧”和D项“觉得是个有趣的游戏”在原文当中均未提及，
36、故均排除。24、单选题Janet Wiles notes that rats_.A.can remember other rats facial featuresB.differentiate smells better than sizesC.respond more to actions than to looksD.can be scared by a plastic box on wheels 正确答案：C 参考解析：根据题干关键词Janet Wiles定位到第七段，第七段最后一句“We humans seem to be fascinated by robots，and it tur
37、ns out other animals are too，says Wiles”。怀尔斯说：“我们人类似乎对机器人很着迷，事实证明其他动物也很着迷。”再结合第七段前面部分的阐述，会发现c项“对行动的反应多于对外表的反应”，是原文的类似表达。A项“能够记住其他老鼠的 面部特征”，与原文内容不符。B项“与体型大小相比，能够更好地区分气味”，与原文内容不符，原文中只提到赋予机器老鼠真老鼠的气味。D项“会被装有轮子的塑料盒子吓坏”，与原文内容不符，原文中只是提到机器老鼠只是装有轮子的塑料盒子，故排除A、B、D三项。25、单选题It can be learned from the text that r
38、ats_.A.appear to be adaptable to new surroundingsB.are more socially active than other animalsC.behave differently from children in socializingD.are more sensitive to social cues than expected 正确答案：D 参考解析：题干并没有具体关键词，所以需要通过选项回到文中逐一对应。D项“对社交线索比预期更敏感”，与原文第七段第一句“The finding shows how sensitive rats are
39、to social cues，even when they come from basic robots，says Wiles”，属于类似表达，即这一发现显示了老鼠对社交暗示的敏感程度，即使是来自基本机器老鼠的社交暗示，故选D：A项“似乎能适应新环境”，在文中并未提及。B项“比其他动物更活跃”，与原文不符，在文中只提到其他动物也一样会对机器人着迷。C项“在社交活动中表现得与孩子不同”，与原文内容相反，原文内容指的是孩子们倾向于把机器人当作人来对待，即使他们只显示简单的社会信号，这一点与老鼠是一样的，故排除A、B、C三项。材料题根据下面资料，回答26-30题It is true that CEO
40、 pay has gone up-top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500%. The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about $18.9 million a year.Th
41、e best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly. The efforts of Americas highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy. Its not popular to say, but o
42、ne reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.Todays CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many more skills than simply being able to run the company. CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets a
43、nd maybe even how the company should trade in them. They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant. Then theres the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before, with supply chains spread a
44、cross a larger number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fairly mind-boggling. Plus, virtually all major American companies are becoming tech companies, one way or another. Beyond this, major CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have always done.The common
45、idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesnt explain history very well. By most measures, corporate governance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising. That s
46、uggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the
47、company. And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices,a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.26、单选题Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?A.The growth in the number of corporationsB.The general pay rise with a better economyC.Increased business opportunities for top firmsD.Close cooperation among leading economics 正确答案：C 参考解析：根据题干关键词CEO pay rise及题干中对CEO薪酬增加原因的提问，定位到第二段第一句“The best model for understanding the g