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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载独立主格结构一、 概念“ 独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分；该结构不是句子,也不是从句,所以 它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、 人称和数的变化, 它与主句之间不能通过并列连 词连接,也不能由从句阴道词引导, 通常用逗号与主句隔开； 独立主格结构在很多情形下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式,但很多时候不能转化为分词形式,由于它内部动词的规律主语与主句主语不一样；二、 独立主格的特点特点独立主格结构 的规律主语语 主句的主语不 一样,她独立 存在；独立主格
2、结构 一般置于句 首,有时置于 句中或句尾,用逗号将与主示例 Leaves falling here and there, I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon. 树叶处处飘, 我一下留意到已是深秋了； 独立主格的主语是leaves,主句是 I Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better. 时间答应的话, 回复工作可以做得更好； 独立主格的主语是Time,主句是 the restoration work The plan successfully carried out, ev
3、erything worked out perfectly. 方案胜利地完成了,一切进展顺当；A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 很多官员跟在皇帝后面,有的拎着皇帝的长袍,其他的就给他整理要带等；句其隔开名师归纳总结 独立主格结构All the windows being open, the air in the room is fresher. 中的 being 和全部的窗户开着,屋子里的空气更新奇了；having
4、beenAll the ticketshaving been sold out, we had to wait for the next weeks show. 常可以省略；全部的票都卖出去了,我们只好等下周的演出；大多数独立主He went of, gun in hand.他手里拿着枪出去了； gun in hand 可以用 with a gun 格结构可以用in his hand 代替 “ with+宾语 +The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside.由于地板很湿很滑,我们呆在屋宾补” 结构代外； The floor wet为无动词独立主格结
5、构,可用with the floor wet and 替；slippery 代替； 独立主格有其Iris lay on the grassplot and her hands were crossed under her head. 口语 特别的使用场Iris lay on the grassplot , hands crossed under head.（书面）合,多用于书Iris 头枕着手躺在草地上；面,特别是描The boy was knocked over and blood streamed down his head.（口语）述性语言中,口语中不常常The boy was knoc
6、ked over, blood streaming down head.（书面）使用；这个男孩被撞倒了,鲜血从头上留下来；第 1 页,共 7 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载【留意】1. 当独立主格结构中的being done 表示“ 正在被做时” ,being 不行以被省略；2. 当独立主格结构的规律主语是 it, there 时, being 不行以省略；三、 独立主格结构的用法；独立主格结构在句中往往做状语,表时间、缘由、条件、方式或相伴状况；用法示例）表时间,相当于一 个时间状语从句The meal over, we be
7、gan to work again. （=When the meal was over,we began to work again.吃晚饭,我们又开头工作；）The homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. （=After the homework was done, Jim decided to go and see the play. 作业做完后, Jim 打算去看戏；表缘由,相当一个 于缘由状语从句Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. （=Because her shi
8、rt was caught on a nail, 由于他的衬衫挂在钉子上了,所以她动不了； ）The window broken, the cold wind blew into the room. （=Because the window was broken, ）由于窗户坏了,冷风吹进了这间房；表条件,相当于一 个条件状语从句Weather permitting, the football match will played on Wednesday. （=If weather permits, ）假如天气答应,足球竞赛将在周三举办；The book written in simple E
9、nglish, it will be more popular. （=If the book is written in simple English, ）假如这本书用简易英语写的,它会更畅销；表方式或相伴状 语或补充说明She rushed into the room, a letter in her hand. （= , with a letter in her hand）她手里拿着封信冲了进来；Saddie sat alone, head bent. = , with his head bent. Saddie 独自坐在那里,耷拉着脑袋；做定语,相当于一 个定语从句He was walk
10、ing along the road without any street lights on its both sides. 他走在一条 2 便没有路灯的公路上；【留意】独立主格结构表示时间、条件或缘由时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示缘由时仍可放在句末；表相伴状况或补充说明时,相 当于一个并列句,通常放于句末；四、 非谓语动词独立主格结构；“ 名词或代词 +非谓语动词” 结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独 立主格结构；名词或代词和非谓语动词具有规律上的主谓关系；1. 不定式构成的独立主格结构 不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示仍未发生的行为或状态,在句中常 作缘由状语,有时做条
11、件状语；Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载由于很多作业要做,我只好待在家里；So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job. 如此多的孩子要照料,这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作；2. 动词 +ing形式的独立主格结构 动词 -ing 形式的句中作状语时,其规律主语必需是主句的主语,否就就是不正确的；动词 -ing 形式的规
