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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载高考英语书面表达突破指南书面表达题旨在测试考生的英语表达才能,看其是否能够运用学过的英语学问和把握的技能进行思想沟通; 从历年高考试卷来看,书面表达是指导性写作,即依据题目所给的目 的、时间、对象、地点、内容、长度等条件去完成写作;它不同于命题作文,可以随便发挥;也不是简洁的句子翻译;必需做到行文切题,紧扣中心思想,不漏要点,并且意思连贯,文 理通顺,语言精确、 得当;书面表达题的题型特点 从近些年的高考英语书面表达题来看,从近些年的高考英语书面表达题来看,我们基本上可以将书面表达题大致归纳为两种 写作类型:一类是文字性提示表
2、格提示写作;另一类是看图作文;写作类型: 一类是文字性提示表格提示写作; 另一类是看图作文;文字提示 / 表格提示写作 对于文字提示的写作,要留意依据表达的需要挑选恰当的时态;如:1996 年的书面表 达题目要求依据表中的文字性提示写一篇自我介绍,表达求学过程的句子要用一般过去时,介绍个人爱好的句子应用一般现在时; 2001 年写信介绍同学减轻学业负担后的课外活动情况,写作时也要将一般现在时和一般过去时相结合;2005 年山东高考假设你是新华中学的 同学李华,得知某英文报聘请兼职记者, 你有意应聘, 请按所给要点给报社写一封自荐信,这种作文除介绍工作经受的句子用一般过去时态外,其他均应使用现在
3、时态;对于表格提示的写作,特殊要留意重新组织所给的材料,不能依据表格逐条地翻译;看图写作 看图写作比文字提示写作更能考察学生的思维才能和语言组织才能;大致可分为三种类 型:写信; 如,2005 年全国高考大部分省的英语书面表达几乎都是要求写书信,运用 的时态多是一般现在时态,间或使用一般过去时; 2003 年为伴侣介绍所租房屋的位置和大体结构,文中的时态也以一般现在时为主;名师归纳总结 写日记; 写日记一般是表达过去的大事,所以句子的时态多是一般过去时,如 1998 年的第 1 页,共 15 页记叙到农场的参观活动的书面表达;写一篇短文, 记叙一件事的发生过程;如 2000 年的描画一起交通事
4、故的过程, 写作时多运用一般过去时;看图作文须留意的问题:认真观察几幅图画, 弄清故事的开头和结尾,理清大事的进展过程 ; 确定好表达要点, 要点不仅仅表达在图画中, 仍表达在所给题目要求的文字中; 基本技巧:解书面表达题的基本技巧及范例基本技巧:第一要认真审题;读懂题目所给信息,初步确定要点内容,并可用序号标出以免遗忘;列题纲使用要点条理化,序化,统筹支配布局;勿要直译,需意译; 特殊对看图情形作文要构建完整故事结构,不行逐句排列了事;要刻意把好语言- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 关;要用自己最熟识的句型结构和词语,学习必备欢迎下载没有把握的词句不
5、要写,力求文理通顺, 语言精确;确有把握的的可以锦上添花;遇到一时想不起的词语,需变通;可以用同义近义词代替,也可以用否定词加反义 词来表达, 亦可变换句式; 不行钻牛角尖, 更不能生造词语,汉化表达; 留意文章的长度;看详细内容而定,假如内容多,应多用复杂句式,假如内容不多,为了达到词的限数应多用简洁句式,并适当增补合理内容;留意保持卷面干净,书写工整清晰, 书写的好坏会直接影响阅卷老师的心情;最终应留意复查全文;看内容要点有无遗漏,标点、格式、大小写是否规范,是否 有语病等;经典范例:经典范例: NMET2001假设你是李华,你的澳大利亚伴侣 Dick 听说中国的中学校正在减轻同学的 学习
6、负担, 来信询问有关情形;请你依据下表供应的信息,写一封回信,谈一谈减负给你 的学习和生活带来的变化;周末活动 (减负前)白天:上课、做作业 晚上:做作业 就寝时间: 11:30 周末活动 (减负后) 白天: 参观博物馆, 学习电脑、 绘画等晚上: 看新闻、 读书、 看报 就寝时间: 10:30 留意: 1. 词数 100 左右; 2. 开头已为你写好;生词: reduce learning load 减轻学习负担 Dear Dick, How nice to hear from you again. Best wishes, Li Hua 解析 NMET2001 年高考书面表达试题要求考生依
7、据以表格的形式供应的情形用英语写一篇 100 个单词左右的书信, 给澳大利亚伴侣 Dick 介绍减负给自己学习和生活带来的变化;写 作过程中所需要的生词已给出,短文的开头也已经为考生写好;写作过程:认真审题,明确要求;由汉语提示可知,应用第一人称完成短文;在写作过程中,要突出减负给学习生活带来的便利;在写作过程中,要依据表格中的中文提示,写成一篇行文连贯、条理清晰的文章而不 宜将表格中的中文直译成英语;注视表格,列出要点;过去忙于上课、做作业;现在有时间看新闻、参观博物馆等;现在有时间看新闻、读报纸;不必再熬夜;依据要点,编拟提纲; I used to have to do endless h
8、omework and attend classes even at weekends. Now I have more free time to read books, visit museums even and so on. In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers. 依据文体,组织语篇;I can go to bed earlier. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载 One possible version: D
9、ear Dick, How nice to hear from you again. You want to known what is going on in schools in China. In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load. I dont know about others, but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending c
