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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名词一、名词的分类专出名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称,如 一般名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如：专出名词 抽象名词 不行数名词物质名词 一般名词 集体名词个体名词 可数名词 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来运算,称为可数名词（Beijing ,China 等；book,sadness等；Countable Nouns）,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目运算,称为不行数名词（Uncountable Nouns ）；Proper Nouns ： 指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称Eg: Diana; Beijing; Ame
2、ricans; English; May; New Years Day留意： 专出名词的第一个字母要大写Common Nouns ：一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词1. Individual Nouns: 指作为个体而存在的人或东西可以指详细的人或物；Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments 也可指抽象东西；Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream 2. Collective Nouns: 表示如干个个体组成的集合体Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public
3、集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看；一般来说,视为整体时作单数看,突出它的成员时作复数看；His family _ not large. His family _ all music lovers. 有少数集体名词通常用作单数；Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police. Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 个别集体名词就多作复数看待；Eg: The police are looking for him. 3. Material Nouns: 指无法分为个体的物质；Eg: beer; cake;
4、 cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil 一般来说,物质名词是不行数的,因而没有复数形式；但有一些特殊情形：1 有些物质名词可用作可数名词,表示“ 一份 ”、 “一杯 ” 、“ 一种 ”Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. 两份 Three beers, please. 三杯 It was a special tea. 一种 2个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特殊的意义；Eg: rains （雨季）sands （沙滩）snows 积雪 waters海疆 4.Abstract Nouns:
5、表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc. 多数情形下,这种名词常用于单数形式,不加任何冠词；Eg: He s learning French for fun.I wish you good luck. 抽象名词转化为可数名词；1名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Failure is the mother of success. 失败与胜利在此为抽象概念 As a
6、teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure because she devotes little time to looking after her child. 胜利者,失败者,可数 二、名词的数 不行数名词一般没有单复数之分,它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专出名词；例如： health, advice, glass, wood, English, America 不行数名词作主语,谓语动词须用单数形式；可数名词有单、复数之分；可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：情形加法例词一般情形加-s brothers; school
7、s 以 s, x, ch, sh,结尾的词加-es buses; watches; dishes 以辅音 y 结尾的词去 y 加-ies ladies; countries 以 f 或 fe 结尾的词把 f/fe 改成 ves halves; leaves Notes: 1. stomach - stomachs 2. 以元音 +y 或以专出名词 +y 结尾的名词,直接在词尾加-s. Eg: boys; toys; Henrys 3. 以-o 结尾的名词 + es在课本中显现的有 hero, potato, tomato；其余以 -o 结尾的词 + s: photo, piano, radio
8、, bamboo ,zoo 4:以 f/fe 结尾只加 -s 的词： proofs; gulfs; cliffs; roofs; serfs; beliefs; chiefs handkerchief（手帕,手绢）的复数形式两者都可以；不规章变化：变内部元音： foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese ,mouse-mice, man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen 词尾加 -en 或 ren： ox-oxen, child-children ouse ice：mouse-mice; louse-lice （虱子）有些外
9、来词的不规章复数形式：Eg: analysis-analyses; basis-bases; thesi s-theses; crisis-crisescriteri on-criteri a; phenomenon-phenomena; medium-media单复数相同的情形：sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese; Japanese 以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词；Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin, mu 只有复数形式的情形：trousers裤子 ; glasses眼镜 ; compasses圆规 a
10、 pair of thanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle “ 某国人 ” 的复数形式：.单、复数相同 Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, .词尾加 -s Africans, Asians, Canadians, Australians, Italians, .变 man 为 men Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen 但： German-Germans 复合名词的复数形式：1.一般将主体名词变为复数；father-in-law fathers-in-law, passer-
11、bypassers-by, looker-on lookers-on, editor-in-chief editors-in-chief 2.无主体名词的在词尾加复数；间人）,look-outs （守望者）如：grown-ups, good-for-nothings（无用的人）,go-betweens （ 中3.由 man, woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数；men-doctors, women-drivers, women-singers .boyfriends, girlfriends, boy students, girl students 2名师归纳总结 - - -