12、律主语与主句的主语不一样时,就应在动词的 -ing 形式前加上规律主语,构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构,规律主语与动词间为主谓关系,是分词的动作执行者,分词表示的动作 时规律主语发出的动作；We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,每个人就像在干两个人的活；The governor considering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path. 总督摸索这个问题时,更多的罢工工人集合到他要通过的路上；The guide leading the wa
13、y, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 在向导的带领下,我们轻松地走出了森林；3. 过去分词形式的独立主格 过去分词形式的独立主格结构是由“ 规律主语 +过去分词”构成；规律主 语与动词之间为动宾关系,它是分词的动作承担者,这一结构在句中作 时间状语,缘由状语、相伴状语、条件状语等；This done, we went home.做完这个,我们就回家了；All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄用完后,我们都开头找工作；More time and money given, w
14、e can finish the work in advance. 假如赐予更多的时间和金钱,我们能提前完成这个工作；五、 其他形式的独立主格结构1. 规律主语 +名词/ 形容词 /副词 / 介词短语类别 规律主语 +名词示例 Many students joined in the math competition, most of them children of no more than 10. 很多同学参与了这次数学竞赛,其中大多数人年仅10 岁；I received many gifts, many of them books.我收到很多书,其中很多事书籍；This section o
15、f road slippery, every driver can never be too careful. 规律主语 +形容词此路段很滑,全部司机都应当心谨慎；Arriving at the spot, they were all standing in surprise face to face, eyes wide open.一到现场,他们都面对面惊讶的站着,眼睛瞪得大大的；规律主语 +副词Music over, all the audience stood up with fits of applause. 音乐一终止,全部的观众都站了起来报以热闹的掌声；Nobody in, I h
16、ad to wait.没人在,我只好等着；Many experts attended the conference, most of them from the States. 规律主语 +介词短语很多专家参与了此次会议,其中很多人来自美国；The boy went off, a pinwheel in his hand. 小男孩手里拿着风车走了；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载2. With/without+ 宾+宾补With/without+ 名 表缘由或伴词/ 代词 +形容词 随With/w
17、ithout+ 名 相伴/ 缘由 /词/ 代词 +副 时间With/without+ 名词/ 代词+介短缘由状语或 定语With/without+词/ 代词 +不定式 名 条件或缘由With/without+词/ 代词 + doing 名 相伴或缘由With/without+词/ 代词+done 名 方式或缘由Hearing the tiger roaring, I felt frightened, with my face pale. 听到老虎的叫声,我的脸都吓白了；With so many people present, I felt nervous. 这么多人来到现场,我感到很紧急；I
18、enjoy reading, with my music on. 我喜爱开着音乐读书；With all children abroad, I at times feel very lonely. 我全部孩子都在国外,我时不时觉得很孤独；With the exam over, we had a long time to rest. 考完试,我们有有很长一段时间休息；With the white skirt on you, you look smarter. 穿上白色的裙子,你看上去更美丽；The river with grass and flowers on both sides run thr
19、ough our schoolyard. 这条两岸都长满鲜花绿草的小河从我们校内里穿过；With the boy to lead the way, we will find the cave easily. 有这个男孩带路,我们很简单就能找到那个地窖；t spare a minute. With so much work to do, I can 这个多活要干,我一分钟都挤不出来；Without anyone noticing, I stole into the room. 没人观察,我静静地溜进了屋子；With so man people speaking, I couldnt settle
20、 down to my work. 这么多人说话,我无法安心工作；With the door shut, I spent the whole day preparing. 光上门,我预备了一成天；With all my savings used up, I had to borrow. 用完全部的钱,我现在得去借了；六、 独立主格结构的区分及留意事项；1. 分词结构、独立主格结构作状语的留意事项；1 使用分词短语、独立主格结构分别在句子中作状语时要留意,它们 与主句之间不应有从属连词 如 when, if, as soon as, as, while等或并列连 词and, but, or 等
21、2 在使用独立主格结构、分词作句子的状语时,肯定要看句子主语同 这些结构的规律关系；a. 当句子主语语状语内部动词之间有规律上的主谓或动宾关系时,语可用分词或从句表示；改状When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful Seeing from the top of the floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.从顶楼上看,花园要美丽得多；b. 如句子主语语状语内动词之间不存在规律上的主谓或动宾关系且状 语内有自己的规律主语时,该状语不能用分词结构,只能
22、用独立主格结 构或从句；If time permit, we d better have a rest at this weekend.Time permitting, wed better have a rest at this weekend.时间答应的话, 这周末我们最好休 息一下；3 分词结构的规律主语不是总和主句的主语一样,也可能是主句的其 他成分；Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - -
23、精品资料 欢迎下载在屋里找手表花了我很长时间；4 有些分词结构在句子中找不到它的规律主语；When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root. 我们 种花时必需当心不要把根弄坏了；2. 独立主格结构没有全部格形式；The chief editor arriving, we began the meeting.主编来了,我们开头开会；3. 独立主格结构中,当表人体部位的词作规律主语时,不及物动词用现在 分词,及物动词用过去分词；He lay there, his teeth set, his fists c