10、lasses as well. Now I have more free time, I can follow my own interests such as reading books, visiting museums, and taking computer lessons. In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers. Whats more, I can go to bed earlier. As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangemen
11、t of things. Best wishes, Li Hua 解书面表达题必要的学问储备从学问储备的角度来说,我认为解书面表达题除了具备必 要的词汇量、肯定的语法学问和语言组织才能外,仍要着重留意以下两点:把握下面几种常用的英文文体的格式 书信格式示例: 25 Tianshui Road Lanzhou, China January 3rd, 2003 208 Hope Road Sydney, Australia Dear Laura, How are you getting on now. Yours, Zhou Lan 通知格式示例:书面通知格式示例 NOTICE In order
12、to arouse the students interest in learning English, the Student Union has decided to set up an English Club with the help of the teachers of English. Student Union November 9, 2004 口头通知格式示例 Boys and girls, May I have your attention, please. I have an announcement to make. The Students Union is goin
13、g to hold a party on Sunday evening, November 12th, to welcome our friends from the United States. Thats all . Thank you. 致 词 speech 格 式 示 例 : 欢 迎 词 格 式 示 例 Ladies and gentlemen/ Mr President/etc, Welcome to Thats all. Thank you. 欢送词格式示例 Dear friends, Good luck to / Goodbye, dear friends. 明白下面一些可能在英
14、语书面表达中使用名师归纳总结 到的重要句型 1 )以形式主语 it 引导的有关句型;( 1) is / was被强调的部分第 3 页,共 15 页thatwho+剩余的部分 . ” 例如:“ It It wasn t until he came back that I went to bed. “ 直到他回来我才睡觉” 肯定要留意被强调句型谓语动词否定的转移及形式 ; It was because he was ill that he didnt come to school today.“ 只由于他有病了今日没有来上学” (只能用 because 而不能用 for, as 或 since )
15、 It is I who am a student. “ 我的确是个同学”;(2) happened “ It (chanced ) +clause. = sb. happened /chanced sth. =sb.did sth. by chance.” that 例如: It happened that he was out when I got there. 当我到那儿时,“碰巧他不在”He happened to be out when I got there.= It chanced that he was out when I got there= He was out by c
16、hance when I got there. (3)- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载seems that sb. do/ be doing/ have done/ had done= Sb. seems to do/ be doing/ have “ It done/ had done”(仍有动词 appear 可这样使用) 例如: It seemed that he had been to Beijing before.“ 似乎你以去过北京” He seemed to have been Beijing before. (4)i
17、s high time time/ about time that 主语 should do / did+ 其它”“It (留意从句中的谓 语动词用的是虚拟语气)例如: It is high time that we should go / went home.我们该回家了;(5) is / was said reported that+ 从句 . ”例如:“ It It was said that he had read this novel.“ 据说他读过这篇小说” He was said to have read this novel. (6) is impossible / neces
18、sary/ strange that clause.”“ It 从句中的谓语用 should do / should have done,其形式是虚拟语气 例如: It is strange that he should have failed in this exam. 真古怪,他这次考试没有及格;(7) is + a pity/ a shame that clause. ” 留意从句中的谓语动词用 should do 或 should “ It have done 的形式,但 should 可以省略 例如: He didn t come back until the film ended.