12、- - - -第 2 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不行数名词；beauty美,美貌 -a beauty 一个美人 /物 danger危急 a danger一件危急的事 /人 failure 失败 a failure 一件失败的事 /人 honour 光荣 an honour带来荣誉的 /或事 pity 遗憾 a pity一件惋惜的事 success胜利 a success一件胜利的事 /人 surprise诧异 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 pleasure乐趣 a pleasure一件好玩的事 worry 担忧 a wor
13、ry 一件令人担忧的事 experience体会 an experience一次经受 service服务 a service一个服务机构 英语中有很多对词,一个可数,一个不行数；a poem一首诗 poetry诗歌总称 a machine一台机器 machinery机器总称 a job一件工作 work 工作 a laugh一个笑声 laughter笑声 a permit许可证 permission 答应 a garment 一件衣裳 clothing 衣裳总称 a bagcase 一件行李 luggage, baggage行李 a loaf 一只面包 bread面包 a hair一根头发 h
14、air头发 几个名词的特殊用法 1. hair His hair is white. （他的头发是白的； ）He has a few grey hairs.（他有几根白的头发； ）2. fruit The fruit is sweet. He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits. 3. police The police are searching for the murderer. dozen, score two many, several dozen pencils three dozen of them / these penci
15、ls dozens of students two score of students scores of people word （消息,通知）, man （人类）,前面不加冠词,也不用复数形式,谓语用单数；三、名词的格 英语中的名词（代词）有三个格：主格、宾格、全部格；全部格表示全部关系,修饰另一名词, 作定语, 它有两种形式： 一种是由名词词尾加s构成,另一种是由介词of 加名词构成,前者多用来表示有生命的东西,后者多用来表示无生命的东西；全部格的形式：1. 一般的名词全部格在后面加s：Mary s book2. 以 s 结尾的复数名词全部格在后面仅加 ：Teachers Day, th
16、e students-room reading3. 以 s 结尾的专出名词全部格：Engels s works 或 Engels works4. 复合名词的全部格是在其词尾加s： his mother-in- law s photothe editor-in- chiefs opinion3名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 5. 假如一样东西为两人共有,就只在最终一个名词后加s,假如是分别全部,就两个名词后都要加 s： Tom and Marry s father, Toms and Marry s fathers6
17、. 在表示 “ 某人家 ” 、“店铺 ”的全部格时,一般省略它所修饰的名词：at the doctors,at the barbers, at Mr. Greens, at the tailors7. 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词,也可以加s来构成全部格： today s newspaper ten minutes walk Chinas industry the stations waiting-room the earths surface a dollars worth8. 凡不能加s 构成全部格的名词,都可以与 of 结成短语,来表示全部格关系；就是有生
18、命的东西的名词也可如此,特殊是当这个名词有较长的定语时：the door of our classroom Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate. 在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、 不定代词或指示代词时,常使用双重全部格,即“ of词组 +全部格 ”结构；这种结构带有肯定的感情颜色,表示赞扬、厌恶等；a friend of her motherssa few friends of Tomsthat book of Tomseveral classmates of his 9. 一个名词全部格所修饰的词,假如前面已经提到,往
19、往可以省略,防止前后重复；如：This is not my pen, but Marys.10. 名词原形直接作定语（不表示全部关系）room number coffee cup shoe factory geography lesson colour film tooth brush power plant welcome party heart trouble food industry apple tree physics teacher 但：有的名词习惯于用复数作定语parents meeting家长会 goods train 货车 sales department 销售部 sport
20、s meet运动会 名词全部格 The Possessive Case of Nouns some patterns: 1.I ll take the risk for friendship 为了友情 s sake. 2.She was at her wit（黔驴技穷）3.Now they could sing at their heart（纵情地）s content.4.We should get the children out of harm（不受损害）s way.5.We had best keep them at arms length.（保持距离）6.For goodness st
21、op arguing. （看在上帝的份上）7.Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat. （很合算）1. The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is an _ of courage and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol 2. He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup 3. I need
22、 _ cloth, for Im going to make _ clothes. A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot 4. He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers. A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works 5. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other for
23、ms of _. A. energy B. source C. power D. material 6. You ll find this map of great _ in helping you to get round London.4名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness 7. - Who did you spend last weekend with. - _. A. Palmers B. The PalmersC. The Palm
24、ers D. The Palmers8. My parents always let me have my own _ of living. A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion 9. The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is an _ of courage and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol 10. We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake.