24、lenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那里,牙关紧闭,双拳紧握,两眼直视上方；4. 独立成分；1有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有规律上的主语,作为习惯 用语；这些短语有：generally speaking一般来说, frankly speaking坦白说,strictly speaking 严 格来说, talking of 谈到, speaking of 说到, judging from 由判定,taking all things into consideration 把一切考虑在内, considering that 考虑 到, all
25、owing for 考虑到 , putting it mildly 说的温顺些 Danny has too much homework considering that he is young. 考虑到 Danny 仍小,他的作业也太多了；2 有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,说明说话人的立场和态度,在句中 作独立成分；这些短语有：to be honest 老实说, to be sure 的确,to tell you the truth 说实话, to cut a long story short 长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说, to make matter/things wor
26、se 更糟糕的是 To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. 更糟的是,很多男人都到城市里找高薪的工作区了,留下邻近村庄的妇女积蓄承担修复工作；5. 独立主格结构的时态问题 独立主格结构作时间或缘由状语时,可用完成时,表示该动作发生在位于动作之前；The listeners having taken their seats, the conce
27、rt began. 听众坐好后,音乐会开头了；Tome having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. Tom 总是迟到,他的老板很扫兴；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载1. Everything _ into consideration, they ought to have another chance. A. to take B. takenC. to be taken D. taking 2. An exper
28、t _ to help them tomorrow, they are sure to work out the problem. A. will come B, coming C. to comeD. having come 3. The meeting _ over, he went to pick up his son directly A. to be B. is C. was D. being 4. - They sat still in the room, _. A. drawing the curtains C. with the curtains drawing - Why d
29、id they do like that. B. with the curtains drawn D. having the curtains drawn 5. The sun _ , they continued their way. A. has risen B. having risen C. has raised D. having raised 6. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _ at the end of last March. A. has been lau
30、nched B. having been launchedC. being launched D. to be launched 7. Here are two volumes, the third one _ next month. A. comes out B. came out C. coming out D. to come out 8. With his son_ , the old man felt unhappy. A. to disappoint B. to be disappointing C. disappointing D. being disappointed 9- C
31、ome on, please give me some ideas about the project. -Sorry. With so much work _ my mind, I almost break down. A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled 10 John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _ , he gladly accepted it . 名师归纳总结 A. finishedB. finishing C. having finished D.
32、was finished 第 6 页,共 7 页 11. ._ , I had to ask for two days leave.A. Mother being ill B. Mother ill C. As mother was ill D. A, B and C - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料欢迎下载t go to surf the Internet.12. With so many books ._ , I couldnA. to read B. to be read C. reading D. read 13. The thief
33、 stood before the policeman _ admitting what he had done . A. with his dropping head B. dropping his head C. raising his head D. with his head down 14. Winter _ , it is time to buy warm clothes . A .has come on B. is coming on C. coming on D. comes on 15. The old man lay on his back at the corner of
34、 the street, his eyes _ and his hands _. A. close, tremble B. closed, trembling C. closing, trembling D. closed, trembled 16. With nothing _ to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out . A. leaving B. leave C. left D. to leave 17. It was a pity that the great writer died _ his works unfinishe
35、d . A. for B. withC. of D. from 18. I couldnmy homework with that noise _ on. A. to go B. went C. going D. goes 19. _ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend. A. Because of B. WithC. As for D. Besides 20. Tom came home, _ . A. a dog following him C. being followed him B. a dog followed him D. a dog was followed him 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 7 页