19、 It was a pity that he should have missed this film. “ 他直到电影终止才回来;他没有看到这部电影真惋惜”(8) is suggested / ordered/ commanded / that +clause.” 从句的谓语动词用should do, “ It 但 should 可以省略 例如: It is suggested that the meeting should be put off.“ 有人建议推迟会议”; (9) is/was表示地点的名词where+ 从句”(注意本句不是强调句型, “ It 而是以 where 引导的定语
20、从句)例如: It was this house where I was born. 请比较: It was in this house that I was born. 后一句是强 调句型; (10)is / was +表示时间的名词when+从句”(留意本句型也不是强调句型,而是 “ It 以 when 引导的定语从句)例如: It was 1999 when he came back from the United States. 请比较: was in 1999 that he came It back from the United States. (11) is well-know
21、n that 从句”例如:“ It It is well-known that she is a learned woman.“ 众所周知, 她是个学问渊博的妇女”;(12) is +段时间 since+ 主语 did. ” / “It was +段时间 since+ 主语 had done. ”例 “ It 如: It is five years since he left here.“ 他已经离开这儿五年了”; It was five years since he left here.(同上)(14) + 谓语段时间before+ 主语谓语”“It (before 引导的是时间状语从句)例
22、如: It wasn long before the people in that country rose up. 没有多久那个国家的人民就起义了” t “It will be three hours before he comes back. “ 三个小时之后他才能回来”(15) is +形容词 for+ sb.+ 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - to do. ”例如:“ It “ It 学习必备欢迎下载this work before tomorrow. is impossible for me to fi
23、nish 我明天之前完成此工作是不行能的”(16) is +(心理品质方面的)形容词of + sb. +to do. ” = “ 主语 + be +形容词 to do. ” 常 “ It 例如: 用的形容词有: kind, stupid; foolish, good, wise 等 It is kind of you to help me.You are kind to help me.“ 你真好给我供应了帮忙” 2 )定语从句中的有关句型:(1)由 as 引导的非限定性的定语从句;例如: As we have known, he is a most good student. 比较: It
24、is well-known that he is a most good student.“ 众所周知,他是个很好的同学” 请(前一个是定语从句,而后者是个主语从句) (2)由 which 引导的非限定性的定语从句;例如: He is a professor, which I have been looking forward to becoming. “ 他是个教授,那是我始终盼 望的职业”(因为先行词 professor 是表示职业的名词,因此引导词用 which ,而不用 who ; (注 意:关于 which 和 as 之间的比较请看语法的定语从句部分;) (3)由 where, wh
25、en 引导的定语从句(其中包括限定性的或非限定性的)例如: This is the house where I used to come.请比较: This is the house which / that I used to come to. This is the day when I joined the Party. 请比较: This is the day which / that I joined the Party on. 说明 :关于 that 与 which 之间的区分,请看语法中的定语从句; 3 )让步状语从句中的有关句型:“ No matter what / which
26、 / who / where / when / whose从句,主句”(注意从句中的时态 一般情形用一般现在时态)例如:No matter what you do, you must do it well. 请比较: Whatever you do, you must do it well. “ 无论你做什么,肯定要做好”No matter where you go, please let me know. 请比较: Wherever you go, please let me know.“ 你无论去哪儿,请通知我” 说明 :这两种句型形式不同,而意义完全相同;注意: I will tell
27、whoever would like to read it.句中的 whoever 不能用 whomever 来代替, 由于它既作动词 tell 的宾语,又作后面从句的主语; 4 )条件状语从句的有关句型:(1) “When / So long as / As long as / Once + 从句,主句”(从句也可以放在主句之后)例如:As long as you give me some money, I will let you go.“ 只要你给我一些钱,我就让你走”Once you have begun to learn English, you should learn it we