25、A. victims B. folks C. fellows D. villagers t be enough _ for11. If you dont take away all your things from the desk, there wonstationery. A. area B. place C. room D. surface 12. It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to _. A. rewards B. prizes C. awards
26、 D. results 13. In the botanic garden we can find an _ of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers. A. species B. group C. amount D. variety 14. - Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree. - No, its out of _ .A. range B. reach C. control D. distance 15. The life of London is made up
27、of many different _. A. elements B. sections C. material D. realities 16. For the sake of her daughters health, she decided to move to a warm _ . A. weather B. temperature C. season D. climate 17. To regain their _ after an exhausting game, the players lay in the grass. A. force B. energy C. power D
28、. health 18. I saw Bob play the piano at Johns party and on that _ he was simply brilliant.A. scene B. circumstance C. occasion D. situation 19. It cant be an _ that four jewe lry stores were robbed in one night. A. coincidence B. accident C. incident D. chance 20. According to the recent research,
29、heavy coffee drink and heart attack is not necessarily _ and effect. A. reason B. impact C. fact D. cause 21. - I m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired.- There is no _ for this while you are on duty. A. reason B. excuse C. cause D. explanation 22. The manager has got a good busines
30、s _ so the company is doing well. A. idea B. sense C. thought D. thinking 23. Don t leave matches or cigarettes on the table within _ of little children. A. hand B. reach C. space D. distance 24. The environmentalists and wi ld goats _ on the vast grasslands was a good indication 5名师归纳总结 - - - - - -
31、 -第 5 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - of the better environment. A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance 25. The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk A . a four hour B. a four hours C. a four-hours D. a four hours26. I have read the material several times but it doesnt make any
32、_ to me. A. meaning B. importance C. sense D. significance 27. It is generally believed that teaching is _it is a science. A. an art much as B. much an art as C. as an art much as D. as much an art as 28. The police are offering a _to anyone who can give information about the lost key. A. price B. p
33、rize C. reward D. money . s29. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the childrenA. reach B. hand C. hold D. place 30. At the meeting they discussed three different _ to the study of mathematics ；A. approaches B. means C. methods D. ways 31. Always read the _ on the bottle carefully and take the
34、 right amount of medicine. A. explanations B. instructions C. descriptions D. introductions 32. You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of_ ；A. date B. shape C. order D. balance 33. To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their _ and weaknessesA
35、. strengths B. benefits C. techniques D. values t give you any direct _.34. The school advisers help you talk through your problem but they donA. solution B. target C. measure D. function 35. James took the magazines off the little table to make _ for the television. A. room B. area C. field D. posi
36、tion 36. Those who suffer from headache will find they get _ from this medicine. A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter 37. Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving licence reached 200,000, a n _ of 40,000 per year. A average B number C amount D quantity 38. After the earthqu
37、ake, tile first thing the local government did was to provide _for the homeless families. A. accommodation B. occupation C. equipment D. furniture 39. The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good_. A. expectation B. reputation C.
38、 contribution D. civilization 40. This restaurant has become popular for its wide_ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets. A. division B. area C. range D. circle 41. I havent seen Sara since she was a girl,and she has changed beyond _ . A. hearing B. strength C. recognition D measure 42. I found
39、her sitting in the corner, reading _ newspaper, with _ in her eyes. A. a, tear B. a piece of, tears C. a, tears D. a piece of, tear 43. Her father works as a _ in a hotel and her mother a _ in a private company. 6名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - A. cooker, typewriter B. cook,
40、typist C. cooker, typist D. cook, typewriter 44. “Why couldnt they meet us at five oclock. ”“Because they were delayed by _.A. heavy traffic B. heavy traffics C. crowded traffic D. crowded traffics 45. In fact, _ one cause that leads to the problem. A. cattle is B. cattle are C. cattles are D. the c
41、attles are 46. By all _, you must try every _ to help him. A. mean, mean B. means, means C. means, mean D. mean, means 47. Jim is _ person, and everyone is willing to be _ with him. A. so kind a, friends B. so a kind, friends C. so kind a, friend D. so a kind, friend 48. We already have _ pencils, b
42、ut we need two _ pens. A. dozen of, dozen B. dozens of, dozen C. dozens of, dozen D. dozens of, dozen of 49. She raised her finger to her lips as _ for silence. A. an idea B. a mark C. a sign D. a word 50. May I tak e your order now.”“Wed like three black _ and two green _.”A. coffee, cups of teas B
43、. coffees, teas C. cups of coffee, tea D. cup of coffees, teas 51. Ten years had passed. I found she had _. A. a few white hairs B. a little white hair C. some white hair D. more fifty hair 52. Hi, this way, please. OK.I sometimes have no sense of _ when I arrive at the crossroad. A. position B. direction C. situation D. condition 53. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English exam