28、ll. “ 一旦你开头学习英语,你应该把它学好”(2) “ 主句 on condition that+ 从句”例如:“ I will go with you on condition that you give me some money. 我和你一起去的条件是你给我一名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载些钱”(3) “ 主句 unless+ 从句 . ” 留意:由于 unless 本身是否定词,所引导的从句的谓语动词用确定 例如: I will go there tomorrow unless i
29、t rains.“ 我明天去那儿除非例下雨”(4) “ 祈使句, and/ and then+ 主句”(留意: 祈使句也可用一个名词短语)如: Use your head, and you will find a good idea.“ 动脑筋想一想,你就会想出一个好想法”Another word, and I will beat you.“ 你再说一句, 我就揍你”(5) +necessary / impossible/ important 等,主句”例如:“ If If necessary, I will do it. “ 如果有必要的话,我来做此事;” 5 )缘由状语从句的有关句型(1)
30、 “ 主句 in case+ 从句”(in case 表示以免)例如: I will take my raincoat in case it rains. 我要把雨衣带上以免下雨;(2) “ 主句 due to / because of / owning to / + the fact that +从句”例如: He did not come to school because of the fact that he was ill.“ 由于他有病了,所以没有来上学” 6 )时间状语从句中的有关句型(1) “ When / While / As +从句,主句”(关于它们之间的区分请看语法)例如
31、: “ 当我在农村时,我常常给你打水” When I was in the country, I used to carry some water for you. (2) “ 主句 after / before + 从句 . ”例如:They hadn t been married four months before they were devoiced.“ 他们绘结婚不到四个月就离婚了”We went home after we had finished the work.“ 我们做完此工作就回家了”(3)“ 主语确定谓语until从句(或时间) / “ 主语否定谓语until+ 从句”
32、例如:I worked until he came back. “ 我始终工作到他回来”I didn t worked until he came back. “ 他回来我才开头工作”(4) “ As soon as / Immediately / Directly / Instantly / The moment / The instant / The minute + 从句,主句 . ”例如: My father went out immediately I got home.“ 我一到家,我父亲就出去了”(5) “ No sooner +had + 主语done than +主语 did
33、. ” / “ 主语 had + no sooner +done than +主语 did. ”例如: No sooner had I got to Beijing than I called you.“ 我一到北京就给你打电话了”I had no sooner got to Beijing than I called you. (同上)(6) “ Hardly +had +主语 done when / before + 主语 did. ” / “ 主语 had +hardly + done when / before 名师归纳总结 +主语 did. ”例如:Hardly had she ha
34、d supper when she went out. “ 她一吃完晚第 6 页,共 15 页饭就出去了” She had hardly had supper when she went out. (同上)(7) “ By the time+ 从句,主句 . ”(留意时态的变化)例如:By the time you came back, I had - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - finished this 学习必备欢迎下载By the time you come back, book. “ 到你回来时,我已经写完了这本书”I will have f
35、inished this book. “ 到你回来时,我将写完这本书”(8) “ each / every time +从句,主句 . ” 这时相当于 whenever 或 no matter when 引导的 从句;从句也可放在主句之后 例如: Each time he comes to Harbin, he always drops in on me. 每当他来哈尔滨,“总是任凭来看看我” 7 )地点状语从句的有关句型:(1) “ Where +从句,主句 . ”例如: Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.
36、庄稼是很难的或者 是不行能的”“ 哪里没有雨水,种(2) “ Anywhere / wherever+ 从句,主句 . ”例如:Anywhere I go, my wife goes too. “ 无论我去哪儿,我的妻子也去哪儿” I will go wherever you suggest.“ 你建议我去哪儿,我就去哪儿” 8 )目的状语从句的有关句型:(1) “ 主句 in order that / so that + 从句 . ”例如: I got up early in order that I could catch the first bus.“ 我起得很早,以便能赶上早班车”(2
37、) “ 主句 for+sb. +to do. ”(留意动词不定式复合结构在这儿作目的状语)例如: He came here for me to work out this problem.“ 他来这儿叫我帮他解出这道难题” 9 )结果状语从句的有关句型:(1)“ 主句 so that+从句 . ”例如: It was very cold, so that the river froze.“ 天气很泠,因此河水结冰了” (2)“ So+形容词 / 副词特定动词主语 that+ 从句 . ”例如: So interesting is this book that I would like to r
38、ead it again. “ 这本书那么好玩,我想再读一遍”(3)“ 主语谓语such+ 名词 that+ 从句 . ”例如: He made such rapid progress that he was praised by the teacher.“ 他进步很快,老师夸奖了他”(4) “ Such was + 主语 that +从句 . ” 这是个完全倒装句 例如: Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.“ 爆炸力这么大,全部的窗户都被震碎了”名师归纳总结 10)比较状语从句的有关句型:
39、(1) “The +形容词比较级 ,(主句) the + 形第 7 页,共 15 页容词比较级 ”例如: The sooner you do it, the better it will be.“ 越早越好”(2) “ 主语谓语as + 形容词原级 as + 被比较的对象 . ”例如: He is as busy as a bee.“ 他特别忙”(3) “ 主语谓语the 形容词比较级of / between ”例如: He is the taller of the two.“ 他们俩人中他高”(4) “ 主语谓语倍数as形容词原级 as被比较的对象. ”例如: This room is th
40、ree times as large as that one. 这- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 个房间是那个房间的三倍大”“学习必备欢迎下载(这个房间比那个房间大两倍;)(5)“ 主语谓语百分数 / 倍数形容词比较级than 被比较的对象 . ”例如: This city is twice larger than ours.“ 这个城市比我们城市大两倍”The early rice output in that commune was 200% more than that of 2000. 产量是 2000 年的两倍”“ 那个公社的早稻(6) “
41、 主语谓语the size / length/ width/ height +of + 被比较的对象 . ”例如: Our building is twice the height of yours.“ 我们的大楼比你们的高两倍” 11 )其它句型(1) doesn t matter wh-+从句”例如: “ It It doesnt matter to me what you will do tomorrow. “ 你明天做什么与我无关”It doesnt matter whether you will come or not. “ 你来不来无关紧要”(2) “ 形容词 / 副词 / 名词(
42、可数单数) +as / though +主语谓语,主句 . ”例如:Young as he is, he knows a lot.“ 虽然他很小,但他知道得许多” Hard he works, I am sure that he cant pass this exam.“ 虽然他学习很努力,这次考试他确定不能及格”Child as he is, he knows a lot.“ 虽然他是个孩子,但他懂得许多”(3) “Were / Should / Had +主语谓语, 主句 . ”“ 假如我是你的话,昨天我就去那儿了”例如 Were I you, I would have gone ther
43、e yesterday.(4) “ Only + 状语特定动词主语谓语 ”例如:Only by this means can I do this work well.“ 只有用那种方式我才能做好此工作”Only because he was ill did he not come to school.“ 只由于他有病了才没有来上学”Only then did I realize that I had been wrong.“ 只有那时,我才熟识到我错了”(5) “Not only +特定动词主语谓语but also+ 主语谓语 ”例如: Not only did he learned English well but also he spoke French very well.“ 他不但英语学得好,而且法语讲得很流利”名师归纳总结 (6)whether .or , neither nor , either or (7) “ 主语 doubt whether 第 8 页,共 15 页+ 从句 . ” / “ 主语特定否定词doubt that 从句 . ”例 如: I dont doubt that he will come this afternoon.“ 我确信他下午肯定能来”常见错误:平常同学书面表达中